Abstract This paper explains that the Concert of Europe was an arrangement set up by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The author points out that it consisted of a loose agreement between four great powers---Russia, Prussia, Britain and Austria---to keep the peace and maintain territorial integrity. The paper relates that this body set itself up to settle disputes in Europe and preserve the status quo in terms of boundaries.
From the Paper "After the defeat of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna was held in to recreate the balance of power and set new boundaries and to guard against future French hegemony. It also dealt with international issues such as the slave trade, the rules of ..."
Abstract This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of the Concert of Europe in dealing with the Eastern Question. Throughout the Eastern Question, which regards the fate of the Ottoman Empire, Concert diplomacy was used to solve the various crises that arose. The paper describes and analyzes three of these crises, the Syrian Crisis, the Crimean War, and the Balkan Wars.
From the Paper "With the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1815, a system of diplomacy, known as the Concert of Europe, was established between the great powers of the time. This union held underlying norms and regulations that directed the Powers foreign policy for the decades that followed. Although initially developed to deal with European matters, the Concert was faced with dilemmas and crises concerning the interests of the great powers outside of Europe as well. This was particularly true with regards to the "Eastern Question" which was becoming more and more of a heightened issue as the nineteenth century progressed. As J.A.R. Marriott wrote: ?European statesmen have persistently sought to "isolate" the politics of the Near East. They have almost consistently failed? (1963: 10). The issues concerning the Ottoman Empire quickly became relevant international issues that stood before the Concert of Europe. The treatment of these issues by the great powers reflects both the strengths and the weaknesses of the European Concert system. The various crises concerning the fate of the Ottoman Empire will be analyzed in order to show the effectiveness of the Concert system to deal with the Eastern Question up to the Crimean War, and its gradual decline and weaknesses until it's disintegration in World War I."
Abstract The term architectural acoustics refers to the creation of rooms or concert halls that provide musical sound of high quality. Acoustics are a challenge to all designers of concert halls. The architect aims for the best possible clarity of sound for a knowledgeable listener will hear immediately if the sound of a note is distorted by the interior of the place in which it is played.
Abstract This paper uses some of Drakulic's examples of cleavages between Eastern and Western Europe to define the obstacles that stand before a united Europe. It points out that language barriers, currency, nationalism, and distrust are but a few of the aspects that keep Eastern and Western Europe divided, yet many political scientists see a future for Europe in which these cleavages dissolve.
From the Paper "Through encounters with border police, stories of traveling, hygiene, and personal accounts across Europe, Slavenka Draculic, author of Cafe Europa captures many aspects of the strong social and economic cleavages that continue to divide Eastern and Western Europe. The question provoked by the book, that is, the future for Eastern Europe and its acceptance by the West, is a complex one."
This paper is an analysis of the development of the European Union following the Second World War as seen by T. R. Reid in his book "The United States of Europe".
Abstract The paper is an examination and review of T.R. Reid's book "The United States of Europe". The author of the paper contends that for the greater part of the 20th century following World War II, Europe has sought to rebuild, reorganize and remake itself into a viable economic force in the modern world and that Reid's book helps us understand the process that the continent of Europe has undergone. The writer focuses primarily on Reid's description and analysis of the development of the European Union as a force for social and economic development.
From the Paper "During the early 20th century the continent of Europe was subjected to two devastating conflicts. Historians would dub these conflicts as World War I and World War II. Never before had the world seen such death and destruction, all in a span of 30 years. From the smoking rubble and bloody carnage, that was Europe following World War II, was born the idea of a United Europe. This inspiration was born and brought forth by a group of visionaries that today are celebrated for their ideas and achievements. The visionaries that I speak of, some already lauded for their wartime accomplishments were none other than Winston Churchill, the former Prime Minister of Britain, Robert Schumann, an infamous French underground fighter, who would later also become Prime Minister of France and a little known brandy salesman whose name was Jean Monnet."
Tags: world war europe union socialism, winston churchill, robert schumann, jean monnet, maastricht treaty
Abstract This paper explains why economic development was such a crucial question in Eastern Europe during the period 1918-1939. The three countries discussed are Hungary, Poland, and Romania.
Tags: EUROPEAN STUDIES (HISTORY, CULTURE) / EASTERN EUROPE, RUSSIA, development eastern europe
This paper examines the development of the punishment and justice system in Europe as detailed in Michael Foucault's "Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison."
Abstract This paper reviews the landmark book "Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison," written by French philosopher Michel Foucault which explores the development of punishment in Europe. This fact-filled paper details and describes the stages of public torture used in 18th century Europe as well as the more modern incarceration techniques, some of which are still in use today. This paper discusses the system of old monarchical law in which the body of the criminal belonged to the sovereign and torture and public execution were frequently used. The goal of the prison system was, and still is, to reform criminals by way of physical and behavior modification which is forced upon them behind prison walls.
From the Paper "Both the old monarchical system of punishment and the newer system of incarceration relied upon coercion. The old monarchical system was obviously coercive, since punishment was public and severe. The sovereign had possession of the convict's body; the state could therefore do as it saw fit. Similarly, the prison system was coercive since it forced prisoners to abide by extremely rigid schedules. Prisoners had set wake-up times, set work times, set meals times. Within the system, there were punishments for deviating from the routine. The gentle way in punishment, however, attempted to be not coercive, but persuasive. There were several ways in which the gentle way in punishment attempts to be persuasive. One way was through the lack of arbitrariness of punishment. Punishment must be seen as being inseparably linked to the particular crime."
Abstract This paper discusses the ancient roots of Nordic Aryans in Europe, including why they perceive themselves to be a pure race. It expands on the entrance of IndoEuropeans to Europe. The author explores why the Nordic Aryans are considered a race.
Abstract The paper compares and contrasts Western Europe and the North American core (the United States and Canada) in terms of politics, population, culture, government and history. The paper looks at the common history and culture shared by the American Core and Western Europe. The paper also touches upon the issue of diversity.
From the Paper "Western Europe and the North American core i.e. the United States and Canada, are two regions of the world that share a great deal. Like Anglo-America, Western Europe ranks as among the most economically developed regions of the world. The level of development is comparable to Anglo-America in the region's core area which includes the western part of the Federal Republic of Germany, north eastern France, Switzerland, southern Scandinavia, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg."
Tags: Western Europe, North America, cultural geography
The unified Europe of today is a result of many economic, social and political changes and trends. These are dynamic trends that continue to develop and grow.
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 0 sources, 2005, $ 89.95
Abstract This paper reviews the history and development of a unified Europe. The paper looks at a number of changes that happened in Europe between 1945-1991. Particular interest is given to the European Community and how it eventually led to the European Union due to higher and higher levels of co-operation.
From the Paper "The continent known as Europe has a long and complicated history. Much of that history has involved conflicts of various types between various countries. Because European countries tended to fight with each other there was no concept of a unified Europe before 1945. The concept of a unified Europe did not appear suddenly. Instead the concept of a unified Europe was the result of a number of economic, social and political trends that slowly developed from 1945 to 1991 and are still developing today. However, not all of these trends developed at the same rate."
Abstract The purpose of this study is to contrast and evaluate two different perspectives on the changes taking place in Europe. The first is Jean Baudrillard's "The Pyres of Autumn" from the New Left Review magazine. This portrays rising resistance and terrorism as evidence of the collapse of Western civilization. The second piece is George Weigel's "Europe: Two Culture Wars" from the Commentary magazine. The paper explains how Weigel takes a different stance and blames radical secularism for weakening European values and paving the way for attacks from radical outside forces.
From the Paper "In the past several months and years, various Western European nations have undergone significant tumult from both internal stressors and external threats. Terrorism has long affected European nations, but the intensity of these attacks in European cities has increased in the last few years. Simultaneously, domestic unrest has led to riots and strikes in many nations, most recently France. Almost all critics of the situation in Western Europe agree upon this state of affairs. However, the root causes and what can be done about it (if anything) varies significantly depending on the source. The purpose of this study will be to contrast and evaluate two different perspectives on the changes taking place in Europe. The first is Jean Baudrillard's "The Pyres of Autumn" from New Left Review."
Abstract This essays charts the emergence of 'public opinion' as a political force in Europe, through newspaper readership, books, pamphlets, and improved transport, with particular reference to Britain, France and Germany. It shows the liberalizing effect this had on the monarchy, as they slowly became answerable to their own people.
From the Paper "Pre-eighteenth century traditional monarchies in Europe expected to be able to rule over their people without being questioned or without providing explanation for their policies. Opposition was in the form of rival families in the aristocracy, and battles were fought on the grounds of religion, land and power. Little relevance was given to political and social issues, neither by the ruling classes nor the people they ruled over."
Abstract This paper examines and analyzes the collection of essays entitled, "The Politics of Retribution In Europe: World War II and Its Aftermath", edited by Istvan Deak, Jan T. Gross, and Tony Judt.
Abstract Examines ethnographies and studies relating to gender and power in Southern Europe. Includes references to the following works: Mari Clark's "Variations on Themes of Male and Female: Reflections on Gender Bias in Fieldwork in Rural Greece"; David Gilmore's "Honor, Honesty, Shame: Male Status in Contemporary Andalusia" in "Honor and Shame and the Unity of the Mediterranean" ; Susanna Hoffman's film, "Kypseli: Women and Men Apart -- A Divided Reality"; Evthymios Papataxiarchis's "Friends of the Heart: Male Commensal Solidarity, Gender, and Kinship in Aegean Greece"; and Nadia Seremetakis's "The Memory of the Senses: Historical Perception, Commensal Exchange and Modernity".
From the Paper "Gender studies were the way forward in the 1970s, and studies of Southern Europe from this period analyze gender and society along strictly dichotomized lines. Films such as "Kypseli" (Hoffman et al.) epitomize this method of cultural analysis. Recent approaches to the study of gender by Clark, Gilmore, and Seremetakis, however, emphasize a more complex relationship between gender and its associated cultural domains."
