This paper looks at the history of the Guardian ad Litem system, a system of volunteers and attorneys representing children who are victims of child abuse and neglect.
Abstract This paper examines the history of the Guardian ad Litem system, which is a system of volunteers and attorneys who represent children who are victims of child abuse and neglect. They investigate a case and make a report to the judge. The paper looks at how effective the program has been and some of the problems it presents.
From the Paper "Historically it has always been believed that parents took care of their children's best interests but this fallacy became apparent when Dr Henry C. Kempe published "The Battered Child Syndrome" and it was recognized for the first time that such a clinical condition existed and threatened a child's life.
Tags: Guardian ad litem (GAL), CourtAppointedSpecialAdvocate (CASA)
Abstract The paper argues that judges are appointed by elitist institutions that result in decisions that are out of touch with the political and social realities of Canadian society. The paper looks at several court cases and shows how the court essentially makes decisions that are biased towards upper class individuals. The paper concludes that the Supreme Courtappointment process needs to be reformed.
From the Paper "The fact that social and class biases can shape judicial decisions has been proven in a number of studies. For example, in "Constituting class and crime in Upper Canada" it is argued, "Law often is constituted in ways that make its everyday enforcement a reflection of class and class-related conditions". What this means is that class is a major determinant of law enforcement. Therefore, the class composition of the Supreme Court of Canada will have a major impact on the types of decisions that are made. This means that the appointment process will have a major impact on the decisions made by the Supreme Court of Canada.
"Even when the Supreme Court of Canada makes decisions that are in line with Canadian society as a whole it can be argued that they are influenced by political patronage. This can be seen in the recent decisions about same sex marriage. In "Canada" Priya Verma et al explain how parliament voted 158-133 in favour of same sex marriage."
A history abd analysis of the appointment process, politics, ideology, the role of the Senate and special interest groups, including two theoretical models.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 4 sources, 1999, $ 119.95
Abstract The process of appointing Associate Justices to the United States Supreme Court in the latter part of the twentieth century has become a highly contentious, politically charged, and extremely expensive ordeal. From the founding of the Supreme Court through the early portion of the twentieth-century, appointments were administered primarily as political patronage. However, by the 1980s, the process of appointing judges to our highest Court has become so contentious that the rate of judges rejected by Congress has continued to accelerate.
From the Paper "The process of appointing Associate Justices to the United States Supreme Court in the latter part of the twentieth century has become a highly contentious, politically charged, and extremely expensive ordeal. From the founding of the Supreme Court through the early portion of the twentieth-century, appointments were administered primarily as political patronage. However, by the 1980s, the process of appointing judges to our highest Court has become so contentious that the rate of judges rejected by Congress has continued to accelerate.
The first section of this paper will contain a historical overview of the development of the Supreme Court as well as the transformation of the appointment process. Section two will look at two models proposed by political scientists to explain the nature of this transformation. Section three will summarize ..."
Abstract This paper discusses the nomination of John Roberts to the position of Supreme Court Justice. The paper examines the process for nominating and appointing a justice, followed by a look at the political fracas that surrounds this particular nomination. Finally, the paper concludes that nominating and appointing Roberts is a god idea because of his attitudes towards Constitutional Law and the power of the federal government.
From the Paper "It's certainly true that the nomination of Supreme Court justices can quickly devolve into the worst kind of political infighting. This has been the case for years. However, that governmental fact has become all the more acute in the nomination of John Roberts largely because of the highly polarized political climate that currently exists in the United States. Certainly, Democrats and Republicans have opposed one another for far longer than living memory; nevertheless, on this matter the two parties quite literally seem to be at each other's throat. Conservatives largely consider the matter a done deal; liberals are adamant that the nomination not go through, at least not until after Roberts has been thoroughly grilled by the Senate Judiciary Committee. "
An examination of the background and accomplishments of supreme court justices, John Jay and Samuel Alito, as well as their Presidents, George Washington and George W. Bush.
Abstract This paper discusses two supreme court justices and the presidents that appointed them to their positions. It specifically looks at John Jay and President George Washington and then looks at Samuel Alito and President George Walker Bush. It describes each of the justices' backgrounds and their accomplishments while in office and then looks at the background of their Presidents and the reasons the President appointed them.
Table of Contents:
John Jay
George Washington
Samuel Alito
George Walker Bush
From the Paper "George Walker Bush was born on July 6th, 1946 (Ivins, 2000). He is currently the 43rd President of the United States. His father was George Herbert Walker Bush, the 41st President of the United States. Bush was born in New Haven, Connecticut. From ninth grade through his senior year, G. W. Bush attended Phillips Academy, a prep school in Massachusetts. Following Phillips Academy, Bush attended Yale University, like his father and grandfather had before him. While attending Yale, Bush was part of an infamous secret society, Skull and Bones. Both his father and grandfather had been members before him, along with other figures of note such as John Kerry, Robert A. Lovett, Alphonso Taft, and Austan Goolsbee are or were also members. Bush graduated from Yale in 1968 with a history degree (Ivins, 2000). After graduating George entered the Air National Guard. Bush briefly worked on a Republican senate campaign in 1972. After failing to get into the University of Texas in 1973, he applied to Harvard Business School and was accepted. After a few years, Bush graduated with a Masters in Business Administration. He then began work in the oil industry (Ivins, 2000)."
Abstract This paper discusses whether the Supreme Court was an issue in the 2000 presidential campaign, what kinds of justices the candidates would be likely to appoint, what the current status of the Court is, what influence the makeup of the Senate has on the process, and whether Supreme Courtappointments are likely to have the outcome that the candidate intended.
Abstract This paper explains that an interesting but not surprising theme of this debate is that most advocates of an international criminal court tend to be from smaller and less powerful countries. The author points out that most opponents of an international criminal court tend to be from powerful, wealthy, industrialized countries. The paper relates that some of the main argument in favor of an international criminal court are its empower of weaker countries and their citizens and the reduce global tensions.
From the Paper "In analyzing whether the world needs an international criminal court, it is evident that a number of arguments have been made both for and against such a court. The first main pro argument in favor of an international criminal court is that it would empower weaker countries and their citizens by providing them with the means through the ICC to redress grievances against powerful countries or their citizens. The second main pro argument is that the establishment of an ICC would reduce global tensions through the empowerment it provided weaker states and their citizens."
Abstract This paper explains that patients often confide information through natural dialogue with nurses, expressing their understanding of their own health, their concerns about after-care, and personal needs they feel are or are not being met by other members of the health care team. The author points out that the greatest need for a patient advocate is in circumstances where temporary or chronic psychological diseases or processes, such as epilepsy, reduce the individual's ability to self-advocate. The paper relates that the position as advocate may put the nurse into circumstances of conflict with other care providers, especially doctors, but the role of the nurse is to advocate for the needs of the client.
From the Paper "The nurse has a distinct advantage, over many other health care professionals in that they often spend the most time with patients. In this role, they interact on a clinical as well as social level with the patient and in almost every setting learn things about the patient that others providing care may never know. It is for this reason that nurses are the most logical persons to act as advocates for patients. As an advocate for a patient a nurse might be able to influence care to better meet the holistic needs of patients."
Abstract This paper discusses the dual court system in the U.S.A. and explains that this system refers to a two court system: the State Court system and the Federal court system. According to the paper, this dual system is an authority division system. The function of each court is discussed as well as court unification and the monolithic court system, where the two court systems merge together forming a single court system. In addition, the paper discusses which type of court is more beneficial.
Outline:
Introduction
Dual Court System
Court Unification and Monolithic Court System
Conclusion
From the Paper "Dual court system started as an assurance of limited federal intervention in local matters during the union formation. Earlier states created their own laws and the laws differed from state to state. Thus state courts were necessary for hearing cases relating to violation of those laws. The formation of the federal laws necessitated the creation of federal court systems. In present scenario, the two systems are distinct entities, neither one of which interferes in the affairs of the other."
Abstract This paper examines the benefits and disadvantages of inclusion programs from the point of view of the student as well as the teacher.
Inclusion means keeping special education students in regular classrooms and bringing the special support services to them. It discusses the affect it has on the children's education and on their parents. It details the types of schools where inclusion is more successful and where it is less successful. It discusses psychological and educational research done on this issue and presents its conclusions. It discusses several relevant education models such as: The itinerant model, used for certain categories of special education and the consultation model, when the teacher remains in one or two buildings with larger numbers of students to serve.
From the Paper "In schools where collaboration was successfully implemented, the special needs children developed improved social skills, greater motivation to learn, and increased self-esteem. Positive peer relationships developed. In these situations, "Collaboration brought complementary professional skills to planning, preparation, and delivery of classroom instruction" [Ripley, 1997]. ?The concepts of individualized instruction, multiple learning styles, team teaching, weekly evaluation, and detailed planning are all of direct benefit to students ?[Ripley, 1997] Middle Schools easily lend themselves to the principles of collaboration. Collaboration is an important process of general education of Middle School Students where interdisciplinary teams often share in planning [Hines, 2001]. Middle school structures can be used as a model for special education inclusion."
Tags:special, general, eductaion, teachers, inclusion, program, students, collaboration, middle, school
Abstract This paper presents an overview of a teaching and learning strategy used in the classroom for children with special needs, known as peer tutoring. In relation to this teaching strategy, the paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of peer tutoring as well as the importance and effects of peer tutoring on the learning process of children with special needs.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Peer Tutoring: An Overview
Effects of Peer Tutoring to the Learning Outcomes of Children with Special Needs
Advantages and Disadvantages of Peer Tutoring
Significance of this Research
Recommendations
From the Paper "Peer tutoring is a process of learning in which peers of children with special needs participate in the teaching process. That is, teaching instructions that were selected by teachers are implemented and taught by non-disabled peers. The objective of peer-tutoring is to facilitate the learning process of students with disabilities. One simple theory is that the disabled learners who find good relationship with their peer-tutors can easily communicate with them, and therefore can create the possibility of learning more quickly than when under a teacher-led learning environment."
Abstract This paper reviews two dissimilar court systems: the criminal courts in Washington, D.C. in the United States; and the International Court of Justice (the World Court).
From the Paper "This paper provides of brief review of the a local criminal courts in the District of Columbia Washington D C in the United States .."
Abstract This paper explains that special education has traditionally has a high level of attrition. The author points out that there is a sharp disparity in the resources, which go into training a special education educator and the rate at which they leave their teaching positions. This paper examines many of the main themes that are found in the study of attrition and special education; however, no solutions to these issues are given.
From the Paper "Special education has traditionally has a high level of attrition (Sorrells et al, 2003). There is a sharp disparity in the resources which go into training a special education educator and the rate at which they leave their teaching positions. To be effective in special education, the educator engages in additional training, including state and federal accreditation, and tends to do so at a higher level of investment of personal time and resources. However, the high levels of engagement that it takes to acquire and maintain a profession as a special education teacher does not explain why those within special education tend to leave their positions within the first ten years of teaching. Some school districts tend to see special education teachers leave their positions after only two to three years of teaching."
Abstract The paper looks at the historical process of Supreme Court nominations and confirmations. It looks at the individuals the current president has nominated for the highest court in the land, his reasons for selecting these individuals, the arguments for and against each one, and what has happened to the nominations and to the nomination process in recent months. Finally, the paper concludes with an examination of what President Bush's nominations portend for the future direction of the American Supreme Court and for the ideological make-up of the court in the present and future.
From the Paper "The changes on the Supreme Court: What it means for America Each time the President of the United States nominates someone to the Supreme Court, he is making a decision that is among the most important of his administration - perhaps the most important."
Abstract The paper discusses the United States Supreme Court and history of the justices that comprise it. The paper further examines the background of the justices and how the court became associated with the matter of the U.S. Constitution. The paper also discusses the requirements of office, the duties of the court, and the nomination and confirmation process that is associated with positions on the court. Finally, the paper examines current issues within the court and makes determinations based on the research.
From the Paper "The Supreme Court of the United States has been responsible for law that has altered the lives of every American. Cases such as Roe v. Wade, Plessey v. Ferguson, and Brown v Board of Education have spoken to significant issues within society, and have created the framework for how society will function throughout time. While it did not appear that the initial court would ever have such an impact on the country, the expertise of the judges that have served on the court altered that opinion, allowing the court to become the most dominant judicial force within the United States. The United States Constitution gave the duties of forming a court system in the country to the United States Congress through Article III, Section I. "
