Spearman and Gardner Intelligence

Paper Summary:

In this article, the writer looks at intelligence as knowledge that allows a person to learn from experience and observation. The writer notes that intelligence also allows humans to adapt to changes in their environment, or to adapt the environment through manipulation and the use of tools. Further, the writer points out that there is much debate, regarding the nature of intelligence and what cognitive functions comprise intelligence. This paper compares and contrasts two prevailing theories of intelligence, proposed by Charles Spearman and by Howard Gardner.

Outline:
Spearman's Model
Multiple Intelligence
Many Forms of Intelligence
Works Cited

From the Paper:

"Howard Gardner, a cognitive theorist, pursued this idea further by proposing a theory of multiple intelligences. Gardner devised a criteria of eight intelligences, including linguistic skills, bodily-kinesthetic skills and logical-mathematical skills. According to Gardner, people can have different profiles of intelligence, meaning that they can have challenges in some areas but exhibit strengths in others. Because of these different forms of intelligence, Gardner proposed that people also have distinct learning styles. Thus, a person with strengths in kinesthetic and spatial intelligence will have very different learning styles from people who have strong linguistic and logical-mathematical skills."

Sample of Sources Used:

• Huffman, Karen. 2003. Psychology in Action. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

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