From the Paper "The American system of juvenile corrections has numerous failures and few successes, and it is a system in crisis as the inner cities produce more and more street gangs, violence, and troubled youth. There are many reasons for the increase in these problems, and the programs developed to cope with them have not kept pace with the rate of change and have not served well to control juveniles or to address their problems. Yet, new programs are suggested all the time, showing that there is a realization of the need and an attempt to come to terms with it. The system is seen as overburdened and as facing new levels of violence in the streets so that the sorts of crimes with which the system must cope are more serious than in earlier periods. The system, which has been based on a rehabilitation model, has also been seen as ineffective, and new approaches have been..."
From the Paper " FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
Introduction
An interview with a forensic psychologist was conducted to glean information pertaining to educational and clinical training, major duties, skills update, effects of managed mental health care and prescription privileges, and controversies regarding the field of forensic psychology. Also included is a summary of how this field is integrated with other disciplines or subspecialties of clinical psychology.
Education & Training
Education for the forensic psychologist begins like that of any other area of psychology. A Ph.D. in the field of psychology is required, general psychology is acceptable, clinical psychology is preferred. Clinical psychology requires a.."
From the Paper "USE OF FORCE BY PRIVATE SECURITY OFFICERS
Introduction
Increasingly, business and property owners are turning to private security officers to protect their interests (Clark 48-49). The primary reason for this trend appears to be that the level of criminal activity in the United States is overwhelming the capacity of the public police forces to cope with the problem. The security officers to whom business and property owners are turning either are employed by independent security firms that contract with owners to provide protection or these officers are employees of the owners whose interests they protect.
Providing security for business and property in the United States is no longer a task that can be accomplished by ?showing the flag.?"
From the Paper "Death Penalty for Juveniles--A Pro Stance
The thesis of this research paper is that the death penalty should be applied to juvenile offenders who commit murder at age 16 and, in appropriate cases, at even younger ages. The basis for this position is the inherent right of American society to protect itself against the savage youth in its midst which is responsible for the rise of violent juvenile crime in America.
1. Permitting prosecutors and juries to consider imposing the death penalty on juvenile offenders who commit heinous crimes such as murder and rape is neither immoral nor illegal.
Facts. In the United States, a person younger than 18 who commits a crime is considered to be a juvenile offender. Thirty-nine states now allow the death penalty to be applied to some crimes. Eleven others and the District of Columbia prohibit the.."
From the Paper "The sentencing disparity between convictions for crack cocaine and powder cocaine is discriminatory toward African-Americans. Federal policy is responsible for this disparity, the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 and Public Law 104-38 (Federal Sentencing Guidelines, Amendment, Disapproval) being the most significant contributors. Differences in the consumption and marketing patterns of crack cocaine and powder cocaine do not justify stiffer penalties. Ironically, the inequitable sentencing of African-Americans has done little to remedy the problem of cocaine trafficking in the United States.
Government officials justify the disparity in sentencing between powder cocaine and crack cocaine based on the devastating effect that the latter drug exerts at the community level. According to testimony at a recent Congressional hearing.."
Examines conflicting sociological theories on causes & effects. Provides definitions, labeling, the effect of alcoholism, genetics vs. environment and differential association.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 7 sources, 1997, $ 71.95
From the Paper " INTRODUCTION
The association between society's explanations for the causes of crime and delinquency and society's responses to crime and delinquency are not always obvious to the public, but clearly such an association must exist. We address issues based on the way we view issues. However, the perception the public has of crime is not always clear, and the public does not necessarily consider the question of cause in a direct and specific fashion. Put another way, the public demands a response to crime based on the perception it has of crime at a given moment, and this perception changes over time. The public perception of the cause of crime is not necessarily rational. It is instead often based on emotional responses--when people are more afraid of crime, for instance, they demand a harsher response toward the criminal in..."
Examines this concept and practice, effectiveness, pros and cons, dangers, history, examples, techniques, inmate selection criteria, recidivism, administration and supervision, goals and the return of inmates to the community.
6,075 words (approx. 24.3 pages), 19 sources, 1999, $ 135.95
Abstract This research reviewed the recent (1995 and later) literature relevant to the application of the boot camp prison concept in the United States. The objective of this review was to draw conclusions and make recommendations relative to the effectiveness of boot camp prisons and the desirability of continuing to fund boot camp prison programs
From the Paper "BOOT CAMPS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL INCARCERATION
Abstract
This research reviewed the recent (1995 and later) literature relevant to the application of the boot camp prison concept in the United States. The objective of this review was to draw conclusions and make recommendations relative to the effectiveness of boot camp prisons and the desirability of continuing to fund boot camp prison programs.
The success of intensive supervision in shock incarceration programs is indicative of a likelihood that the concept would work equally as well in conjunction with any corrections program. What success has been attained within the context of community reintegration, however, has been attributable largely to intensive post-release supervision, as opposed to ..."
A critical appraisal of the system including underfunding, understaffing, overworked officers, recidivism, ineffectiveness, psychology of and as social work.
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 7 sources, 1999, $ 79.95
From the Paper "Probation systems in the United States are underfunded, understaffed, and unable to keep track of all the offenders nominally under their supervision--let alone offer them any help. The typical probation worker in overburdened systems is regarded as a combination of a clerk and law enforcement officer. But probation officers are seldom expected, or able, to do much for those under their charge beyond urging them to meet some basic reporting requirements and reporting their failure to do so. Recidivism among those on probation increases at an enormous rate as ever-greater numbers of persons on probation receive even less guidance, supervision, training, or treatment. The key to reducing recidivism lies in improving budgets, staffing, and staff training. But with other improvements the job of probation officer needs to be seriously rethought, especially in terms of ..."
A defines and examination of conflict theory and view that crime is the inevitable result of social conflict. Includes human nature, social order, logic of theory, legal policy and practice.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 9 sources, 2000, $ 103.95
Abstract Conflict theory in criminal justice is based on the assumption that society is grounded in inherent conflict that cannot be resolved. Conflict theorists argue that those who hold power and wealth in a capitalist economy force the less-powerful to abide by their established rules with the purpose of protecting their own property and physical safety.
From the Paper "Conflict Theory in Criminal Justice
Abstract
Conflict theory in criminal justice is based on the assumption that society is grounded in inherent conflict that cannot be resolved. Conflict theorists argue that those who hold power and wealth in a capitalist economy force the less-powerful to abide by their established rules with the purpose of protecting their own property and physical safety. The theory relies on a Marxist interpretation of the function of a capitalist society. It argues for a broader definition of crime to include offenses and actions intended to maintain the ruling structure. The theory and models of punishment based on the theory would require an understanding of criminal justice that took into consideration the social and..."
Abstract Children today represent a dichotomy for many people, one that instills both hope and fear, as is indicated in the following statement by Michael P. Brown:
From the Paper "Introduction
Children today represent a dichotomy for many people, one that instills both hope and fear, as is indicated in the following statement by Michael P. Brown:
Children have been described as our future, our greatest resource, and our hope for a better tomorrow. For many Americans, though, children invoke fear. They represent violence, a segment of society lacking in self control and devoid of ethics and morals, and the failure of the family to instill traditional values: chief among them being the value of human life and respect for others (Brown).
Such views have led to calls for a change in the criminal justice system in order to increase the punishment possible for certain young offenders..."
From the Paper "Introduction
This research will analyze the effect that the yakuza, Japan's organized crime syndicate, has on the Japanese economy and on the life of the people of Japan. The effect of the yakuza will be illustrated with an exploration of the yakuza's infiltration of many legitimate businesses and how this specifically affects the Japanese economy. Further, there is short examination of the effect the yakuza have had in efforts by/ the Japanese government to reform the economy in the face of the worst recession in Japan's history since the end of World
War II. What is the Yakuza?
The yakuza is Japan's organized crime syndicate. Although the yakuza has old roots in Japan, the yakuza did not prosper until after World War II."
Abstract This paper shows that if capital punishment in the United States was truly judged on fairness and on the doctrine of equal protection under the law, every state would join the current moratorium against employment of the death penalty. The paper shows that it has been argued for years that a disproportionate number of minorities, indigent and under-educated individuals end up paying the ultimate price and too often so it seems because they were too poor or uneducated to prove their innocence.
From the Paper "According to a recent study, an estimated 90 percent of American criminal defendants incarcerated for a capital crime are living in poverty when arrested, and nearly all have no money to pay for their defense by the time their case reaches the appeals stage. This means that at least 90 percent of these prisoners must rely upon court appointed attorneys, who many times are inexperienced and/or disinterested. In fact there are countless cases of counsel falling asleep at trial, or even arriving drunk."
Tags: American, Bar, Association, death, row, Supreme, Court
Abstract This paper examines the multitude of issues related to crime and more specifically, the fundamental relationship between genetics and crime. It evaluates the three distinct methodologies (adoption studies, family studies, and twin studies) that are used to discover the correlation between genetic influences on antisocial and criminal behavior. It also reviews different twin studies and their correlation to antisocial and criminal behavior. It concludes with recommendations for finding solutions to the crime problem.
From the Paper "Few issues are as controversial and difficult to resolve as crime. Over the past 20-25 years, public concern over certain aspects of the crime problem has intensified. In particular, law enforcement and the public have focused on the challenge of supervising parolees and probationers in the community, juvenile crime, the role of television in producing violence, and urban gangs. Researchers have found a causal relationship exists between crime and such traits as: age; economic status; education level; environmental factors; ethnicity; gender; genetics; intelligence (or lack thereof); psychological factors; race; sex; sociological factors; etc."
Tags: criminal, behavior, dizygotic, twins, monozygotic, genetic, etiology, law
Abstract This paper looks at how vital this form of technology is. It discusses the spread of the use of internet for doing day-to-day transactions such as bill paying and purchases - and how this has created the need for the protection of sensitive data from being misused. The paper examines the history of encryption technology and how it developed into the level it is today. The issue of the need for privacy in the cyberworld is also discussed.
From the Paper "The Internet has made the transfer of data easy and has become an everyday part of our lives. Many of us could not even imagine our lives without the Internet, let alone, the computer. Computers allow us to store and transmit data with ease. Data storage takes up much less space than a filing cabinet and data can be transmitted almost instantaneously using the Internet. The ease and speed of data transfer has led to the development of faster and bigger systems to handle larger and larger amounts of data. Some of this data is private and contains information that is only to be read by certain individuals. Now we transmit critical information such as credit card and banking information over the Internet on a daily basis. So how do we protect that information from prying, but unauthorized eyes? Encryption is one technique used to protect the data."
Abstract The paper discusses how during our professional careers we often encounter difficult ethical situations. Often, these professional dilemmas involve a careful consideration of not only pertinent professional ethics, but a weighing of personal moral values. This study presents the ethical dilemma faced after encountering suspected drug use by a fellow employee. It shows how this is a common and complex, professional dilemma that requires the careful consideration of the consequences of several divergent courses of action. The paper uses a personal scenario to illustrate the dilemnas faced by a worker.
From the Paper "Personal morals are built on a very different basis than professional ethics. Personal morals are often built on religious faith. Family values play an important role in our personal ethics and value systems. We learn a great deal about ethics from the behaviors of our immediate and extended families. Personal experiences also do a great deal to define our personal values. For example, it is often said that a conservative is simply someone who has never been robbed, while a liberal is someone who has never had anything stolen. Simply put, this means that our experiences with other individuals, whether good or bad, often shape our personal value systems. Finally, personal values are also steeped deeply in the personality of the individual. Personalities can be seen as falling somewhere on the continuum from selfish to truly altruistic (University of Waterloo)."
