Abstract The American criminal justice system executes a larger number of children than the rest of the world combined. This paper contends that the juvenile death penalty is completely blatantly racist in its structure, design, and application and is legally more arbitrary and capricious than the death penalty for adults.
Outline
Juvenile Death Penalty Is Racist
Juvenile Death Penalty Is Irrational
Juvenile Executions Contradict Treatment of Juveniles Generally
The Human Element of Juvenile Executions
Supreme Court Finally Strikes Down Juvenile Executions
From the Paper "But most critically, the error of executing children cannot be fully comprehended until one examines the individual cases of children who have been executed by the various states in America. Invariably, the children the state executes have four common characteristics: (1) they were often mentally ill or mentally retarded at the moment they committed they crime; (2) they were themselves the unfortunate victims of horrifying sexual and physical abuse; (3) they were victimized by a society which has one of the most stifling child poverty and infant mortality percentage-rates on Earth and which assigns many minorities to existences of hopelessness and grinding poverty; and, (4) they were represented by inexperienced, unskilled, uncaring and incompetent attorneys."
Abstract The writer of this paper examines the various social situations and experiences encountered, in the area of law enforcement, which influence and mold the personalities of police officers. This paper delves into the long-standing personality theory that dictates which particular traits are patterned within an individual's personality. The writer of this paper explores and details the shared personality traits evident among police officers, including their desire to help others, as well as the need for respect and dignity normally associated with the profession. This paper discusses the relevant published research, which states that certain individuals choose a career in law enforcement for a variety of reasons, including: Job security, wages and benefits as well as a clear career path.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
General Concepts of Police Personality
Nature versus Nurture: Socialization and On-The-Job Experiences
Men Police Officers: Status, Gender and Personality
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Based on the status model of personality, there is a distinct "pecking order" in place in virtually all police departments across the country that helps initiate newcomers to the profession into the field; new recruits to the force will ignore this hierarchy at their peril. According to Gerber, the high-status officer in each partnership type will be perceived as having more instrumentally oriented (dominating and instrumental) traits and the low-status officer will be viewed as having more expressive traits. In addition, the status model predicts that officers' perceptions of their personality traits will be affected by group status-the overall status of their partnership in relation to other kinds of partnerships. In her review of Gerber's analysis, Monago suggests that this study showed that sex category and work experience played instrumental roles in personality adjustments."
Tags: law, enforcement, career, profession, traits, personality, research
Abstract This paper looks at the importance of communication for the hostage negotiator. It looks at different types of communication and how they are used in such situations. It looks at active listening, talking, acting, empathy, trust, and therapeutic communication.
From the Paper "Effective communication skills are the most important asset for a hostage negotiator. Communication with the hostage-taker is essential and must be done in a very non-threatening and empathic manner to try and prevent harm to the hostages..."
Abstract The paper argues in favor of community policing in order to improve neighborhoods. The paper offers an analysis that looks at the various dimensions of such policing, including improving services, identifying problems and working with community residents.
From the Paper "Most citizens regardless of their country or nationality tend to regard crime control and policing as one of the most important acts of government. (Carrick) Policy formation in general and as it applies to policing, is the process of establishing a direction for agency, philosophy or employee conduct."
Tags: commuinty policing, crime, argument in favor of
Abstract The paper contends that any solution that hopes to revise the American criminal justice system must address five issues. The paper details these issues: A lack of racial parity in criminal justice, a lack of socio-economic parity, overcrowding in the courts, overcrowding in the prisons and the rehabilitation of the thousands of prisoners when they are released.
From the Paper "That the criminal justice system in the United States is biased is beyond dispute. Statistics abound that all confirm the same thing; if you are white and wealthy in the US, the odds that you will end up in jail are remarkably slim. Felony convictions send a disproportionately high number of African American and Hispanic men to prison, while their Caucasian counterparts remain free. The reasons behind this phenomenon are many - too many to be listed in this brief overview."
Abstract This paper examines common types of computer crime and how to guard against it. It looks at the threats facing society from in adequate computer security and defines computer crimes and motives behind those committing them.
From the Paper "Computers have moved from being used only in the largest government departments and multinational corporations to being ubiquitous in American business. The number of individuals who have access to the information on those computers has increased as the communications industry has undergone a revolution in recent years and uncontrolled access to information presents a very real threat in most business and some government information. Because of the highly significant role that computers play in modern life there is a need to keep information on machines secure ..."
Abstract The paper discusses how it is well known that abuse of illegal drugs causes major problems for society. This is reflected by the fact that every country has laws that attempt to minimize such abuse. However, the paper contends that comparatively little attention is paid to the abuse of legal, prescription drugs. Yet these can also cause enormous harm. Millions of people in the USA are addicted to various prescription drugs. Many of these people lose their jobs, their families and even their lives because of this addiction. This paper highlights the problem of addiction to prescription drugs, showing that many people are addicted and that such addiction causes great harm.
Abstract Cyber crime is one of the most prevalent and most popular rising crimes being committed today. Law enforcement agencies are struggling to keep up with technology and constantly bump into roadblocks to help them stop this growing crime. This paper attempts to analyze current policy and implement policy recommendations that will aid law enforcement officials to police cyber crime. The paper maintains that, while September 11 shifted America's focus from cyber crime to cyber-terrorism, the facts show that cyber crime is far more dangerous to the American public and the economy.
Outline:
Abstract
What is Cybercrime?
Types of Cybercrime: Identity Theft
Types of Cybercrime: Child Pornography and Sexual Solicitation Types of Cybercrime: Organized Crime
Challenges for Law Enforcement Management
Challenges and Current Policy
Statistics
National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace
Improving the way Law Enforcement Identifies and Investigates Cyber Crime
How to Prevent Cybercrime
Conclusion
From the Paper "One aspect of cybercrime is the ability for sex offenders to prey upon unsuspecting individuals over the internet. American's must remember people are not always who they appear to be. One of the critical topics discussed at the White House Conference was the growing threat of cyber-predators. Nearly 30 million children and youth go online annually and 75% of children between the ages of 14 and 17 use the internet. Research by the University of New Hampshire found that one in five children between the ages of 10 and 17 received a sexual solicitation over the Internet in the last year. One in 33 received an aggressive solicitation - a solicitor who asked to meet them somewhere; called them on the telephone; or sent them regular mail, money, or gifts. The Internet is a tremendous educational resource for parents, teachers, and children. Parental, private sector, and government efforts are continuing to improve online child safety and will help make the Internet a safer and ever more valuable tool for children. "
Abstract This paper explains that the philosophy of community oriented policing and problem solving (COPPS) promotes and supports organizational strategies to address the causes and reduce the fear of crime and social disorder through problem-solving tactics and community-police partnerships, mainly with the community. The author points out that COPPS, which was developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s, is a far cry from the more traditional model of policing. The paper discusses that the four dimensions of the SARA model are scanning, analyzing, responding and assessing. The author states that applying the steps of the SARA model to everyday community policing helps to reduce or eliminate problems altogether. The paper underscores that, if the community is not adamant about removing the social disorder from their area, then COPPS will not work.
From the Paper "Community oriented policing has really been only re-established within the last three decades. In the beginning, the two main components from community policing were only to 1) problem solve and 2) engage the community. Today, that is still true but encompasses so much more of these two main goals. The reason why community policing was established was that in the "reform era" of the 1930s, professional policing was failing horribly. In the reform era, policing was based on law and professionalism as well as crime control. It was mainly centralized, professional, and remote."
Abstract This paper discusses the importance of forensic science to policing and criminal investigations, court processes, and security efforts. It then explains the accuracy of the media representation of forensic science and how the media influence popular opinion in justice-related issues.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Importance of Forensic to Policing
From the Paper "Forensic science is a science made use of for the intentions of the law, and offers unbiased scientific evidence for use in the in a criminal investigation, courts of law, and a trial. Forensic science is a range of topics, illustrating mainly from chemistry and biology, but also psychology, social science, geology, and physics. Forensic science examples are the use of gas chromatography to categorize detained drugs, odontology practitioners to provide information to help identify a victim's remains that is unrecognizable, and DNA profiling to help classify a murder suspect from a bloodstain or hair obtained at the crime scene (Standfordshire, 2007)."
Abstract This paper is an opinion paper written with the aim of recommending avenues in which the U.S. can further the War on Drugs. The paper goes into the intricacies of two possible plans that could be implemented in order to further the effectiveness of the War on Drugs, military or legal. The first recommendation calls for the FDA to legalize drugs and regulate the influx of them. The second recommendation calls for a higher military involvement to eliminate the source.
Abstract This paper takes a look at the history of professional police forces in Britain, the US, and Australia, starting in the 18th century. Includes an analysis of the how the general population regards police.
From the Paper "The modern day police force is often taken for granted. People assume that the police will always be there whenever needed and probably always have been. A second thought is rarely ever entered into of the origins of the police force. But it was not until the nineteenth century that a police force remotely similar to what we have come to know in the present time emerged. In times of rapid social change and widespread disorder, a force of individuals became necessary to uphold and enforce the public law."
Abstract A review of the mafia, its creation and development. The author defines what the Mafia is, where it was first formed and its purpose. Using this as a springboard, he then looks at the different ways in which the Mafia has changed over the years.
From the Paper "The Mafia is a secret criminal organization that wields great economic and political control over large segments of Sicilian society and operates both criminal and legitimate enterprises in the united states. It has been defined as ?a secret union of people of every type and status who give reciprocal help without regard to laws or morals but maybe the best definition was given by Mario Puzo (of The Godfather fame) who described it as "a business like any other with the difference that every so often they shoot each other". The Mafia first developed in Sicily in feudal times to protect the estates of absentee landlords. By the 19th century, it had become a network of criminal bands that dominated the Sicilian countryside."
Abstract This paper discusses fingerprints and fingerprinting. The author gives a historical account of criminological use of fingerprinting. Included in the paper are photos of various types of standard fingerprints, as well as scientific methods used in fingerprinting today.
From the Paper "Fingerprints are unique markings that provide a means of permanent identification; there are many ways to obtain them from various surfaces in order to identify a suspect in the hopes of solving a crime, or they also can exonerate the falsely accused. Human interest in fingerprints can be traced as far back as the time of the Bible, which makes a reference to "the prints from man's hand""
Abstract This paper discusses Plato's famous work "Republic" and how it relates to the idea of justice in society. The author analyzes some key concepts of the book and the principles of justice and examines their connection.
From the Paper "If asked to define justice, every individual would have a different answer to that question. Everyone is entitled to his or her own opinion; but in the case of trying to figure out something that can have an effect on society, either positively or negatively, one should have a basic understanding of some sort of definition of this quality. The people of a society need to live together in peace and harmony for a society to thrive and survive."
