From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to examine the problem of jail crowding in the United States, look at suggested solutions to the problem, its causes, dangers, legalities and the like, and examine emergency measures and other aspects.

Jail crowding is a complex issue that demands immediate attention and brave solutions. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the problem lags behind the problem itself. And as with so many difficulties that rise from public institutions, jail crowding cannot be assigned to one cause or remedied by one solution. Nor can crowding's cause and effect in one jail in one locale be compared with confidence to another jail somewhere across the country; indeed, in some cases comparisons cannot be made even across the state.

In addition to the diversity of the jails themselves, there ... "

From the Paper
"Cocaine, despite its relatively high cost to the consumer, is rapidly becoming the preferred drug of an increasing number of affluent drug-users in North and South America and in Europe. The increased production of cocaine and a reduction in market price have enabled a much larger number of people to have access to it. As a consequence, the use of cocaine has spread to Europe and many other countries, making it an international problem. There is no doubt about the seriousness of the problems of cocaine use. Free-base smoking, sniffing, and intravenous injection of cocaine hydrochloride are known to be extremely dangerous habits. Besides the host of physical and psychological effects that cocaine has on the human body, there are the innumerous dangers of the legal and social nature that can endanger the social standing of the cocaine user. "

From the Paper
"Crime committed in America by people under eighteen years of age is increasing at an alarming rate. Further, the level of violent crimes, where assault and/or murder is involved also is increasing. The reasons for this are many, ranging from such contemporary problems as drugs, one-parent homes, television's influence, poverty and racial prejudices. The purpose of this paper will to be examine the rising rate of juvenile crime, including a look at the causes, the effect on the public and society's reaction.

The FBI crime count for 1986-which showed an unexpected 12 percent rise in violent crime reports nationwide--said that nearly one in ten accused murderers are under the age of eighteen. Between 1983 and 1987, arrests of those over eighteen for murder jumped 22.2 percent while ... "

From the Paper
"The development of modern public administration begins with the bureaucratic theory of Weber and extends to the present day, and different writers have offered a variety of perspectives on these developments, their origins and sources, and the nature of the contributions made by different theorists. They have also considered the issue in terms of specific administrative dimensions and processes. ... consider the historical development of the field of public administration and show how the different elements in the field were elucidated by theorists over the past century. Of necessity, each also shows how these different perspectives contributed to practical application, though Stillman is more interested in examining specifics in the field and in how public administration copes with goals and problems today."

From the Paper
"In recent years, plea bargaining has been used with increased frequency in the American courts. The proponents of this practice argue that it expedites cases. Because the criminal justice system is overloaded, it is claimed that plea bargaining is necessary in order to reduce the case load. However, in principle, plea bargaining is a dangerous practice as it relates to the individual. Instead of seeking to determine the true guilt or innocence of an accused criminal, plea bargaining simply trades an easy penalty for an admission of guilt. In this way, it encourages unequal treatment of defendants. Instead of imposing a standard punishment for a crime, plea bargaining is concerned with simply negotiating a guilty plea and thereby getting the case through the courts as soon as possible. Furthermore, plea bargaining provides unequal treatment because ... "

From the Paper
"Law enforcement has traditionally been a male-dominated profession. Prior to the late nineteenth century, women were occasionally hired to work in jails; however, even then they "did little more than carry the key and dish up food". In the late nineteenth century, various police departments throughout the United States began hiring women. However, the only positions made available to women at that time were those "jobs that would free male officers for street duty and jobs that were better suited for a woman than a man". Thus, the women were delegated either to clerical jobs or to positions where they worked only with other women or with youthful suspects. In 1910, in Los Angeles, Alice Wells became the first woman in America to be sworn in as an actual police officer."

From the Paper
"The death penalty has become a topic of serious controversy in recent years. In particular, debate has been made over whether or not the death penalty is an appropriate punishment for severe crimes such as murder. Although the topic has been the subject of recent debate, it is interesting to note that the basic opinions on both sides of the argument date back to ancient times. The two philosophical theories which support the death penalty are known as the "retribution theory" and the "utilitarian theory." The retribution theory is based on the idea that criminals deserve to be punished in a manner which reflects the severity of their crimes. According to this viewpoint, a person who commits murder deserves to have his or her own life taken in return. The utilitarian view, on the other hand, is based on the idea that punishment should be used as a means for ... "

From the Paper
"This paper will be concerned with the United States' foreign drug policy in Peru, Bolivia and Colombia, as well as with the responses of those nations to that policy. The United States' current foreign drug policy is built out of the realization that the majority of drugs consumed domestically are produced in other nations. Cocaine is one of the most threatening drugs on America's domestic scene at this time. Peru is the world's leading grower of the coca leaf, with Bolivia running a close second. The bulk of this crop is shipped to Colombia, where it is manufactured into finished cocaine for North American and other foreign markets. The government of the United States realizes that it must take steps to stop this flow of cocaine through these Latin American countries if it is to also stop the current drug crisis which faces its own people."

From the Paper
"Prostitution is a crime that is often listed with several other criminal offenses under the hading "victimless crimes," meaning such offenses as drunkenness, drug addiction, and gambling. Efforts toward decriminalization of prostitution emphasize the social and behavioral causes of prostitution and state that criminalization has done nothing to reduce the activity, while those who believe prostitution should remain a criminal offense point to the devastation it causes to individuals and the community.


Today, 49 of the 50 states outlaw prostitution, in contrast to other Western nations such as England, the Netherlands, and Germany. In 1959 the American Law Institute's (ALI) Model Penal Code did not endorse the decriminalization of prostitution, though it did suggest decriminalizing other previously criminal..."

From the Paper
"Computer Hackers

From $550 million to $2 billion is the range estimate analysts say computer crime and losses cost the business world at present. More specifically, computer crime is known as Hacking and those that perpetrate it, Hackers. At present, computer crime ranges from a sophisticated level able to breach high level government security computer systems to the more common 17 year old wealthy males who comprise the majority of the low-end Hacker crime group. This paper will discuss the types of equipment and special skills required to be a computer Hacker. In addition, the type of people most likely to become computer Hackers and the rewards they experience from doing so will also be analyzed. The ..."

From the Paper
"The United States is the leader of the developed world and is a society based on democratic principles, wile Brazil is part of the Third World of underdeveloped or developing countries and comes from a different tradition involving military and authoritarian rule. One dimension of social control that indicates the nature of a society is its treatment of prisoners. A comparison of the United States with Brazil on the dimension of the treatment of prisoners will show that conditions in the U.S. are deteriorating toward those in the Third World.


The term "Third World" is an economic differentiation now used to refer to poor and nonindustrialized nations in preference to such words as underdeveloped or backward. Third World countries are generally distinguished from those of the first world (industrialized free.market economies) and second world..."

From the Paper
"Problem


Williams, Shichor, and Wiggenshorn (1989) studied the problems with house arrest, or home detention, and the possibility of using surrogate homes as a way to overcome certain of the reliability and validity problems that are associated with electronic monitoring. They note that the importance of such an investigation can significantly influence the efficacy of house arrest by means of double-checking those signals emanating from electronic monitoring that prove spurious as well as members of the surrogate house providing information as to the activities of the parolee. Schmidt (1989) studied the use of electronic monitoring of offenders through the United States, where the attendant programs are located, who is being monitored and what kinds of offenses they committed, how the offenders are..."

From the Paper
"Relevancy of the Contingency Theory of Management to a Police Patrol Organization


Introduction
This research describes the structure of the patrol division of a metropolitan police department. Further, this research assesses the relevance of the contingency theory of management to the shape and design of the patrol division.


The Structure of the Patrol Division
The structure of the patrol division is first considered in the contexts of (1) task responsibility, (2) task definition, (3) hierarchy of authority, (4) task control, and (5) communication. In the context of task responsibility, the responsibilities of the patrol division within the police department are specific, separate, and specialized. Task definition for the patrol..."

From the Paper
"" Police Brutality: Is the Perception Greater or Less than the Reality?


Introduction
Racial and ethnic minorities, by an large, are convinced that police officers, by an large, have few compunctions against using violence against them. One strong public perception among racial and ethnic minorities is that police solidarity will prevail against civilian efforts to hold police officers accountable for the unacceptable use of force, intimidation, and coercion (Shernock, 1988, pp. 182.194). Another strong public perception is that defensiveness toward racial and ethnic minority civilians on the part of police officers affects the ethical orientations of the police officers (Shernock, 1990, pp. 24.42). Another powerful factor negatively affecting the public..."

From the Paper
" DNA Defined and Delineated
While there are several definitions available for DNA, Matta presents the following definition that would be used when briefing laboratory technologists who are new to processing this molecule.
DNA is the carrier of genetic information. It is composed of two linear polymers held together by hydrogen bonds and arranged in a helical conformation, similar to a stepladder. These polymers or strands consist of repeat units of nucleotides which are composed of a sugar, deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a purine or pyrimidine base. There are four main nucleotides, each defined by the base attached to the sugar moiety. The four nucleotides are: adenine.."