This paper scrutinizes various treatment methods available for sexual offenders (including sexual assault, incest and paedophilia) as well the future and societal issues concerning this problem.
2,717 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 14 sources, 2002, $ 81.95
Abstract This paper endeavours to explore the different types of treatment employed in the rehabilitation process for sex offenders and what the current and future societal issues surrounding offender treatment are. It defines what a sexual crime is, what types of sexual offenders there are and the various styles of treatment that are currently employed to battle this type of psychosis. It looks at matching the type of treatment most influential to the different type of sexual offender and highlights some future concerns society needs to address in order to continue the research the rehabilitation of the sexual offender effectively.
From the Paper Incest offenders usually do not have long criminal histories before the current charges, and most are being convicted for the first time. They are the most minimising and denying of the sexual offender sorts and will be adamant that it happened 'only once', that the child "propositioned" them, that alcohol was to blame, etc. Destroying this system of denial and twisted beliefs is necessary and can perhaps best be achieved in tandem with family-based therapy. Within a correctional institution setting, endeavours must be made to contact the family and/or social service networks dealing with the family so as to successfully face the offender
Abstract The writer explores how schools in the United States are becoming centers of criminal activities as youth gangs are rapidly emerging in public schools nationwide. He points out that increase in violent activities on school property is directly related to gang presence and summarizes that it is therefore important for school authorities and communities to work closely together for the eradication of this evil because it is leading to increased use of drugs, alcohol, guns and violence on school campuses all over the country.
From the Paper "The presence of gangs in schools is having a negative impact on the school environment and it has been noticed that most children in public schools fear becoming victims of violence because of the anti-social activities of these powerful gangs. Because gangs in schools are usually well organized, their presence on school property often causes terror among other students. Drug trafficking and violence are the two most significant areas of activity for gangs and they usually try to influence school children and authorities by use of force, which is one of the primary reasons behind rising trend in violent activities on school property. In 1992 Bureau of Justice reported that drugs are more readily available in schools where gangs exists than schools without gang problems. This shows that the anti-social activities of the gangs can affect every child as it increases peer pressure because of the availability of drugs and alcohol on school campuses."
This paper analyzes and examines crime and deviance with an emphasis on the multitude of invaluable contributions made to criminology by a group of sociologists known as the "Chicago School".
Abstract The following paper discusses theories of criminal punishment, which are the framework for theories involving criminal deviance. The writer comments on "Chicago School"s? focus on the social and environmental aspects of criminality (i.e., poverty, poor education, limited opportunities). The paper also evaluates another vital contribution of the Chicago School which are the theories relating to criminal behavior: differential association (i.e., crime as learned behavior), strain theory (i.e., blocks in opportunity structures), labeling theory (i.e., stigmatization creates further criminality), and techniques of neutralization (i.e., guilt minimization).
From the Paper ?Various theories have been advanced to justify or explain the goals of criminal punishment, including deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, restoration, and retribution. Sometimes punishment advances more than one of these goals. However, a punishment may promote one goal and conflict with another.Supporters of deterrence believe that if punishment is imposed upon a person who has committed a crime, the pain inflicted will dissuade the offender (specific deterrence) and others (general deterrence) from either repeating the crime or from committing similar crimes. Incapacitation deprives offenders of the ability or opportunity to commit further crimes that harm society. Rehabilitation seeks to prevent future criminal behavior by providing offenders with the education and treatment necessary to eliminate criminal tendencies, as well as the skills to become productive members of society.?
Abstract An examination of juvenile crime in the United States, focusing on schoolyard shootings. This paper argues that both young offenders and their parents should be held more accountable and receive harsher sentences than they do now, although every attempt should be made to rehabilitate the youngest offenders (those under the age of 12).
From the Paper "The issue of youth violence is one very much in the news since the Columbine High School shootings and the other incidents of schoolyard violence that have occurred with grisly regularity over the last several years. But while this such shooting sprees are perhaps the most striking example of people under the age of 18 intentionally committing violent acts against other people, Columbine and other school shootings are in fact only a very small element of the overall picture of juvenile violence. Indeed, both these school shootings and other, more common acts violence by young people can be seen as merely the natural development of other kinds of less lethal juvenile violence extending back as far as history is recorded."
A study of the fourth amendment of the United States Constitution, which defends individuals' right to privacy and its potential conflict with law enforcement practices.
1,145 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 0 sources, 2002, $ 39.95
Abstract This paper examines the potential conflict with law enforcement practices with the fourth amendment of the Constitution, which provides the right to privacy. The paper illustrates this through the example of numerous court cases throughout the country. It provides circumstances that the fourth amendment is utilized by criminals in defending themselves in court when the practice of searches and seizure by the police are without a lawful search warrant.
From the Paper "The Fourth Amendment of the Constitution is designed to protect the right of the people to live in privacy. As such, it concerns itself with security against illegal or unjustified searches and seizures, as well as the inappropriate levying of warrants. However, the potential conflict that this amendment commonly incites against law enforcement practices causes much debate over specific application of its provision. "
Abstract This paper presents arguments pro and con the death penalty based on religious, political and social considerations. Factors against the punishment are that it is anti poor, racist, condemns innocent people to death, does not deter serious crime and that it is a cruel punishment. Factors for the death penalty include that it is not racist, that miscarriages of justice are unavoidable, it is feared as a punishment and that it is cheaper than life imprisonment.
From the Paper "I. There are five main reasons why the death penalty should be abolished throughout the world:
"It is racist. Statistics show that African Americans comprise 12% of the entire US population, yet 43% of those in the death row are Blacks. Figures also reveal that about half of all murder victims are Blacks, 83% of those who are now in the death row are there because their victims were white. (Campaign to End the Death Penalty 2002). And in 18,000 executions in American history, only 37% involved a white person who killed a Black person. Over 75% of those in the federal death row are non-white, and of the 156 federal death penalty prosecutions approved by the Attorney General since 1988, 74% of the accused were not white. (Campaign) The death penalty makes a crime out of being Black.."
Abstract This paper examines the use of forensic science in police investigations through the example of the JonBenet Ramsey murder case. The paper describes that forensic evidence is widely used by investigators in homicide cases, in order to gather clues from available physical evidence. It illustrates through the JonBenet case that apparently insignificant pieces of evidence found through forensic methods can help in pointing out possible suspects when no other tangible proof is available.
From the Paper "JonBenet Ramsey murder took place on Christmas night in 1996 but even after more than five years of investigations, no charges have been levied and no indictment has been made. During the initial investigations too, it was clear that police and other investigation agencies did not have ample evidence to find out who the real killer was, even though fingers were pointed at several people including the Ramsey family members. Due to insufficient tangible evidence, crime-investigation branches were forced to take help of forensic testing, something which many view with skepticism. Forensic evidence refers to detailed analysis of things found at the murder scene including apparently vague and elusive pieces of evidence such as hair, fingerprints, body fluids, handwriting etc."
Abstract This paper discusses three different areas of security problems which could arise in the Internet environment. The first issue described is that of hackers and the possible problems of using hackers to test security systems. The next issue examined is that of privacy and security. The writer outlines the differences between the business world's opinion of privacy on the internet and that of a private person. The paper concludes with a brief look at viruses and the havoc they can and do cause the online environment.
From the Paper "Internet security has been a buzz issue for awhile now. It seems that every five minutes, a new company is coming out with software that will protect the personal computer, protect the corporate databases, protect children, etc. Internet security is very important, there is a lot of very sensitive information on computers around the globe. The hacker is the threat, and software is the solution. However, certain steps are taken to ensure that the Business doesn?t become the victim of a hacker. One of the methods used in ensuring that the software stays ahead of the hacker is by actually hiring professional hackers to try to beat the software. This method is used frequently, especially in mystery movies, when an insurance firm or a museum, or some such is testing out a security system."
From the Paper "Introduction
This study will examine right-wing terrorism in the United States, focusing on the bombing of the Federal Building in Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995, and arguing that such right-wing terrorism is a combination of both political and religious beliefs which focus far more on destroying the system which exists rather than building a new system to replace the old. As such, the scope of the study will be limited to the argument that right-wing terrorism in the United States, as exemplified in the Oklahoma City combing, is rooted in frustration and rage more than in the idealism which these terrorists claim to espouse. The methodology of the study will be an analysis and comparison of four sources which take disparate views of right-wing terrorism in general and the Oklahoma City bombing in.."
Discussion of issues: identification & counseling of those at risk, incl. secondary victims (children). Punishment of batterers. Education of healthcare professionals. Public education programs.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 20 sources, 2001, $ 71.95
From the Paper "Domestic violence, now often referred to as intimate partner violence, is almost epidemic in America. The latest National Crime Victimization Survey identified more than 960,000 incidents of violence against a current or former spouse, boyfriend, or girlfriend occur every year in America alone (Willson et al, 2000). About 85 percent of victims are women. Although women are less likely overall to be a victim of violent crime, they are 8 times more likely than men to suffer violence at the hands of an intimate partner.
A population-based telephone survey in South Carolina in 1998 showed that 25 percent of women and 13 percent of men had experienced some form of intimate partner violence during their lifetime (U.S. Center for Disease Control, 2000). Although women were significantly more likely to experience physical ..."
From the Paper "Explaining Delinquency
The studies undertaken by Thornberry, Moore and Christenson (1985), Wells and Rankin (1991) and Fagan, Weis and Cheng (1990) attempted to examine the relationship between dropping out of school, broken homes and substance use and delinquency, respectively. Essentially, each study did determine that such a relationship exists, but each also determined that these relationships are considerably more complex than they may initially appear.
Thornberry et al. (1985) attempted to determine the effect of dropping out of high school on an individual's subsequent criminal behavior. They noted that strain and control theories of delinquent behavior offered divergent assessments of the relationship between school and delinquency, particularly for lower-class youths."
Studies rationale, purpose, research methods to be used. Extensive literature review examines confliciting theories, risk factors & treatments. Abstract. Table of Contents.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 57 sources, 2001, $ 111.95
From the Paper "The purpose of this research paper will be to investigate the conflicting theories on causes and treatment of violent juvenile crime in the United States. A review of the literature on the proposed subject will be performed and findings will be critically analyzed to provide an integration of information.
The literature review to be analyzed will include the following subjects relevant to the topic: an introduction to juvenile crime, with trends and prevalence, state and federal activities, and criminal justice; conflicting theories, with the POM theory, social control theory, social bonding theory, and containment theory; causes of juvenile crime, including risk..."
Abstract Cesare Beccaria was a philosopher from the classical school of criminology during the 18th and 19th centuries. This paper analyzes his theories and shows how Beccaria demanded reform in every aspect of criminal justice. The writer presents the focal point of Beccaria's argument which is that capital punishment must be abolished on the grounds that all punishment should be swift and serve the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people.
From the Paper "Cesare Beccaria's contribution to the field of criminal justice is but one of his many accomplishments. In addition to criminal justice, Beccaria was well versed in theories of economics as well as politics and he incorporated all of these fields in his various publications. In his treatise On Crimes and Punishments, Beccaria (1764) speaks to a number of issues in the practice of criminal justice and recommends reform. In addition to his prolific writings, Beccaria was a teacher of public law and economy in the Palatine schools in Milan from 1768 to 1770 and after 1771 he held many public offices. Beccaria was a part of the classical school of criminology. This school covered a wide variety of issues and was made up of a group of philosophers on crime and punishment in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Cesare Beccaria was one of the school's most prominent members along with Jeremy Bentham. Both of these men shared the belief that criminal behaviour should be understood and controlled as an outcome of a certain human nature shared by all of us. They felt that human beings were ultimately hedonistic and always acted in terms which suited their own self interest; however at the same time they believed that humans were rational, and therefore acting in their own self interest could be manipulated to serve the good of the community. Based on this, a well ordered state would construct laws and punishments (based on deterrence) in such a way that people would understand peaceful and non-criminal actions to be in their self interest (Crime Theory, 2000). In 1764, when the then unknown Cesare Beccaria wrote his treatise On Crimes and Punishments, it would have been inconceivable for anyone to have believed that the world would still be using his ideas today in the 21st century to guide their criminal justice systems. The treatise has greatly impacted the Constitution of the United States, their Bill of Rights, and justice system. Many of the reforms that Beccaria called for have been incorporated into their system, and his influence stretches over arrest, prosecution and punishment. Beccaria never wrote anything else on criminal justice, which has left many unanswered questions, but the treaties has become the foundation upon which many criminology theories build and expand (Crime Theory, 2000)."
From the Paper "The Mexican Mafia, or La EME (the Spanish phonetic for the letter M), is one of the oldest gangs in the United States, originating in 1957 when several east Los Angeles inmates from the barrio formed the "gang of gangs." Once a protection group for gang members, the Mafia expanded to include extortion, gambling and homosexual prostitution. As a result, many of the drug-dealing Chicano gang members wind up in prison, where the barrio economy becomes a prison economy: it turns on a sophisticated matrix of barter activity. This paper will focus exclusively on the Mexican Mafia and will use statistics where available. As with any illegal organization, few are willing to talk; even fewer are willing to give names. However, the Mafia is run not unlike any legal, nationwide corporation with constitutions, recruiting, marketing, personnel hierarchies and
From the Paper "The American system of juvenile corrections has numerous failures and few successes, and it is a system in crisis as the inner cities produce more and more street gangs, violence, and troubled youth. There are many reasons for the increase in these problems, and the programs developed to cope with them have not kept pace with the rate of change and have not served well to control juveniles or to address their problems. Yet, new programs are suggested all the time, showing that there is a realization of the need and an attempt to come to terms with it. The system is seen as overburdened and as facing new levels of violence in the streets so that the sorts of crimes with which the system must cope are more serious than in earlier periods. The system, which has been based on a rehabilitation model, has also been seen as ineffective, and new approaches have been..."
