African-American Literature

Paper Summary:

This paper explains that Ralph Ellison's and Harryette Mullen's respective use of language represent descriptive language usage within two entirely different literary genres (fiction vs. poetry) and contexts (a public speech vs. a private bedroom). The author points out that Ellison's use of language is vividly descriptive, harsh at times, non-playful and non-alliterative; whereas, Mullen's use of language to playfully describe a solitary bedroom setting is relaxed, playful, metaphorical and alliterative. The paper relates that these differences are due to social context: Ellison's black speaker (the powerless) is publicly addressing a group of whites (the powerful); whereas, Mullen's speaker is relaxing at home with a much-loved though inanimate object.

From the Paper:

"Not only is the dictionary used as metaphor for an erotic lover; within lines 16-18 Mullen's speaker even metaphorically describes the sex act, using doubly-denotative words and phrases like: "Aroused"; "perverse positions"; "nightly act"; "penetration." Later, in the final line, yet another playfully metaphorical phrase appears, describing nighttime decoding of the dictionary's messages as similar to deciphering "the secret acrostic of a lover's name" (line 23). Like an illicit love relationship, then, relationship of speaker to the dictionary ("taking the big dictionary to bed" (line 8)) is secretive, stimulating, and filled with new and exciting discoveries. "

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