Abstract This literature review is all about television violence and the effects on youth. The author attempts to examine whether television consumption cause children to imitate behavior. The author includes an examination of how parent involvement interacts. This research includes statistics as proof variables.
From the paper:
"Television is a part of life. Virtually every household has a television set and many homes have two or three (Ledingham, 1993). Needless to say, television plays an enormous role in the lives of many American families and the magnitude of its influence on people is considerable also. This is especially true where children are involved. According to Liebert & Sprafkin (1988), "television viewing time rises from about 2.5 hours per day at the age of five to about 4 hours a day at the age of 12." Ledingham goes on to say that "television is used frequently by parents as a babysitter or distraction device" (1993)."
Abstract The author looks at several sociological and environmental factors that can be associated with the rise in juvenile violence, whose roots can be traced back to the early 1980s. The author looks that the rise in the numbers of juvenile crimes, the sociological factors that specifically affect juvenile crime, and lastly, examines specific environmental factors that appear to be affecting juvenile crime. The paper looks at this rising trend, that began with changes that the country underwent at the turn of the twentieth century, and the adverse affects they had on the family structure.
From the Paper "In his popular 1997 book entitled "Kid's Stuff: Toys and the Changing World of American Childhood," author Gary Cross states that, over the course of the twentieth century, American parents "increasingly lost control over and even understanding of the play of their children" (p. 149). The children's entertainment industry developed alongside an advancing technology, and basic toys and games became increasingly complicated and complex as well as increasingly foreign to parental understanding with each passing decade. By the time that the Electronic and Information Age had fully exploded in the 1990s, most parents had fallen so far behind the technological times that effective censorship of the films that their children viewed and the games that their children played had become, in effect, virtually impossible. In the face of a rapidly changing technology, many modern parents simply stopped trying to monitor their children's entertainment activities. With this decrease in parental notice and attention came an increase in violent and criminal content, an exchange that ultimately resulting in an electronic atmosphere and environment that graphically glorifies violence and worships the virtual gods of death and destruction."
Abstract This paper is an argument in favor of the death penalty. The author uses several examples to support his position, including the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States and the Oklahoma City bombings in 1991. The author looks at how, since colonial times, it has become progressively more difficult to be sentenced to death. The author also presents evidence that the death penalty does serve as a deterrent for some criminals. The author also states that especially since September 11 there has been a change in many people's feelings about capital punishment, and this evolution needs to be acknowledged when deciding when to apply the death penalty.
From the Paper "Once upon a time the things for which you could be sentenced to death were not so heinous. For example, in colonial America, ?offenses such as striking one's mother or father, or denying the "true God," were punishable by death.? However, that is no longer the case. Surely if we had such small crimes, no one in this modern age would care. But today we have ?More executions now per year than in any single year between 1600 and 1880.? Why? Because today there are more criminals that deserve to die. There is no state today where deny God can get you executed. The only capital crimes in America are murder along with (in various states) kidnapping, narcotics conspiracies, and treason. Despite the fact that we have more executions now than ever before, there is still a decrease in real punishment. ?Indeed, a calculating criminal might look at the extreme rarity of the death penalty and thereby be encouraged in his murderous course.? While we executed criminals every year, there are thousands more we fail to execute, and thousands more that spend the entirety of their natural lives on death row appealing their fates. This is not right."
Abstract This paper focuses on drug-related violence committed by gangs. It attempts to analyze the major causes behind such violence and whether the trend the trend of gang violence is on the increase. The communities and demographic population in which such violence is most likely to occur are also discussed besides looking at certain possible ways of preventing or lessening gang violence.
From the Paper "The disturbing phenomenon of gang violence in the inner American cities has been a major concern of parents, communities, and the law-enforcing agencies for many years. Of late, several studies indicate that the nature of gang violence has changed, with lethal violence being more likely related to the drug trade than to gang rivalries. One such study shows that drug related violence represents between a third and half of all gang violence. The reasons behind such a trend are multifarious and linked to the nature of youth gang culture. It is essential to take a brief look at these reasons before we can analyze and discuss some of the ways by which drug-related gang violence can be controlled."
Abstract This paper examines what hacking is and what kind of people become hackers. It discusses the laws that exist regarding this issue and stresses the need for harsher laws to stop this types of computer crime. It gives several definitions and examples for the word "hacker". The paper goes on to give a brief historical overview of hacking and how it got started. It discusses the media's part in this growing phenomenon. It gives examples of different types of hacking attacks and studies the differences and motives behind them. Finally, it examines the law enforcement of these crimes and gives recommendations on how to solve this problem.
From the Paper "We?ve all heard of it. Their crimes are almost as common as rapists and robbers. Although their crimes are often quieter and sometimes go unnoticed, hackers can cause as just as much harm as any other kind of criminal. Computer hacking and the crimes that define this type of criminal, make hacking difficult to define. According to Carter (2002), ?Computer hacking always involves some degree of infringement on the privacy of others or damage to computer-based property such as files, web pages or software.?
Computer hacking can range from the placing of pornographic pictures on a website to cracking a code that puts the security of millions of Americans at risk. Sometimes it involves stolen identities; other times it's just the ripping off of DVD movies and other media. Hackers themselves also come in as many forms as their crimes do. They range from bored college students to wealthy business men. Hackers are the criminals of today's technological world. This paper will attempt to illustrate just what a hacker is, what this criminal does, and how the laws need to become steeper in order to stop these types of computer crimes for causing the damage they do. "
Tags: computer, hacking, crimes, privacy, property, crack, technological, world
Abstract This paper examines several violent crimes committed by youthful violent offenders and illustrates how early incidents of animal abuse is one of the common threads in the history of many of these youth. In addition to a history of animal abuse, the author found that many of these youth came from homes where there was domestic abuse and that this abuse often occurred around the children. The author lists behaviors that should send out warning signs and also suggests who should be contacted in order to deal swiftly and efficiently with these offenders.
From the Paper "According to Meloy (2001), youth who murder their family or commit shooting sprees at their schools may be the type of predatory murderer described by Steiner above. In addition to a history of animal abuse, they have frequently been a victim of bullying and have fantasies where they compensate for the flaws they see in themselves in violent ways. They are often substance abusers and often fascinated with weapons. It is likely that they will feel both angry and dysphoric (Meloy, 2001), and may have narcissistic and/or paranoid tendencies. The compensatory fantasies may grandiose idea and careful planning rather than acting on impulse. Meloy reports that Luke Woodham, mentioned in the first paragraph, wrote, "I am not insane. I am angry. This world shit on me for the final time... I am not spoiled or lazy, for murder is not weak and slow-witted. Murder is gutsy and daring." He saw his crimes as self-validating."
Abstract This in-depth paper looks at way in which the Internet can be used for terrorist activities. It produces evidence that the FBI has of such attacks that have already been perpetrated and lists examples. The paper also looks at different types of attacks such as worms, viruses, unauthorized attacks, falling sites, 'pingings' and more. It reveals who are the main players in this "game", both groups and individuals.
From the Paper "It has been called "information war? or "cyber terrorism" -- the capability to let loose terror and destruction with a few well-aimed clicks on a computer keyboard. Although it is an unusual and a potentially lethal subject, the public does not know very much about it. However, experts in and around the country, to the top level of the federal government, are taking it seriously.
The FBI defines terrorism as the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. Cyber-terrorism can be the use of computing assets to threaten or force others. An example of cyber-terrorism could be hacking into a hospital computer system and changing someone's medicine prescription to a lethal dosage as an act of revenge. It sounds far fetched, but these things can and do happen. Cyber terrorism has also been defined as ?the use of computing resources against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.?1."
The following paper discusses a number of court cases that are examples of how difficult it is to determine whether individual constitutional rights are violated or not.
Abstract This paper examines how easy it is to be sympathetic to plaintiffs in a court case but also how important it is to take into account that the defendants are officers of the law, whose duty it is to uphold the law.
From the Paper ?Throughout history, people who charged that their constitutional rights were violated during arrests and interrogations have brought cases to court. The Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Amendments have been questioned repeatedly as judges search for justice without failing the police departments. Many of these cases have involved the Miranda rights, which, prior to 1998, were required of police as a precursor to admissible confessions by the U.S. Supreme Court in the 1966 case of Miranda v. Arizona. In 1998, these warnings were a made optional in federal court by a federal statute. The warning had to be read to a suspect upon arrest as follows: ?You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to consult an attorney before questioning. You have the right to have your attorney present with you during questioning. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you at no expense to you. You may choose to exercise these rights at any time.?
Abstract Despite the 14th Amendment in the American constitution, this paper claims that there is gross inequality in many states when dealing with African-American and Latinos regarding crimes and prosecution. It states that there is solid evidence that Blacks and Latinos commit a higher number of crimes per capita but in addition, critics of our legal system assert that some laws, particularly drug laws, are enforced more vigorously in minority communities. It is also claimed that people of color receive harsher sentences for the same crimes.
From the Paper "America has taken the official stance that all are equal in front of the law for a long time. The 14th Amendment specifically states this. Blas? (2001) quotes a legal expert from Columbia University as he says, "One of the clearest principles of American constitutional law is that race is an inappropriate basis upon which to make official decisions.? The statue of Lady Justice seen on so many courthouses emphasizes this philosophy: she holds the scales of justice blindfolded."
Abstract A look at the legal response to domestic violence as well as the law enforcements attitude to this problems. It examines possible solutions that may improve the way these agencies handle domestic violence cases. Part II provides legal definitions of domestic violence, Part III explains the usual dynamics of this form of violence. Part IV attempts to understand the battered woman and Part V looks at the criminal justice system's response to battered women. Part VI examines police officer's attitude to domestic violence and Part VII looks at the criminal justice system and domestic violence. The paper concludes with suggestions for improvement in this dealing with this crime.
From the Paper "Domestic violence is one of the most serious, yet least understood problems facing our nation today. This issue is especially troubling because of the unusual dynamics associated with domestic violence; unlike other crimes such as carjacking, random violence, and robbery where the offender and victim are usually strangers, battered women are often highly dependent on their partners for economic support and may be reluctant to leave out of fear or love. Another reason why domestic violence is so troubling is the lack of effective intervention and knowledge that exists among members of the criminal justice system, law enforcement, and public. The attitude that "domestic violence is a family matter, not a crime" which has long existed in society has contributed to this lack of knowledge and is one of the reasons why domestic violence still remains a largely "hidden" problem. Finally, the limited number of economic resources and shelters which are available to battered women also contributes to this problem; women who finally gather the courage and strength needed to leave their batterer may be forced to remain in the abusive situation or to return because the shelters are full or because they may be unable to find a job."
Abstract The paper analyzes the concept of community policing and examines how effective the strategy of community policing has been. It studies the guidelines on which the concept of community policing is based - the concept has forced the police departments to develop a friendly relationship with the law-abiding people in the community and to cooperate with them in several security and crime prevention related issues. The paper studies the approaches through which the police personnel are trained to deal with a wide array of situations and a range of behavioral problems. Finally it examines the effectiveness of C.O.P in different societal settings and analyzes the use of some other approaches to policing in situations where the concept does not seem to work effectively.
From the Paper "The roots of community based policing can be dated back to the era of Sir Robert Peel, who adopted the system for the London Police department and who is considered to be the father of the modern Police system. According to him, the police should consider itself as a part of the general public and the public should also held itself accountable for certain police related activities. Though the concept of community policing was introduced in that time but it didn't succeeded because of a number of reasons. The primary reason for its failure at that time was that the police department itself lost sight of the principles defined by Sir Robert Peel i.e. defining the relationship of police with the public."
Abstract This paper shows, through an extensive literature review, as well as research conducted by the author in the form of a personal interview, and a questionnaire submitted to local students, that if illegal drug use leads to increased crime, then the decriminalization of drugs will ultimately reduce crime and will therefore improve society.
From the Paper "Because drug use is illegal in America, not only are prisons overcrowded with drug offenders but the high prices caused by illegalization result in a massive increase in monetary and even violent crimes. The war on drugs, as it has been practiced for the past four decades has done nothing to reduce these problems, and has in fact increased them. Thus it is becoming progressively more evident that the victory for this war will take far too long, cost way too much money and have far too many victims."
Abstract The paper shows that women's correctional facilities are a common feature in the American state and federal prison systems, but this was not always the case - in the early nineteenth century, women were imprisoned alongside the men in state facilities. The paper traces the history of the establishment of separate institutes as well as illustrates, with statistical data, the rise in female inmates. Finally, it looks at the future of these facilities and how they can be improved.
From the Paper "The number of women in prison has been increasing and is likely to continue to do so, especially so long as the drug trade attracts many women and so leaves them open to arrest. More women than men in prison are drug users, another reason for the large number of women imprisoned for drug offenses. There will be more pressure in the future for added protections for women in prison, such as providing for more women corrections officers to reduce sexual abuse. Better facilities for family visits and for keeping infant children with their mothers would also benefit the inmates, the children, and society at large."
Abstract The paper examines the use of money-laundering to fund illegal activities and terrorism. It describes the basic criminal reasons for laundering money from the view of government, in legitimizing large amounts of illegally acquired money and methods used in doing so. The paper illustrates how large this criminal activity is globally and calls for a global solution.
From the Paper "Recent events such as the World trade Tower attack, the war on terrorism and the collapse of several giants such as Enron have brought the subject of money laundering into the forefront of the media. Mass media is inundated with articles and news stories about money laundering, particularly in relation to the funding of terrorist groups such as Al-Qaeda. Several organizations have dedicated themselves to the study and dissemination of knowledge about money laundering. Both the US government and other governments have developed strong initiatives to detect and deter money-laundering activities across borders."
Tags: world, trade, center, attack, september, 11th, 911, enron, al-qaeda, us, united, states, government, border, national, PATRIOT, ACT, of, 2001
Abstract This work is a short examination of the primary habits and characteristics of serial killers. Some of the serial killers profiled include famous names like Ted Bundy, John Wayne Gacy, Jeffrey Dahmer and David Berkowitz (Son of Sam). Subjects explored concerning the killers include method, family background, and religious background.
From the Paper Murders are committed everyday in this world. Many people constantly walk in fear that some person lurking in the shadows will jump out with a weapon and kill them. Even though people fear all types of killers, perhaps the most feared types of killers are serial in nature. These people kill repeatedly and often torture their victims before their murderous outburst. Athough most serial killers share a few characteristics in common, they are all quite unique in one way or another.
