Abstract The paper assesses the huge influence that the media and advertising make on the social identity of alcohol and how it has been converted into a social need, an artificial need and rule of society. The paper shows the necessity to consider all these factors and slowly review the options and viable alternatives that will help cope with the problem that presents alcoholism. The paper discusses how drinking mainly affects the youth and how it is targeted by marketers in order to create a future market for their products. The paper reviews a part of drinking's history, and surmises that though it is may be true that alcohol does stand as an icon of society, it has come a long way and its uses have gradually changed. From merely a ritualistic substance to becoming a trendy activity and a catalyzer for interpersonal relationship, alcohol has changed its purposes according to each society.
From the Paper "In the past alcohol was not a big problem as it is today. At least it was more socially accepted and people was more able to drink without remorse. The Greek Romans would adore Bacchus or Dionysus. In the ancient civilizations, the act of drinking had its own God as we see. But in past decades we have observed an increase in the subject of alcoholism in a dramatical way. Technology has advanced the stress of alcoholism thanks to many ways, which will be analyzed further on. There could be many facts this problem increased but the more important are the way they promote alcohol in the TV and how this creation of a culture of alcohol in the media creates a pressure of the society to drink to be accepted socially and as a consequence also to relieve from the stress of today's life. Alcohol has become a culture in these days thanks to the conversion of drinking into a sociocultural activity by all the diffusion in the mass media. It is necessary to first analyze the historical background behind alcohol drinking which goes back two or three millennia in the past."
Abstract This paper describes the media's influence on American foreign policy, focusing on the propaganda and influences, which rule the media. The paper illustrates how the media acts for the interests of the U.S. government and discusses the fact that the media is owned by corporations. The paper claims that the ensuing result is many serious and important events do not get reported and the concept of free press is an illusion.
Format: Chicago style
From the Paper "Those who witnessed the atrocities of September 11, 2001 all over the world, and especially the United States, are not likely to forget the horrendous images. Every news channel played nonstop footage of planes crashing and buildings collapsing, smoke and flames, people screaming and jumping from buildings, and of course the inevitability that so many would be dead. There is no doubt that this event was a huge disaster and a horrible moment that will leave a mark in history as one of the worst terrorism acts. However, there are numerous catastrophic events, as well as deaths of individuals, that do not produce much of a response in the American media."
Abstract The paper explores the mental aspects of language acquisition, storage, production and comprehension. It begins with a definition of "psycholinguistics" and a clarification of terms. The paper then outlines the history of this field of study, looking at some of the personalities that influenced its development. Chomsky's language acquisition theory is explained, other divergent theories are mentioned, and commonalities between the theories are discussed. The paper lists and explains the four main aspects of language acquisition and discusses the "critical period" in childhood for learning a language. The paper concludes by discussing the psycholinguistics? relationship to reading and to writing.
From the Paper "Psycholinguistics gives a comprehensive and viable understanding of human language development. The most famous psycholinguist theorist, Noam Chomsky, has argued convincingly that human children develop language abilities according to a predetermined universal deep structure or grammar. The psycholinguistic approach provides invaluable tools for teaching children to read, write, and speak."
Tags: mental, Chomsky, theory, commonality, critical, period
Abstract This paper gives a brief insight of how the murder of the wife of ex-football-star-turned announcer caught the country's full attention in 1995. It examines some of the evidence leading to his arrest and provides some incriminating facts that the jury did not have access to during the trial and discusses how Simpson was eventually released. It evaluates how the schism between the races still exists and how televised criminal cases and media-hype can cripple the justice system in America.
From the Paper "None of this evidence is circumstantial. It was incriminating evidence that pointed to a killer. By law, it was all hard evidence that would have resulted in the conviction of any one else by the justice system. However, the fact that O.J. was a celebrity and the fact that the trial was moved out of Santa Monica were contributing factors to a non-guilty decision.
Unfortunately, too many things went wrong in Simpson's favor and he got off Scott-free. If the LAPD had conducted a full interrogation, if Mark Fuhrman had not lied on the witness stand about his use of the "n" word and if Cochran hadn't played the "race" card so well, justice would have prevailed in this case."
Tags: media-hype, guilty, racism, jury, evidence, LAPD, justice, system
Abstract This paper examines how contemporary terrorism relies heavily on the media and how the modern media has much to offer the terrorist organization. It discusses how media coverage is used not only to convey the terrorist's objectives and political messages, but also to intimidate larger populations and how the media provides a relatively inexpensive and efficient method of relaying their goals. It examines the role of terrorism in the media from five different perspectives through a literature review. Brigitte Nacos, in "Accomplice or Witness? The Media's Role in Terrorism" gives a thorough and insightful view of the role of the modern media in terrorist activities, with a major focus on the Internet. In "Terror TV", Scott Stossel looks at the effect of 24-hour coverage of terrorism on television. Janet Fine's "Arabian Knight Woos West" is a fascinating study of Al-Jezeera, the first Arabic independent news channel in the Middle East, which gained a widespread audience after the events of September 11th. In "Spin Laden", Philip Taylor looks at the ability of Osama bin Laden and other terrorists to manipulate the media in order to take advantage of widespread anti-American feelings around the world. Lance Morrow's "The Gleam of a Pearl" looks at the real-life costs of terrorist coverage, through the tragic death of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl.
From the Paper "Terrorist activities are often shocking, brutal, and in complete honesty, make for perfect news stories. Dramatic stories tend to get a great deal of coverage, often to the detriment of other issues. Nacos notes that early evening television broadcasts of ABC, NBC, and CBS carried 2,273 stories on terrorism from 1981 to 1986. This coverage far exceeded the combined coverage of crime, unemployment, poverty, and race issues. Further, she notes that terrorism coverage continued to climb as all-news cable channels created competition for the major news channels. It is certainly likely that the coverage of terrorist issues has skyrocketed since the bombings of the World Trade Center in New York on September 11th."
Tags: 9/11, osama, bin, laden, daniel, pearl, al-jezeera, middle, east
From the Paper "The history of the word "race" had much of an effect on the concept of race, according to anthropologists and linguists. This is true although as much confusion has existed about the concept as the actual knowledge about it. For example, one reputable atlas still in circulation has Finland colored yellow for Mongoloid simply because the Finns share a linguistic stock with Asiatic people who are either partly or wholly Mongoloid; the Finns are definitely not Mongoloid themselves. Even Sir Winston Churchill once called the British a race and too often the Jews have also been called a race when they are actually are a religion. However, linguistic affinity, common residence on an island and the possession of a common religion tend to facilitate the flow of genetic material between groups of people but not necessarily to a race-forming degree. Thus, Finns, Britons, and ... "
This paper reviews Susanne Langer's "Philosophy in a New Key", a critique of her theory of art and focuses on her concept of art as presentational symbols.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, 1974, $ 47.95
From the Paper "In her book, "Philosophy in a New Key", Susanne Langer draws a provocative distinction between verbal discourse and works of art. According to Langer, works of art are presentational symbols. These symbols conceptualize the flux of impressions in the sensory field and transform them into a concrete form. They articulate complex and subtle feelings and emotions which would be incommunicable through language. Presentational symbols differ from Discursive symbols (language) in that they have no vocabulary or syntax. One cannot, according to Langer, obtain meaning from a part of an art work in the same way as one can from part of a sentence. The art work has meaning only in as much as one scrutinizes the work as a whole, a constituent element has no intrinsic meaning. Presentational symbols are no less capable of articulation than are words. However, the laws ... "
Discusses the pos & cons of commercials aimed at young children. Examines first Amendment, ethical & health issues, popularity of junk food, vulnerability of children to ad messages, products and research.
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 5 sources, 1988, $ 79.95
From the Paper " The purpose of this paper is to discuss the pros and cons of junk-food ads targeted at children under 10. Each year American's consume millions of dollars of what has come to be known as "junk food." The crowds of people that line up at fast-food restaurants to buy Big Macs and Whoppers are evidence that these products are growing in popularity. Americans have discovered the appeal of fast food. It is convenient (you don't need to cook or wait for hours to be served), it is relatively inexpensive, it has a pleasing flavor, and it does fill you up.
Fast foods are just one form of junk food. There are also the sugary cereals such as Frosted Flakes and Sugar Pops, dessert snacks such as Twinkies and cupcakes, and the salted snacks such as potato chips and Doritos. Many of these products have been around for a long time, some more than 20 years."
From the Paper "The purpose of this paper is to research communication in organizations. Defined as "the transference of information between individuals or groups of individuals through a common system of symbols" (Seigle, 1984, p.3). Communication's importance in the business and social/civic world has become paramount as society grapples with an unprecedented influx of information on a daily basis. Within an organization, communication creates problems, a certain dynamics between individuals and groups, personal give-and-take of information, referred to as "feedback," motivation if used properly, and can raise or break down barriers between entities. All of these factors will be discussed in light of the issues and technology available in today's communication-dominated world.
The ability of people to relate ideas to each other through (...)"
From the Paper "This paper will discuss the topic of autism and language disorders. Autism is a condition in which the subject shows little or no inclination for social interactions with family, peers or caregivers (McCormick & Schiefelbusch, 1984, p. 99). In addition to social unresponsiveness, autistic persons tend to show an obsessive interest for sameness in their environment and ". . . often exhibit inappropriate repetitive actions such as hand flapping, rocking, or head banging" (Hecht, 1986, p. 111). The majority of children with autism show low intellectual ability as well as signs of mental retardation (MacCormick & Schiefelbusch, 1984, p. 99). Because of this factor, autistic children tend to exhibit a variety of learning disabilities. Among the most devastating of these to the social integration of autistic children are disabilities that relate to the development..."
This paper discusses the social and psychological methods of persuasion used in TV advertising: Short spots, product image, values and lifestyles, focus groups, culture-commercial feedback and appeal to women.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 7 sources, 1990, $ 39.95
From the Paper " "Share of mind has to precede share of market." This is a tried and true axiom in the marketing field. Television advertisers, however, seek to win the hearts as well as the minds of its viewers. They employ professional psychologists, anthropologists, and sociologists to help them define exactly who buys what, when, and why. Sociologists have made an impact on TV advertising by giving its producers access to data regarding relevant social trends and the values and lifestyles people have, think they have, or want to have.
One of the best known sociological tools available to marketing professionals is The Yankelovich Monitor, an annual report which identifies the 52 most important social trends related to consumers' purchasing behavior. For example, some of the trends listed in the 1985 edition were physical fitness, ... "
This paper discusses leadership and communication styles related to employer-employee goals, with an emphasis on motivation, authority, human resources management, feedback and listening.
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 7 sources, 1990, $ 79.95
From the Paper "The purpose of this paper is to discuss leadership and communication styles related to employer-employee goals, with an emphasis on motivation, authority, human resources management, feedback and listening.
Defining leadership in a clear, concise and comprehensive manner is very difficult, since the term "leadership" is a slippery and catch-all concept. As it relates to the business world, use is sometimes made of the term "position of leadership." In this sense, a company president is more a leader than a supervisor. Other times, the term leadership is attributed to a type of behavior. In this sense, a company executive or department head may be a mere figurehead whereas his assistant may be the real "power behind the throne." Leadership may refer to certain qualities or characteristics someone has. For good or ... "
This paper discusses advertising, the seduction and manipulation of consumers through the written word: Symbols, color, status appeal, typeface, setting and implied messages.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, 1990, $ 47.95
From the Paper "The use of advertising to sell products has been part of man's culture since the ancient times of Rome and Greece. Today it permeates society at all levels through the medium of print, radio, television, film, video and billboard, attempting to seduce and manipulate the consumer in order to secure or make a sale. The purpose of this paper will be to analyze just what is this specifically designed "language" of advertising, its effect on the buyer, and how it utilizes such elements as the written word, symbols, colors, status appeal, typeface, setting and implied messages,
The 1986-1987 Advertising Red Book lists 3562 advertising agencies in the United States.1 This figure includes the big ten New York agencies down to the two-person shops. All handle three elements within their business: client relations, creative ... "
From the Paper "Under the rubric of the governmental system of the United States of America, political and social constraints are, in theory, supposed to exist between the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches of the government. In practice, it is often the case that one branch or another is more powerful. This may be caused by a variety of reasons, and the perception from the public is that special interest groups, the media, and other extraneous factors combine in a variety of ways to influence political decisions. There is a relatively vague area in which influence peddling becomes lobbying. Lobbying is rather restrictive, yet it is often difficult to substantially prove that lobbying has occurred, and the various social engagements in which political activities are discussed are one of the most difficult areas of governmental life to police (Cowan, 1989)."
This paper discusses the changing concept of the hero and the American fascination for tearing heroes down and compares and contrasts the public conceptions of military heroes US Grant & Norman Schwartzkopf.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, 1991, $ 23.95
From the Paper "The concept of the hero has changed out of necessity. We live in an age of full disclosure, when every wart and blemish is scrutinized and featured in the newspaper and on television. A hero is hard to develop under that glare of publicity, a glare that a century or so ago did not exist. In addition, we shift what we celebrate as heroic in some degree. In the past we celebrated brave deeds, and today we celebrate prowess on the football or basketball field, a kind of hero-worship strongly criticized as misplaced by many commentators. However, there are certain categories which seem to recur whether we like it or not, and one of these is the military hero. We might wish we lived in a world where it was not necessary to have military heroes, but such a world does not yet exist. A century ago a leader like Ulysses S. Grant was celebrated as a hero for his achievements in the ... "
