Abstract In this essay, the writer compares two major diplomatic events. The writer looks at the Treaty of Versailles and the Congress of Vienna which show similarities in the fact that they both acted as the conclusion of European wars. The writer explains that the Congress of Vienna took place in 1814 following the Napoleonic Wars, in an attempt to ensure a lasting peace and restore political stability. The writer also examines the Treaty of Versailles which occurred in 1919 at the end of the First World War with the same intentions and aims as the Congress of Vienna.
From the Paper "The Treaty of Versailles and the Congress of Vienna are comparable in that they were both major diplomatic events that formally ended destructive European wars. The Congress of Vienna was convened at the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1814 and was attended by European heads of state and leading diplomats, who sought to restore political stability and establish a just and lasting peace. The Treaty of Versailles was convened after the First World War in 1919, was also attended by heads of state and leading diplomats, who also sought to restore political stability and establish a just and lasting peace."
Abstract The paper relates that the Congress of Vienna, when world leaders convened in Vienna in September of 1814, was an attempt to stabilize Europe after the chaos of revolutions, upheaval, the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and continental war. The paper discusses how the Congress ignored the pervasive liberal and nationalistic fervor by attempting to reinstate the aristocracy and royal houses, and this would prove to be an egregious error on their part and lead to future upheaval. The paper focuses on the representatives of Britain, France, Austria and Russia and how they negotiated to divide up empires and gain territories.
From the Paper "The Congress of Vienna was an attempt to stabilize Europe after the chaos of revolutions, upheaval, the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and continental war. Napoleon was at last defeated and there had to be an understanding by the great powers, without which there could be no lasting peace. The population of Europe had witnessed the fall of the House of Bourbon and the rise and fall of Bonaparte. They had seen revolutions succeed and revolutions betrayed. Those royal houses still secure on their thrones had to change the geopolitical structure and the face of the continent as well for their own security. They put in place a system doomed to failure in the face of the rising tide of realpolitik by totally ignoring the liberal and nationalistic fervor so pervasive in the land (Neumann 1996)."
Tags: Britain, France, Austria, Russia, power, territory, alliances
Abstract This paper looks at the Congress of Vienna, which took place from September, 1814 to June, 1815, with the aim of stabilizing Europe after the fall of Napoleon I. It examines how the aim of the four major powers (England, Austria, Prussia and Russia) was to create political stability in the region and restore boundaries to those existing before Napoleon's conquests. In particular, it evaluates how the major powers were successful in their goal, although the clever manipulation of French diplomat, Talleyrand, gave France a much greater role in the Congress than was likely intended by the major powers.
From the Paper "Talleyrand played a crucial role in the Congress, manipulating distrust between the Allies to the benefit of France. This was not an easy task, considering that England and France had long been enemies before the Congress of Vienna. Writes Nicholson of Napoleon's notorious hatred of England in the context of his defeat in Russia, "three hundred and thirty thousand men of the Grande Armee lay hummocked in snow upon the plains of Russia, but (Napoleon) talked on only of further armies, further campaigns, and further victories. His voice at times was almost jubilant; at other moments it would rise or fall into the scream or snarl of hatred. One name alone (since as a rule he was mild about his enemies) would rouse these paroxysms of rancour. That name was England" (Nicolson, 6)."
Tags: talleyrand, england, austria, prussia, russia
Abstract The paper explores how the Treaty of Vienna restored Austria's independence. The paper discusses how the Treaty of Vienna in 1815 was not the first Viennese treaty, nor would it be the last. However, this treaty helped change the face of Europe and created an independent and strong Austrian state that would hold together in various forms until the outbreak of World War I. The paper examines the Congress of Vienna who arranged the treaty and concludes that it was a success and it created lasting agreements between some of Europe's most influential and powerful leaders. The paper reveals that not everything that was accomplished lasted, but it certainly made a difference to Europe in the next century.
From the Paper "The Treaty of Vienna was one result of the Congress of Vienna (often the terms are used interchangeably), which took place from September 1, 1814, to June 9, 1815. The Congress was held in Vienna, Austria, and chaired by an Austrian, statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich. Main participant nations included Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, France (ruled by Louis the XVIII, rather than Napoleon), and Russia. Spain, Sweden, Portugal, and the German states of Hanover, Bavaria, and Wurttemberg were also represented. The Congress' main purpose was to recreate Europe's political map after Napoleon's defeat and the defeat of the French supremacy in the region. Historians note the Congress was a direct attempt to remove power from one country and spread out among the region."
Abstract This essay discusses the institutional model of international order and contains a review of its development from the Congress of Vienna until the post-Cold War period. This essay compares the behaviour of great powers in post-Napoleonic Wars and in post-Cold War and subsequently, compares their attitude toward the institutional approaches in sustaining the international order. The post-Cold War period is selected because of its special features: the existence of the United States as the sole great power and the concern about the U.S. unilateralism due to its feasible effects on the future of the international order.
From the Paper "The establishment of institutions the and the effort to sustain the international order and the prominent role of great powers in formulating such an effort were two of the most important achievements of the Congress of Vienna. As Ikenberry has observed; in the Congress of Vienna the great powers "made increasingly elaborate efforts to institutionalize the post-war security relations" between them and such efforts were implemented in a combination of balance of powers strategies and the establishment of commitments by creating various types of binding institutions. Ikenberry argues that the aftermath of major wars presents the winning states with three main choices: to dominate the weaker and defeated states, to abandon the other states and simply go home, and to use their commanding power position to gain acquiescence and participation in a mutually acceptable post-war order. The third choice was preferred by Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria as the most responsible countries for the defeat of Napoleon, and they decided to sit together at the Congress of Vienna to establish not only a peace settlement but also a new international order in Europe. From Ikenberry's viewpoint, the motivation behind such a decision was the intention ?to establish a set of rules and arrangements that are durable and legitimate, but rules and arrangements that also serve the long-term interests of the leading state.?"
Tags: bull, diplomacy, european, hedleyiraq, napoleonicprussia, settlement, war
Abstract This paper explains that the Concert of Europe was an arrangement set up by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The author points out that it consisted of a loose agreement between four great powers---Russia, Prussia, Britain and Austria---to keep the peace and maintain territorial integrity. The paper relates that this body set itself up to settle disputes in Europe and preserve the status quo in terms of boundaries.
From the Paper "After the defeat of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna was held in to recreate the balance of power and set new boundaries and to guard against future French hegemony. It also dealt with international issues such as the slave trade, the rules of ..."
Abstract This paper looks at the reasons why the Second Continental Congress (1775) was the most significant event in history between 1492 and 1876. Philosophical resonance and political implications are explored. It also examines the enduring basic principles that emanated from the congress.
Tags: second continental congress, constitutional convention, independence, 1775, American Revolution, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence
Abstract This essay discusses the influence of the American political parties upon the U.S. Congress. For content, the author draws appropriately upon reading and contemporary political events such as recent elections.
Abstract This is a paper on CORE, the Congress for Racial Equality. The paper discusses the development of this civil rights organization, its active role during the civil-rights era and subsequent decline. The paper looks at the effects of emerging black nationalist movement on CORE.
From the Paper "The Congress on Racial Equality, often referred to simply by its acronym, CORE, was one of the major national organizations that played a leading role in the Civil Rights revolution of the 50s. Founded in 1942, it seemed on the verge of collapse in the early 50s but succeeded in re-organizing itself and gaining new focus as the Civil Rights movement as a whole gained strength through the 50s"
Abstract The 1961 Vienna Convention on diplomatic relations sets accepted rules for diplomatic and consular privileges. It sets forth certain immunities that are considered necessary for diplomats to carry out their functions in keeping international peace. This paper discusses how the increase of awareness regarding the global threat of terrorism and several key cases claiming abuse of privileges under the Vienna Convention have raised questions as to the applicability and role that it should play in modern diplomatic relations. The paper examines the relevancy of the Vienna Convention by examining commentary and case law in an attempt to clarify the role of the Vienna Convention in today's society.
Outline:
Case Law: Examining Applicability
The Vienna Convention and Terrorism
Problems of Interpretation and Enforcement
Conclusion
From the Paper "In February of 987, an ambassador from Papua New Guinea returned home after he killed a man while driving intoxicated (Shenon, 1987). He escaped prosecution by using diplomatic immunity. In 1982, a Brazilian ambassador's son shot and injured a bouncer at a nightclub. He returned home without having to stand trial for the incident (Shenon, 1987). There is even a documented case where an ambassador's dog escaped the consequences of biting several neighbors by means of his owner's diplomatic immunity (Shenon, 1987). These cases highlight the potential for misuse of the privileges under the Vienna Convention to get away with real crimes in the country of residence. "
Abstract This paper briefly looks at the history of Ottoman rule from the 15th to the 17th century and examines why the Ottomans were able to wield such power. The paper then looks at the threat the Ottoman empire posed to Vienna and how the Siege of Vienna preceded the Battle of Vienna, which ultimately marked the beginning of Ottoman decline in Europe.
From the Paper "During the height of their power the Ottoman threat was so prominent that the worry of their effect in the Christian world appeared even in writings such as those by Martin Luther (Martin 26). The reason for the prodigious power held by the Ottomans was the paramilitary force known as the Janissaries, and weapons such as handguns and other advanced artillery. This enabled sultans to wield power over large territories, while minimizing the number of their forces. Another reason for the ease of Ottoman invasion was the weakness of Christian conviction at the time (Lunt 109). The Church was losing its power rapidly, while at the same time the new faith, Islam, began to take hold of previously faithful Christian states. Indeed, as the Christian faith waned in favor of Islam, some former Christians went so far as joining the Moslem army."
Abstract The historical and intellectual background of inter-war Europe is mentioned and the formation of the Vienna Circle explained. The main aims and philosophies of the Circle are discussed - the main philosophy being logical positivism which is explained that any conclusive or meaningful statement must be based on observation and experimental evidence. Any assertion that is impossible to prove or disprove is scientifically useless. Problems with this are mentioned and the nature of scientific knowledge discussed.
From the Paper "In order to properly discuss the Vienna Circle I must first briefly describe the social, scientific and philosophical situations that led to its formation and greatly influenced the views of its supporters. I will then outline the reasons for its formation, its general philosophy (one of empiricism and logical positivism) and some of the ideas put forward by its members regarding the nature of scientific knowledge. Many problems (both practical and semantic) arose from new ideas of what constituted "scientific knowledge" and I shall try and discuss these before concluding."
Abstract This paper explains that 'Article 41 No. 1' of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (VCCR) was laid down by the United Nations in relation to the proper and legal arresting procedure of consular officials should the need arise for such arrest under international law. The author stresses that clearly it may be deduced that only dire events would results in even the initial arrest of a consular officer and that the consular office cannot be held until time for trial unless the competent judicial authority authorizes such arrest or detention. The paper relates that the purpose of 'Article 41' of the VCRR is to allow for an interim period pending trial in which the consular officers of the country involved are enabled to go on with their business in the period between the commission or occurrence and the trial of the crime for which the individual is accused.
Table of Contents
Objective
Introduction
Interpretation of Article 41 Part One
Interpretation of Article 41 Part Two
Breard v. Greene (U.S. 1998)
Paraguay v. United States of America (ICJ 1998)
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (VCCR) has been ratified under Article 6 of the U.S. Constitution as part of the "Supreme Law of the Land". The Consul is the official representative of a foreign country assigned the responsibility for matters in the location of the occurrence requiring notification thereof. Therefore, it may be understood that 'consular relations' refer to the intricate dealings in negotiations among those who are best at handling such charged arenas in international relations."
Tags: arrest, consular-officials, un, interim, immunity
Abstract This paper reviews the Viennese physician, author and playwright Arthur Schnitzler's novel 'The Road to the Open', a book representing the complexity of Jewish identity amid the cultural crisis of modernity. This paper discusses how this novel is set in Vienna in the years prior to the First World War, a time and place closely associated with the development of modernity in twentieth century culture and one of the most significant features of Schnitzler's work is its absence of overt references to this rich and dynamic cultural milieu.
This paper discusses Burdett A. Loomis' "The Contemporary Congress", which examines the dynamics of the contemporary Congress and how these have changed from the ideal embodied in the Constitution and from the practices of earlier eras.
Abstract This paper explains that Burdett A. Loomis' "The Contemporary Congress" begins his examination in the Thirteenth Congressional district in Pennsylvania, from 1992 to 1997, when the Republicans changed the make-up of Congress and gained control of the House of Representatives for the first time in years. The author points out that, although he also finds that a reasonably homogeneous party can overcome these tendencies, Loomis refers to the centrifugal Congress because there are a number of forces decentralizing it. The paper stresses that the forms of political institutions should serve the needs of the people they serve and should uphold and promote the values that these people want to elevate to special status.
From the Paper "Loomis discusses the changing nature of congressional politics, with the growth of lobbying as a way for special interests to reach legislators and to wield influence. Various social and economic pressures also operated to change the way policy is made and the budget is created and passed. The idea of balancing the budget is often raised, but this is rarely achieved. Even when it is, other forces may prevent a balanced budget from achieving what leaders think it will achieve."
