From the Paper " This research presents a discussion of police supervision and leadership. Police supervision is an increasingly complex task, as both professional demands on police officers and public expectations steadily rise.
Although the need for law and for law enforcement in some form is as old as human society, the full-time professional police force is a relatively recent innovation; the first regular civil police force, the London "Bobbies," was established only in the 1800s. For another hundred years, the standards of training, performance, and conduct for police officers remained limited (Osterloh, 1975, vii). Today, however, society both expects more from the police and places greater constraints on them."
From the Paper "One of the most explosive issues in contemporary America is the issue of gun control. Many questions are asked about this issue, including some on the basic rights guaranteed by the Constitution. Indeed, the issue of gun control has become a war of words over a citizen's right to own and bear arms and the government's authority to regulate them. Both sides of the issue often see the argument in black and white . one side maintains that gun control curtails violent crime; the other insists that it is irrelevant to crime prevention.
At the heart of the gun control issue lies the debate over the constitutional guarantee of a citizen's right to bear arms. This right, ratified in 1791 as the Second Amendment to the Constitution, was hotly debated even in the 18th century (Cross, 1989, pp. 25-47). One must remember, however, that the issue of (...)"
From the Paper "The purpose of this paper is to discuss the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act of 1970. The paper will examine the RICO Act and the effect that it has had on criminal organizations in the United States, particularly the Mafia. It will consider the strengths and weaknesses, and the overall effectiveness of the RICO Act in handling organized crime as such. Special emphasis will be placed on the extent to which the RICO Act is based on the mini/maxi theory. The mini/maxi theory enables one to analyze the Mafia, and the extent to which it operates, on the basis of either best-possible or worst-possible scenarios. By extension, the paper will seek to determine whether the Act proves either of these scenarios to be true.
In 1970, the U.S. government passed the Organized Crime (...)"
The origins and development of the modern police organizations in England and the United States. Emphasizing sociocultural factors, philosophy of police theory, practice and reforms in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 20 sources, 1989, $ 71.95
From the Paper "Police forces of one sort or another have existed throughout the history of Western civilization. They have been utilized whenever a society has reached the point where there is a need for a professional agency which can maintain the public law and order. The origins of the contemporary organized police force can be dated to the establishment of the "New Police" in London, England in 1829. There were a number of factors which contributed to this development of this force. These included an increase in crime, the influence of political and philosophical writers, the influence of the Industrial Revolution, and Britain's own colonial practices. The "New Police" of England had a powerful impact on the development of the police in the United States, although the American approach has always differed."
From the Paper " In recent years the prison and correctional system in the U.S. has come under close scrutiny. Mounting problems with violence, disease, and overcrowding have forced a reexamination of this country's entire prison and correctional program. Among the most important questions asked by this examination of the prison system is the underlying theory and purpose of the institutions. Under scrutiny, the question was raised as to whether or not the prisons of this country were doing the job that they were initially assigned to do. In reply to these questions, correctional institution officials were unified in their assertion that the lack of money, personnel, and space were among the most notable obstacles that stood in their way. This paper will deal with the increasing failure of the modern correctional system. It will examine the theory and purpose.."
A look at the legal and moral definitions of acquaintance rape including social myths and stereotypes, incidence, the typical rapist and victim, victim's reactions and the need for social and legal action. Outline.
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 6 sources, 1991, $ 79.95
From the Paper "Date rape can generally be defined as occurring whenever a man forces his date to have sex with him against her will. Some people expand this definition to include forced sex by any acquaintance, whether it be in the context of a date or not. Despite these simple definitions, however, there is a great deal of controversy over the precise legal and moral implications of date rape or acquaintance rape. The legal definition for date rape is extremely limited and it tends to place the burden of proof on the victim. A date rape victim will have a difficult time in court if the defense attorney can show a lack of evidence or can imply that the woman is loose or immoral in any way. Thus, in prosecuting a date rape case, it helps if the victim has visible bruises and is a "woman of shining character," because otherwise "the strict constructionist definitions of rape will..."
From the Paper "This paper will discuss the impact which Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) has had on criminal investigations. AFIS is a computer system for matching fingerprints taken at the scene of a crime with fingerprints which are on file in a computerized database. This is a much faster and more accurate method of fingerprint matching than the former method of searching manually through catalogued sets of prints. Furthermore, the AFIS can search through a far greater number of fingerprints than was ever possible in the past, which is extremely helpful in criminal investigations. This paper will show that Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems represent one of the most important breakthroughs in law enforcement technology in recent times.
The use of fingerprints to identify criminals was pioneered..."
From the Paper "Retribution and Rehabilitation in the Criminal Justice System
This paper will discuss the merits and problems with the theories of punitive reaction (retribution and deterrence) and rehabilitation in the criminal justice system. Included within the discussion will be the idea of combining the two into one system, which addresses the aims of both theories.
The punitive reaction theory contains two somewhat separate aspects: retribution and deterrence. This theory focuses on the infliction of suffering upon the convicted person through punishment. The aim of retribution is vengeance, for both the victim and society (LaFave & Scott, 1986, pp. 25-26). The aim of deterrence on the other hand is prevention; punishment is required to deter the convicted person from committing such an act again and to deter other potential perpetrators from..."
From the Paper "One of the most notorious instances of mass murder in the annals of American criminal justice took place August 9 and 10, 1969 when the so-called Manson family killed a total of six people in savage attacks. The killers left behind slogans scrawled on the walls in their victims' blood. The leader of the group of killers was Charles Manson, who remains to this day a prisoner in San Quentin, subject to periodic review of his eligibility for parole, a parole that is vehemently opposed by the prosecution, the police, and a vast majority of citizens of California. While there are elements in the life story of Manson that might explain his behavior, his warped thinking remains intact, as he demonstrates whenever he gives interviews or comes before the parole board. His involvement with the criminal justice system demonstrates the difficulty in coping with those..."
This paper analyzes the logic of arguments against capital punishment: As deterrence, respect for life, arbitrariness and cruel and unusual punishment.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, 1994, $ 55.95
From the Paper "Arguments about the right of society to demand the ultimate punishment through the death penalty have been made for decades in the United States. In the 1970s, the issue might have seemed more academic than real because the Supreme Court had thrown out the nation's death penalty laws as being improperly drawn. Since the court did not say the death penalty could never be applied but only that it was not being applied correctly in law at the time, the death penalty has been reinstituted with language that conforms to the parameters set by the Supreme Court. In spite of a number of challenges, capital punishment has been affirmed by the Court and continues to be enforced. There is considerable public support for the death penalty, much of it related to a general trend toward demanding harsher penalties for criminals because of a fear of street crime and violence."
From the Paper "Human nature being imperfect, corruption will exist in all human endeavors, including the law enforcement branch of government activity. Two elements of ambiguity exacerbate the difficulty of dealing with corruption in law enforcement: the ill-defined role given the police to play in a democratic society, and the contradictory nature of the laws enacted by the citizenry (which includes the public's mixed attitudes toward the law and law enforcement).
This ambiguity can be clarified by examining corruption in law enforcement in terms of levels of culpability. At the introductory, "street cop" level, basic exchanges of extra-legal amenities (free meals, discounts) between public and police straddle grey areas between corruption and common sense."
Abstract In 1999, Columbia negotiated a three-year stabilization agreement named "Plan Columbia" with the International Monetary Fund, which established certain policy targets that it had to achieve in order to borrow money. The paper examines that although this money was given to resolve the civil conflict, curb drug trafficking, modernize legal and military institutions and strengthen the economy, in fact most of the money goes to the military in order to fight the FARC rebels who control vast areas of the coca fields. The paper examines the reasons behind the United States' eagerness to aid the Columbian government, despite the fact that most of the money is obviously not being used for "anti-drug" programs.
From the Paper "However, statistics show that Colombian police and military are not fighting a drug war but rather a civil war against leftwing rebels that are rapidly gaining strength. However, the U.S. is completely aware that the money is not going to drugs and actually has an interest in the civil war because Colombia is strategically located, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. In addition, it has plentiful oil and mineral reserves that multinational corporations have been exploiting for years, often under the armed guard of the Colombian military. Therefore, the U.S. is supplying aid in the name of drugs but the money is used to keep control of the territory of Colombia."
Abstract This paper discusses the background, problems of illegal drugs trafficking and the methods being used to stop the trafficking of drugs in the United States. This paper reveals that money seized in drug stings and received from fines for drug offenders is a billion dollar industry for the American government. The author believes that completely ending the entire drug trafficking business is almost impossible because there are too many loopholes and too much money at stake for both the dealers and the government.
From the Paper "The largest distributor of drugs, especially cocaine, comes from Columbia. Interagency intelligence assessment statistics say that nearly sixty-five percent of all cocaine goes through the southern borders of the United States. Columbian dealers send the drugs through Mexico, whose laws are not nearly as strict, and the dealers in Mexico bring them across the border. They come through Texas and New Mexico by ground and California by ground, air and seaports."
Abstract This paper looks at the similarities between child abuse and pornography and the relationship between them. The author explores the world of pornography and its complex relationship to the world of child abuse. Pornography is discussed in detail investigating its effects and whether it createsa predisposition in certain individuals to commit violent sexual acts.
From the Paper "Before delving into an analysis of child abuse, child rape, and child pornography, the issue of pornography itself must be examined. Pornography is an extremely muddy issue. Does sexually explicit material have a detrimental effect on the individual? Does access to pornography contribute to misogynistic tendencies and sexism? Or on a more extreme level, does it create a predisposition in certain individuals to commit violent sexual acts? Indeed, even the definition of pornography is somewhat in dispute.
There are two types of material that are often considered pornographic. In the first type, males or females of an appropriate age are depicted in erotic poses. They are presented as equal partners without subjugation or any sign of violence. This first type of pornography is often referred to as erotica. The Playboy or Penthouse magazines would be an excellent example of this type of pornography that has been developed for males. Conversely, Playgirl magazine or one of the many romance/erotica novels available at local bookstores would be the equivalent for women."
Abstract This paper discusses the drugs and the ways they are smuggled into and easily sold in the prison environment. The paper describes the many approaches used to attempt to reduce drug use in prison, including punishment, encouraging snitches, treatment plans and drug testing. The author believes that the drug problem in the prison system does not appear to have any easy solution will continue to be present in the prison system for many years to come.
From the Paper "Politicians have been quick to condemn drug use in prisons, in the interest of appeasing their constituents. For many of their constituents, the idea of drug use in prison conjures up images of an overfed inmates sitting on their bunks casually smoking a "doobie". People with this image of drug use in prison often see drug use as a luxury or liberty enjoyed by prisoners. As such, drug use is seen as a type of "reward" for being in prison, and a direct negation of the punishment the inmates should be receiving for their crimes against society."
