Abstract This paper provides a detailed look at the profession of Forensic accounting. The writer outlines in this paper why it would appeal to some people and what specific skills are necessary to excel in this career. The author argues that the popularity of this field has increased lately in light of the financial scandals and frauds that have been emerging in large companies. The paper highlights how forensic accounting developed and what the main differences are between them and regular accountants.
From the Paper ""What kind of job is that?" I wondered to myself, as I sat in front of my Compaq Presario computer at home, researching possible career paths that have yet to be taken. I was logged onto the website echoices.com, when I noticed the job title "Forensic Accountant" on top of the list of occupations that fit my interests. I had taken Accounting classes in high school, received good grades in them and enjoyed the tasks that were involved with the class work".
Tags: profession, career, financial, scandals, fraud, companies, detailed, emerging, specific
Abstract This paper discusses the ramifications of the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution on police work. Specifically, it contains an analysis of how the Fourth Amendment helps and hinders police in their daily jobs. A concise description of the Fourth Amendment is provided, explaining its purpose to protect the citizens of the United States from unlawful search and seizure, and to grant them certain privacy rights.
From the Paper "The Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects the citizens of the United States from unlawful search and seizure, and grants them certain privacy rights. These rights have been in place since the Constitution was written in 1787, and have gone through many decades of debate and refining in the American court system. What remains crystal clear about the Fourth Amendment as it relates to the day-to-day business of the police officer is the duty of the officer making an arrest or seizure to know and put into practice the Fourth Amendment rights of an individual before the arrest. The officer must make sure the case is not challenged later, and a guilty person goes free on a rights technicality. This is often one of the most difficult aspects of an officer's duty, because of technicalities of the law."
Abstract Discusses the motives and actions of the cold blooded murderer, Perry Smith. Material is from Truman Capote's nonfiction novel "IN COLD BLOOD," and an article by G.A. Satten. Examines Smith's life and actions with Satten's examples to grasp how he could murder without apparent reason. Early abuses suffered by Smith.
From the Paper "In the annals of cold-blooded murders, the killing of the Clutter family stands out as a prime example. Truman Capote's 1965 non-fiction novel on the subject infers that the two murderers, Perry Smith and Dick Hickock, were not psychologically responsible, and although the two were found guilty, Capote's perspective seems reasonable. The murders committed by Perry Smith seem inexplicable even after reading Capote's In Cold Blood with its collection of accounts of Smith's life, the psychiatrist's report, and the excerpts from the Satten article on other murders committed "without apparent motive" (p. 298). Of course, as Capote points out, it was only the murder of Mr. Clutter that presents this kind of mystery since the other three members of the family were killed out of self-protection. But in Smith's account of killing Mr. Clutter there is so much simple ..."
Abstract Examines theme of justice in Susan Glaspell's play 'TRIFLES." Action and setting of the one-act play. Plot of investigation of a farmer's murder. Wife as the husband killer. All male legal system. Theme of abused wife who kills her abusive husband and how the women of the play decide the murder was justifiable.
From the Paper "This research examines the theme of justifiable homicide as the experience of finding justice in Susan Glaspell's one-act play Trifles. The research will set forth the pattern of ideas in the work and then discuss the means by which it illustrates the emergence of justice.
The action of Trifles takes place in the winter of 1916 and is confined to the kitchen of a farmer's wife. It takes place in the aftermath of the peculiar strangling death of the farmer. The wife of the sheriff, Mrs. Peters, and a friend of hers, Mrs. Hale, whose husband discovered the body, are gathering personal things for the farmer's wife, who is being held in jail. While Sheriff Peters, the county attorney, and Mr. Hale set about looking through the house and barn to search for evidence that might be useful in a trial, the women busy themselves in the ..."
Abstract Research study on high prison recidivism rate. Major problem of recidivism in the criminal corrections system. Use of schock incarcertation or the prison boot camp concept as an approach to solving the problem. Goal and objectives of shock incarcertation and other alternative approaches. Cites results based on studies.
From the Paper "RECIDIVISM: A REVIEW AND AN ANALYSIS
I. Introduction
The essence of the major problem confronting criminal corrections in the United States is the unacceptably high recidivism rate among the offenders processed through the system. The results of the application of many different approaches to the problem fail to provide a definitive answer to the recidivism problem. One approach that has become widely used in the United States is shock incarceration, or the prison boot camp concept (Bentayou, 1995).
Early research on the use of shock incarceration gave the programs glowing reviews. In all too many instances, however, the studies assessed limited data and tended to develop the findings that advocates of the concept wanted (Marcus-Mendoza, Klein-Saffran ..."
Abstract This paper discusses why the war on drugs is a failure - from a financial standpoint, prison overcrowding standpoint and a drug education and prevention standpoint. The writer explores solutions to these problems that could save money, solve the prison overcrowding problem and discusses new education techniques.
From the Paper "The unofficial war on drugs began roughly in 1972, when Richard Nixon was president. Since then, the war on drugs has grown drastically. It was militarized during the Presidency of Ronald Reagan (roughly 1984), and the budget for the war then began to soar. Government agencies formed for other purposes became involved in the war on drugs, which of course, raised the budget for the war on drugs even further. At last count, the United States' Government budget for the war on drugs reached the 17 billion dollar mark (Office of National Drug Control Policy, 1999). When spending reached 17 billion dollars in 1999 on the failing war on drugs, it had ?Democrats [including IL Rep. Jan Schakowsky] question[ing] whether more dollars. . .[was] the answer to the U.S. drug scourge. "Is [this] the first in a series of blank checks in a war that has no. . . end game"?? (Lytle, 1999 ). High spending on a war that has only claimed to have confiscated three percent of all incoming drug shipments last year on an already high budget (16 billion last year), does not need more money (Check, 5). It is time to think about re-structuring the war on drugs and taking a different viewpoint. Forget pouring money into the only aspect of the war that we can never win, and re-direct our efforts at the aspects of the war that we can win. The current strategies in dealing with the war on drugs simply do not work; thus, the failure of the war on drugs is evident on many levels. In terms of a financial standpoint, the war on drugs has cost more than we can afford. Also, prisons have become overcrowded and because of this, sentences are often reduced in order to make room for new incoming drug offenders. Many drug education programs have experienced mass failure."
Abstract Marijuana has been removed from society in such a way as to leave questions open about just why it was suppressed just when it was beginning to be so profitable. The paper looks at how and why the government is keeping marijuana illegal even though there is strong hope in its medicinal purposes.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
History
Conspiracy Theory
Various Uses of Marijuana
The Counter Culture on the Web
Conclusion
From the Paper "A great deal of political maneuvering seems to have been done to make pot illegal. Many people involved in the culture of producing and using marijuana seem to feel this was done for two main reasons; one, to eliminate competition for other companies and two, to try and control what people do for entertainment. The major person behind this was Harry Anslinger. He apparently became the Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (position preceding the DEA) with the help of his uncle, Andrew Mellon. Andrew Mellon not only owned Gulf Oil, he also owned the bank that backed DuPont. Hence, it was in the family interest to eliminate marijuana from the American society, allowing DuPont to step in with its synthetic materials and fill the gap in the hemp industry. Anslinger did just this using what ever mean he found effective; racism, fear and misinformation (American Hemp History)."
Tags: illegal, drug, medicinal, culture, entertainment
Abstract This paper looks at the history of policing in general and of community policing in particular. It discusses how the elevating of one group of citizens over another is a problematic issue in any democracy and how the police force needs to overcome this problem. It discusses why community policing is such a sensitive issue and is often faced with claims of inequality and racial profiling.
From the Paper "This paradox ? how some may have authority over others within a system of governance that holds all people to be equal, is one of the reasons that many police forces within the United States now at least in some part use a strategy called community policing. Community policing is simply collaborative policing in which the concerns (and to some extent the standards) of the local community are taken into account (Trojanowicz, 1998, p. 11). For example, if race relations are even more fragile in a particular community than in general in the United States, the issue of racial profiling will no doubt be of concern to the community, and community leaders and police will come together on a regular basis to discuss the issue of how the community can be kept safe while the rights of minority members living in that community can also be safeguarded. This paper looks at precisely this issue ? racial profiling ? and how community policing methods can be used to reduce rather than increase racial tensions in a community while also controlling crime and maintaining public safety."
Abstract The focus of this study is on the Texas state prisons and the education system in the State prisons. Before analyzing the effects of the Texas education system on recidivism in Texas, the paper provides a general overview of the Texas criminal justice system and the general theories of rehabilitation. Furthermore, there is a discussion of the theory of education as a way of reducing recidivism. The paper investigates whether the Texas prison education system works in reducing recidivism. The case study of the Project RIO that is initiated by the State government which illustrates the fact that education system has to be combined with other strategies in order for the rate of recidivism to decline.
From the Paper "Although studies in the ?70s have shown that correctional higher education is significant in reducing recidivism rates, the public outcry against crime and opportunities given to inmates has resulted in a reversal of the educational approach towards inmates in the ?90s. In the early ?90s, elected representatives started to forbid federal tuition assistance to inmates. In the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, there was a provision that denied all prisoners access to federal Pell Grants. Essentially, the provision was included to deter prisoners from viewing prisons as relaxing places that offered educational opportunities (The Center on Crime, Communities & Culture, 1997)."
This paper examines the use of deadly force by law enforcement agents and concludes that law enforcement's recourse to deadly force where necessary should not be significantly reduced.
Abstract This paper evaluates both sides of the issue about the use of deadly force by law enforcement agents by using a formal logic format of two premises and a conclusion. This paper states that suing every cop who uses deadly force or disarming law enforcement altogether is not the answer to problems that attend the use of deadly force. The author concludes that there is compelling evidence that law enforcement organizations have been conscientious in recent years about developing an ethos of public protection and service and firearm safety. Annotated Bibliography.
From the Paper "Such attitudes and trends help explain why police personnel are increasingly at risk. Police are put in the position of continually second-guessing themselves in the matter of use of deadly force. This means that law-enforcement effectiveness can suffer, which can further erode public safety and make respect for the law an irrelevant social proposition."
This paper is a literature review of youth gangs in schools, focusing on a historical overview, characteristics and traits of youth gang members and prevention of youth gang membership and activity.
Abstract This paper explains that, although youth gang activities in schools continue to increase, intensify and spread to small towns and rural areas, youth gangs are not new. The author believes that,when institutions and moral visions fail, then individuals will try to manufacture structures to replace them; in the case of youth gangs, the creators of these structures are young people, with little experience of the world and little knowledge of alternatives. This paper points out that a common sign of gang activity moving into the neighborhood or into the region of the school is graffiti, which is one of the most common ways for gangs to communicate, identify their turf, issue challenges and attract other adherents.
Table of Contents
Background
Organization of Review
Historical Overview
Characteristics and Traits
Prevention
Rationale for Study
Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper "This is an important historical development, representing the extension of gang behavior and gang culture into new regions of the country and with new styles. While the gangs may have begun in imitation of such gangs as the Crips and Bloods, and may still wear typical gang clothing and paraphernalia, they are more of an organization of those youth who are prone to violence and delinquent behavior than they are instances of ethnic turf battles. Again, another movie might be helpful in thinking about these kinds of gangs. The movie Grease portrayed a certain class of young teen-agers who had clothing, culture, and behaviors in common. Yet, they were not seen as youth gangs, but as a faction or clique within the overall high school environment. In 1999, however, these greasers are more likely to be organized into youth gangs of the type identified in Puyallup. They have borrowed some of the behavior and culture from the urban gangs, become more organized, and engaged in more conflict between groups. They tend to harass and intimidate the other students."
This paper examines the issue of hate crimes, acts of violence directed against people because of their racial, religious, ethnic, gender or sexual identity.
Abstract This paper analyzes why hate crimes are more harmful than traditional crimes, the problems with reporting and the changes necessary to determine the true scope of the problem with an emphasis on hate crimes committed on college campuses. The paper includes a legal discussion based on the idea that proponents of hate crime laws argue that additional penalties are warranted because crimes, motivated by bias, cause a greater harm to the victim and to society than crimes where the victim's status is not a factor. The author feels that the data on hate crimes is so woefully inadequate that it is worthless for comparative purposes and for making policy recommendations.
Introduction
Hate Crimes Defined
Why Hate Crimes Matter
How Bias Crimes are Measured
Hate Crimes Data
Hate Crimes on College Campuses
Conclusion
From the Paper "Of course, those definitions are just the beginning. Many groups push for a more expansive definition, or argue that this definition includes crimes that the FBI does not count. For example, some argue that rape is a hate crime. Other groups counter that the definition should not include sexual orientation. Regardless of what is included, it is important to note that the crime is based on the attacker's perception. Thus, if the attacker hates Jews, and attacks someone based on the belief they are Jewish, the attacker is still guilty of a hate crime even if the victim turns out not to be Jewish."
Abstract This paper examines how more and more states and the federal government have been considering or passing legislation that diverts juvenile offenders from the juvenile justice system to the adult justice system because of an increase in violent crime committed by juveniles. It looks at how major news stories such as the shooting at Littleton, Colorado is one reason, but so is the increase in gang shootings and similar violence in urban regions. It discusses how the development of a more violent youth population involves many forces and pressures and cannot be answered simply by shifting young people to adult courts. It looks at how critics claim that this has been done because the juvenile justice system has failed, however, statistics show that shifting juveniles to adult court is also a policy that fails, so it is hardly a reasonable substitute.
From the Paper "Other statistics are even more frightening. Webber cites the Children's Defense Fund, which estimates that an American child is arrested for a violent crime every 5 minutes and is killed by guns every 2 hours. Nine in 10 young murder victims in the industrialized world are Americans. Between 1979 and 1991, nearly 50,000 American children were killed by guns, which is more than the number of Americans killed in Vietnam in 25 years. An American child is 15 times more likely to be killed by gunfire in the United States than is a child living in Northern Ireland. More than half the people arrested for murder in the United States in 1991 were under age 25, and juvenile arrests for murder and non-negligent manslaughter rose 93 percent between 1982 and 1991. It is more and more common for young people to kill each other, and 55 percent of juvenile homicides in 1995 involved friends and acquaintances (Webber)."
Abstract This research examines Michael Milken's white-collar crimes and corporate deviance in terms of sociologist Robert K. Merton's theory of deviance. The research sets forth the context in which Milken's behavior patterns lend themselves to analysis from Merton's perspective and then discusses how shifts in Milken's behavior since the exposure of his white-collar crime can be explained by Merton's views.
From the Paper "Merton's conception of deviance is structured around the relationship between individual wants and needs on one hand and the ability to fulfill those wants, needs, and dreams on the other. According to Merton (25ff), the venue for fulfillment is society, and its class structure, institutions, cultural norms, and the position of the individual within the whole may facilitate, prevent, or retard fulfillment. Man, says Merton (195), "is to a very important degree controlled by his social relations to the instruments of production." Written and unwritten rules of engagement between individuals and between individuals and social institutions dominate life experience, such that social life amounts to life in a bureaucracy, with behavior assuming the character of ritual adherence to specific kinds of action."
Abstract This paper explains that the criminal justice system has long treated the young differently from adults, but community attitudes have changed in recent years so that this policy is in question. It discusses the concerns about youthful violence and how this has led to calls for a change in the criminal justice system in order to increase the punishment possible for certain young offenders, especially those involved in violence.
From the Paper "Other statistics are even more frightening. Webber cites the Children's Defense Fund, which estimates that an American child is arrested for a violent crime every 5 minutes and is killed by guns every 2 hours. Nine in 10 young murder victims in the industrialized world are Americans. Between 1979 and 1991, nearly 50,000 American children were killed by guns, which is more than the number of Americans killed in Vietnam in 25 years. An American child is 15 times more likely to be killed by gunfire in the United States than a child living in Northern Ireland. More than half the people arrested for murder in the United States in 1991 were under age 25, and juvenile arrests for murder and non?negligent manslaughter rose 93 percent between 1982 and 1991. It is more and more common for young people to kill each other, and 55 percent of juvenile homicides in 1995 involved friends and acquaintances (Webber)."
