Abstract This paper summarizes the legal case that popular television evangelist, Jerry Falwell, brought against Hustler Magazine owner, Larry Flynt, for libel, invasion of privacy, and emotional distress. The paper also looks at the significance of the final decision in this case regarding America's most fundamental freedoms as guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.
From the Paper "While I originally felt that Flynt should not have the right to publicly humiliate Falwell in a nasty publication, this case made me examine the issue as a whole. If Falwell had won this lawsuit, the media would be very different today. The editorial cartoons would not poke fun at our nation's leaders and opinion columns would be more reserved in their pinion. I recently read a hilarious parody article about the Hilton sisters in a men's magazine. If Falwell had won the lawsuit, I would never have seen this in a magazine. "
Abstract This paper briefly discusses the problematic issue of gender stereotyping on TV and states that television advertisements and programs are listed as very suggestible, persuasive elements of everyday life that do help form and strengthen gender stereotypes.
From the Paper "Images of men and women on television are often based on stereotypical roles of males and females in society. From the beginning of our lives, culture teaches us what it means to be a boy or a girl. From the color of clothes to the toys we play with, the messages start at an early age. Young people are influenced by a variety of messages to conform to a variety of expectations, to buy certain products, and to preserve a specific set of values that stress the differences between males and females."
Abstract This paper explains that United Airlines? image suffers because of terrorist events, relationships with employees due to downsizing, and the announcement of bankruptcy of the airline; therefore, the airline does not enjoy a good reputation with any of the entities with whom it interacts, including consumers, employees, or even the stakeholders. The author uses research to lay the theoretical framework by identifying theories and models that advocate the importance of restoring the image of United Airline. The paper concludes that the basic strategy the airline should communicate to the consumers is, "United Airlines follows the tradition of trust and security".
Table of Contents
Introduction
About United Airlines
United Airline and Public Relations
Research
Objective of the Research
Importance of Public Image
Theoretical Framework
Organizational Image Management Theory
Image Management Model
Questions Used in Research
Objectives
Restoration of the Public Image
Enhance Communication with Consumers
Increase Consumer Confidence
Emotionally Appeal to the Consumers
Maintenance of the Public Image
Strategy and Implementation
United Airlines Follows the Tradition of Trust and Security
Electronic Media
Sponsorship
Employees
Campaigns
Evaluation
From the Paper "The public image of an organization is closely related to the survival of the business in an industry. An improved public image increases the chances of business catering to consumers that have already utilized the organization's products/services. This further increases the chances of gaining consumers loyalty if the public image of the organization is sustained. With a sustained public image, organizations have the chance of increasing the number of loyal consumers of organizations? offerings, consequently improving the chances of businesses to maximize their profits and reduce costs by achieving economies of scale."
Abstract SBC Communications Inc. is one of the world's leading data, voice, and Internet service providers. This paper discusses the company's marketing strategies, which it implements to keep its place in the very competitive communications market. It also looks at the future of the company.
From the Paper "By direct internet marketing and a new email switch program, SBC feels they will get a higher rate of return than direct mail, cold calling and other marketing tools used in the past to get customers to switch to SBC. Although not a part of the internet scenario, SBC does still maintain an open community program, English to Spanish marketing approach, new single bill multiple service approach to billing and many other marketing tools geared to create customer satisfaction."
Abstract This paper examines the way that the media has affected society and helped the government's agenda of causing vigilance and sometimes panic among the American people. On the other hand, it explains how the media has been critical of the America's involvement in the war in Iraq, and the paper looks how this too has affected the society.
From the Paper "Last February, people all over the country rushed to hardware stores to stock up on duct tape and plastic sheeting, after the media reported a "code orange," which referred to a "high" threat of terrorism (Hall). Based on a government order to create a first-aid and terrorism survival kits, hundreds of people heeded the warning to stock up on supplies like duct tape and water. In the end, however, the terror threat failed to materialize. Many people were thus left wondering why they had acted out of panic and alarm."
Abstract Photography has become an important tool in documenting child casualties of war. Since its invention in 1839, photography has been used to record the horrors of the battlefield. Photographic documentation of war first focused largely on the men involved in the conflict: generals meeting with their troops and horrific images of battlefield carnage. That focus changed with the Vietnam War, as photographic documentation of the civilian casualties of war became well-known. The most famous of these photographs, a striking image of a young girl fleeing a Napalm strike in terror, likely changed the face of the documentation of child casualties in war for all time. This paper shows that, today, documentation of children in war is an important part of the photographic record. Photographs of child casualties in the Gulf war and the recent Iraqi conflict have had an important role in humanizing the conflicts and bringing to light the sad reality of war: that the innocent suffer the most.
From the Paper "There are important implications that can follow the photographic documentation of children in war. Like all photographs, those of child casualties in war are simply a stolen moment, a snapshot of time. The impact of such photographs can be unexpected, especially on the lives of the subjects of the photographs. For example, media attention from Nick Ut's famous photograph changed the course of Kim Phuc's life forever. The Vietnamese government considered her a valuable symbol of the war, and took her out of medical school. Kim tried to evade the government, but foreign journalists inevitably tracked her down and exposed her to the government. She eventually received asylum in Canada, and acts as a United Nations Goodwill Ambassador (Saywell) ".
This paper discusses the problems of American television in the 1980s, television's cultural history, the postmodern television consumer culture as explored in DeLillo's "White Noise" and Wallace's ?Girl with Curious Hair", and television sports.
Abstract This paper explains that the decade of the 1980s is seen as the explosion of television culture in terms of the proliferation of networks and the availability of programming through the cable. The author points out that Wallace and DeLillo are both concerned with postmodern characters that are absent internal selves, or rather, characters that seem to be informed of behavior primarily through the use of television. The author believes that sports on television now seems to be as dysfunctional as the nuclear family: a series of different schedules with a lot of hype, dreams or delusions of grandeur, with no meaningful connection to the simple love of the game.
Table of Contents
Cultural History of American Television
The Postmodern Television Consumer Culture: "White Noise" and "Girl with Curious Hair"
Television's Impact on Sports
From the Paper "The FCC continued to be the regulating body that determined what would be permissible for the American public to view. However, the Reagan administration that preached supply-side economics, believed that deregulation was the best method of growing the economy given the many slow-downs that dominated the 1970?s. "For FCC chairman (Reagan appointee) [Mark] Fowler, the only kind of regulation that was legitimate came from the market itself, and he made this clear to gleeful industry executives from his earliest days in office" (Steyer 137). Fowler also acknowledged that such regulation should be at the hands of media and broadcasting executives because they had first hand knowledge of what Americans really wanted to see. Ironically, it seemed that the Reagan administration passively promoted a liberal media that looked for alternative methods of programming even though the business executives would assess its effectiveness and its decency."
Abstract This paper begins with an explanation of aphasia, its symptoms, and what usually causes aphasia. The paper then examines the two strategies for curing aphasia and argues that the holistic approach is the best method.
From the Paper "Aphasia is a medical condition that speech pathologists are very familiar with. The condition impairs a person's ability to speak, write, and in many cases fail to comprehend the speech and writings of others. Doctors often describe what is happening to a patient by using the example that the symptoms are similar to a world traveler in a new foreign country for the first time and therefore is not capable of understanding the native language even though it is heard clearly. To clarify, a person suffering from the aphasia can hear the language but cannot understand what is being verbalized or written."
Tags: damage, language, centers, brain, stroke, head, injuries, therapy, china, united, states
Abstract This paper focuses on the prevalence of racial and gender stereotypes in television. Through these examples, this paper argues that these stereotypes serve to maintain the interests of the status quo by suppressing the interests and needs of marginalized groups such as racial minorities, women, and gays and lesbians.
From the Paper "Television is a prime example of a medium's capacity to present a skewed stereotypes regarding race. In a study of the top-rated shows on network television, Hellmich (2001) found that most of the leading roles on prime-time programs are filled by white actors. Even urban-based programs like Friends have no black leads, even though the show takes place in the ethnically diverse setting of New York City."
Abstract This paper examines how reality TV has become the new genre of television programming arresting the attention of the American viewer. In particular, it examines the breakthrough of this phenomenon into our popular culture and how, at the heart of this sociological issue, is our view of ourselves outside of the media's influence. It attempts to show how the reality television shows have access to our cultural psyche. It looks at how, when we are unhappy with ourselves, its sells us an image of what life "should" be and then proceeds to sell products and services that reinforce the image they sell.
From the Paper "In "Hunger as Ideology", Susan Bordo insists that the negatively charged messages of the modern media, which subtly convey artificial contemporary advertisements regarding women, beauty and food, are to blame for the way we feel about ourselves. She is angered by the exploitation of females, which tends to create eating disorders in vulnerable young woman. At the same time, the contradictory message is delivered to men, and expectations are placed on their eating habits. Men should be able to eat hearty meals, and still have a body that looks as if it were chiseled to of stone."
Abstract This paper provides an analysis of the characters of Jack and Karen in the TV series, "Will and Grace". It explains how the character of Jack has drawn fire from queer activists from time to time as promoting unfair or destructive stereotypes of the "effeminate" and 'campy' gay man. It looks at how the four main characters of the show portray sexuality.
From the Paper "The character of Jack obviously plays to gay stereotypes, as any regular viewer can attest. From the lisp to the limp wrists, from his body build and mannerisms to his over the top and affectionately outrageous personality, from his theatrical aspirations to his tastes in art and clothing, there is little about Jack that doesn?t reflect a specifically gay personality of the campy persuasion. Incidentally for many queer activists, Karen can also be seen as reflecting many primarily gay stereotypes (as a drama queen and poser), and though like many other camp idols she is of course not male her presence adds to the campy nature of the sitcom."
Abstract In today's age of information, the move toward establishing an Internet presence is becoming more and more popular as companies move to position themselves to compete more efficiently on a national and international basis. The paper explains that this trend towards a global marketplace was demonstrated recently by the merger between America Online and Time Life, as well as the unbelievably rapid growth in global Internet sales. This paper provides an overview of electronic commerce and some of the advantages and disadvantages associated with the various types of online forms today. Several case studies and examples of companies that have been successful, as well as those which have not, are also provided. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper "Forms of E-Commerce on the Internet. The literature notes that the term "Internet" is almost never used in its proper context. The Internet, simply put, "is a whole bunch of computers connected together" (Jardin 4). However, the Internet has become much more than just a network. "What makes the Internet different is the number of computers connected to it, as well as its immense geographic span. The Internet wasn"t always that way; it used to consist of a few big, ugly computers. What happened? It often seems as if the Internet appeared out of the clear blue sky and materialized as a massive technological explosion. In fact, it did? (Jardin 11). Even though the "Net" may have appeared virtually overnight, certain aspects of marketing have not. It has been said that the dimensions of electronic commerce revolve around pure electronic commerce and traditional electronic commerce. According to Cecil C. Hoge, Sr., ?Electronic buying and selling started by telegraph in the nineteen century. With the advent and mass acceptance of the telephone, radio, TV, and then cable, electronic media have become the dominant marketing forces."
Tags: business, globalization, internet, marketing, mix, strategy, web, wide, world
Abstract This research paper begins with an introduction to cooperative learning strategy. The author then chose three articles that show how research over the years examine the way cooperative learning in bilingual classrooms benefits limited English proficient students and what activities teachers can integrate in classrooms in order to meet the needs of diverse language learners. The summary of the articles is followed by a discussion, specific examples of the implications for classroom practice, and ways that one can apply theory to practice.
From the Paper "It is a challenge today for educators to meet the needs of culturally and linguistically diverse students. Yet, cooperative learning instructional strategy is found to be one of the most effective ways to promote successful academic achievement, language acquisition, and social development for English language learners. When classroom activities are meaningful, interesting, and relevant, learning is occurring at every level. In successfully organized groups, language minority students will gain proficiency in English, and their native language."
A look at the 1940s fiasco of the Hollywood Ten, in which ten prominent figures in the film business were blacklisted for supposed anti-American views.
Abstract This paper examines how the late 1940s proved to be an interesting time in American history. It looks at how a new threat arose against the U.S. government as American communists began spying for the Soviet Union. In particular, it explores how J. Edgar Hoover and the Federal Bureau of Investigation began to look into the mass media to find supposed Communist views, focusing on the film industry, and how, in 1947, the House Un-American Activities Committee under the leadership of a certain J. Parnell Thomas, held a hearing in which ten of Hollywood's premier film makers, actors, and producers were found to hold anti-American Communist views in their works. These Hollywood members became known as "The Hollywood Ten".
From the Paper "In order to single out supposed Communist members in Hollywood, the FBI devised certain set of criteria to determine if films contained anti-American views. Films were labeled subversive if ?Values or institutions judged to be particularly American are smeared or represented as evil in the movie, either explicitly or through casual references to current political events,? or if ?Values or institutions judged to be particularly anti-American or pro-Communist are glorified in the movie, either explicitly or through casual references to current political events (Noakes 5).? According to John Noakes, an assistant professor of sociology at Franklin and Marshall College, ?In four reports submitted between August 7 and November 17, 1947, the Los Angeles field office sent FBI headquarters reviews of seventeen movies released between 1943-1948 that it determined were subversive based on the MPAPAI criteria. "
Abstract Many experts believe that minority groups are often portrayed in a negative light or not portrayed in the media at all. This paper explores the topic of racial bias in the media as it pertains to the portrayal of minorities in the news and in television programs. The paper examines the great strides that have been made to create positive images of various ethnic groups.
From the Paper "An article published in the Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media asserts that the negative portrayal of minorities often means that they are viewed as being guilty until they are proven innocent. The article discusses the findings of a study that examined the extent to which pretrial media coverage biased jurors against defendants. The study found that there was a disproportionate amount of news coverage that occurred when the defendant in a crime was Black or Hispanic, than if the defendant was white."
