Abstract This paper explains that King uses emotion, appeals to authority, and a sense of goodwill to establish a certain atmosphere within the first three paragraphs of his letter to help him win over his audience. The author points out that by the first paragraph with ?My dear fellow clergymen", King appeals to the authority or reputation of his audience because the use of the word "dear" first allows his audience to be clear that his intentions are not negative. The paper relates that King uses terms such as "dear", "good will", "genuine", "sincere", "patient", and "reasonable" to convey a sense of goodwill and friendliness.
From the Paper "Still another strategy King uses is emotional appeal. In paragraph one, we see King's reference to his position as ?confined here in the Birmingham city jail.? (King, 1963, paragraph 1). King does not accuse anyone of blame for his position, but appeals to their emotions through his statement of the obvious. King continues with this strategy through his description of the criticisms he receives on a regular basis for his work. Again, he does not blame anyone for that, but gently reminds his audience that he is frequently criticized."
Abstract "Cosmopolitan Magazine" is considered one of the largest-selling, young women's magazines in the world. Since its founding in 1886, this magazine has received much of its fame from its upbeat style, focus on the young career woman, and discussions of male and female relationships. The paper analyzes the messages being put across by the magazine, its effect on its readers and the use of advertising and color to project the desired images.
From the Paper "Cosmo's editors might say that if they address more women's issues and social problems such as poverty or women's equality their readers would stop buying their magazine. However, in reality, their readers would go along with the change because it is Cosmo, the most popular Women's magazine that sets trends for many young women in our society. By using average looking models and writing articles that would help women in daily life, Cosmo could use its popularity to crush the stereotype of the feeble, powerless woman. Through their ads and articles Cosmo needs to demonstrate that 21st century women are far more than just beautiful sex objects that are created to satisfy men and are enslaved by their consumer driven lives, but they are independent, dignified women who have a significant voice in society and are shaping our world today."
Abstract This paper explains that the stipulation of quality patient care is a priority in all health care facilities. The author points out that a definition of caring is 'intentional actions that convey physical care and emotional concerns and promote a sense of security in another'. The paper relates that nurses view caring for patients as comforting, trusting, monitoring, facilitating, advocating, following through, and meeting their psycho-social needs.
From the Paper "Also, when nurses? were asked what caring behaviors do they undertake in the care of their patients, a comparison of sub-scales revealed similarities and differences between general and psychiatric nurses. Some of the similarities of importance between the nurses? were monitoring and following through, whereas the importance of listening and talking to the patient was highly disagreeable. When asked do gender, age, qualification and work environment affect nurses? care behaviors, comforting behavior was ranked higher by women then men and older nurses? ranked anticipates as of higher importance than younger nurses."
Abstract This paper discusses the effects of television violence on children from the perspective of their cognitive and social development. The paper explains these two perspectives as well as arguments that contend that TV has minimal influence on young viewers and then points out that this point of view is generally countered by statistical information such as that found by Leonard Eron, Ph.D., whose studies have shown that children who watched many hours of TV violence when they were in elementary school tended to also show a higher level of aggressive behavior when they became teenagers.
From the Paper "As stated, many scholars and scientists posit the existence of a cognitive window in young children in which they are able to integrate new behavior through experience as dictated by age and brain activity. The left hemisphere of the brain is primarily responsible for integrating language skills, and this critical period of left-brain attenuation is used to explain why children are better able to assimilate language during their formative years. Aside from other implications, this method of research paints a very clear picture of the critical period in terms that are not biologically (in the sense of their mimicking animal function) or process-paradigm based, but instead focus on the actual chemistry and activity of the brain, which is seen to develop new synaptic connections
rather quickly during the critical period and then even out as the child grows older and brain activity is more leveled."
Abstract This paper argues that "Spider-Man 2" portrays diversity in the media the way many films portray it, marginally at best. It shows that the only minority groups depicted in the film are stereotypical and used as "extras". The paper also argues that the film did not foster a better understanding of diversity and multiculturalism in American society.
From the Paper "The media often rely on stereotypes when depicting certain groups, and "Spider-Man 2" is no exception. The only black in the film is the editor who nags at the publisher and is always worried about deadlines. If there are other blacks or Asians in the film, they are extras, with no or very few lines. In addition, the Arab pizza storeowner is depicted as a short tempered, unreasonable boss, and the other "token" minorities have few if any lines. Even worse, the whites are the stereotypical heroes and good guys. Even the evil Doc. Ock turns good at the end, and destroys himself. Thus, the whites in the film are all good, which simply continues the stereotype that whites are good, and people of color are the "bad guys" or enemies."
Abstract Effective communication with the internal organizational public at all levels is the key to the success of an organization, especially when change is happening within the organization. Communicating in a timely manner, honestly and openly, with the employees results in an augmentation of confidence and productivity, as well as a reduction of job insecurity and other related fears. Extensive research in this field proves that a sound communication mode, employee contentment, and efficiency are in direct proportion when done correctly by an organization. This paper outlines the communications within Hewlett Packard and Compaq, as well as the impact of these communications. An effective internal public relations action plan is defined as well.
From the Paper "Many different organizations over the years have realized effective internal communication is the primary reason behind every successful change, "No matter what the change -- merger, restructuring, downsizing, reengineering, the introduction of new technology, or a customer service campaign" (Larkin, 1996, p. 96). For this very reason, organizations today emphasize on the effectiveness and promptness of internal communication. However, the lesson learned came through appalling experiences when in intricate situations, companies as big as Hewlett Packard failed to inform their internal public about changes that employees neither welcome nor are comfortable with. Consequently, extreme resistance is the result, which is felt throughout the entire organization."
Abstract This paper outlines the developments in the psychology and behavioural sciences fields of aviation along with advances in technology and other improvements. Included are examples of how the principles of Crew Resource Management (CRM) can be interpreted in various aircraft accidents and how CRM is linked with other safety initiatives.
Outline
Introduction and Background
Crew Resource Management
Other Safety Initiatives
What Does Contribute More?
Conclusion and Implications
From the Paper "Ever since Orville Wright first flew in 1903, industry analysts have strived to devise ways to improve the safety of air transportation. The possibilities of air travel became apparent during World War I and the first professional aircraft designers concentrated on developing a safe design to transport people and cargo (Gibbs-Smith, 1967). These early years brought about innovations to basic aircraft design and propulsion systems. Frank Whittle's gas turbine engine idea was the single most momentous development in the 20th century, a development that not only improved the performance of aircraft, but also eventually improved the overall safety and reliability of aircraft transportation (Dempsey & Gesell, 1997)."
Abstract This paper explains that for a manager, effective communication is an essential constituent. He needs to understand the importance of verbal and nonverbal communication in business dealings and should try to use the nonverbal communication at appropriate situations to derive better results. The paper looks at different forms of nonverbal communication and analyzes their importance.
Introduction
Categories of Nonverbal Communication
Advantages of Nonverbal Communication
Importance of Nonverbal Communication in Management
Conclusion
From the Paper "The passing on of information from one person to other is called communication. About 75 percent of our hours where we are awake is used up in conveying our knowledge, feelings and dreams with others. But, most of us forget to realize that a great amount of our communication is of a non-verbal type as against to the oral and written types. Facial expressions, eye contact, pitch of voice, body pose and movements and arrangement within groups are all non-verbal communication. The way of dressing or the silence we maintain also come under this. When communicating with a person our messages are sent on two levels at a time. The stream of communication is obstructed when the nonverbal prompts and the spoken messages are absurd. Whether right or wrong, the recipient of the communication is inclined to base the purpose of the sender on the non-verbal prompts he gets. (Nonverbal Communication: www.zeromillion.com)""
Abstract This paper focuses on the relationship between viewing violence in the media and children's behavior. Specifically, it addresses the context in which violent images are portrayed and how those images affect long-term behavioral development in children. The hypothesis is that children's behavior is influenced not only by the amount of violence they view regularly, but also by the context in which they view violent behavior. It also hypothesizes that viewing violence affects children in a negative manner.
From the Paper "Many television programs and other media venues such as cinema and radio often portray violence in an acceptable, if not positive light. Children by nature learn from imitation, exposure and experience. Children who see their favorite action heroes committing acts of violence and aggression in the media are more likely to act out on their own violent and aggressive impulses. Children also have less ability to control their impulses."
Abstract This paper explains that personal attack is a form of fallacy in which the person presenting an argument is attacked instead of the argument itself, or a person may be attacked because of the association he or she keeps. The author points out that the bandwagon argument refers to the "Appeal to People" because people appeals often sway the population as a whole, which is type of "Fallacy of Relevance" because emotional reaction does not necessarily have any bearing on the truth or falsity of a conclusion. The paper relates that advertisements, organizational literature, CEO and manager appeals, and technology use within an organization are full of fallacies.
Table of Contents
Personal Attack
Bandwagon Argument
Appeal to Pity
Significance to Critical Thinking, Decision Making, and Organizational Examples
From the Paper "In an appeal to pity, the reader is told to agree to the proposition because of the pitiful state of the author. An example of appeal to pity is, "We hope you'll accept our recommendations. We spent the last three months working extra time on it." This argument does not state the advantages of their recommendations as compared to other recommendations, rather states the fact of the number of hours worked on the recommendations. In other words, the arguer is trying to emphasize his/her pitiful state, which has nothing to do with the truth of the proposition."
Abstract African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is the dialect of English used by most African-Americans in familiar and informal settings . Although the language spoken by African-Americans in different parts of the United States exhibits some regional variation, the dialect has fairly uniform characteristics. It has a well-formed grammar and an interesting, though controversial, history. Dismissed as 'bad English' by some, it has evoked considerable debate interest among academics and linguists many of whom recognize its importance, especially as a medium of instruction for the African-Americans. This paper explores the origins of AAVE, discusses whether the dialect is a creole, investigates its similarity with other creoles and examines its grammar.
From the Paper "There is some controversy about the origin of AAVE. Some people believe that the Black people, who were brought to America as slaves, picked up English from the 'English-speaking' Southerners they came in contact with. The proponents of this theory, also known as the dialect hypothesis, note that the AAVE and the English spoken by the American Southerners have many features in common, such as the Southern Vowel Shift, vowel lowering, and double modals. (Sidnell, background) The theory contends that the white Southerners in the 17th century spoke a distinct "Virginian" dialect that had its origins in a family of regional dialects spoken in the south and west of England in counties such as Sussex, Surrey, Hampshire, Dorset, Devon, Wiltshire, Oxford and Gloucester during the 17th century. (Williams, 24) Although the use of such a dialect in polite conversation quickly disappeared in England by the end of the 18th century, most of its characteristics persisted in the American South. According to this theory, the 'incorrect' English picked up by the Blacks from the Southern whites was passed down through subsequent generations. In other words, this theory (also known as the 'dialect hypothesis') about the origins of AAVE contends that the present form of the dialect is simply "bad English" and has nothing to do with the native, Western African languages of the slaves. In answer to the question as to why this type of English does not currently exist among its originators, the proponents of this theory argue that most people avoid using "bad" English when they get educated. They contend that the Englishmen from the south and west counties of Britain and the white Southerners discontinued the use of such an 'incorrect' form of English after being educated; the African Americans continued to persist with such 'bad' as they did not benefit from similar education. (Ibid.)"
Abstract This paper focuses on the relationship between viewing violence in the media and children's behavior. Specifically, it addresses the context in which violent images are portrayed and how those images affect long term behavioral development in children. The hypothesis is that children's behavior is influenced not only by the amount of violence they view regularly, but also by the context in which they view violent behavior. It also hypothesizes that viewing violence affects children in a negative manner.
Outline
Purpose/Theory
Problem Statement/Hypothesis
Literature Review
Methods/Research Design
Data
Definitions
Importance/Significance Of Study
From the Paper "Studies have shown that violence in the media does impact children's behavior, more often than not in a negative manner. Part of the problem is that children now have more access to television than they have ever had in the past. According to one report, as many as "54% of U.S. children have a television set in their bedrooms" (Mediascope, 1996 & BBG, 1997). When children watch television in their bedrooms, the content of the programming they are viewing can't be monitored closely enough to ensure appropriate viewing habits. Parents are often oblivious to the amount of violence their children are actually viewing with such ready access to TV. "
Abstract This paper reviews some current trends in emotional intelligence research. The focus is on how emotional intelligence meshes with transformational leadership and the use of emotional intelligence in coping with organizational change.
From the Paper "The goal of this project was to determine if there was significant statistical correlation between emotional intelligence abilities, transformational leadership style, and perceptions of the effectiveness of the project manager by team members (Luban and Zulauf, 2004). The results showed a positive correlation between managers who used transformational leadership styles and team member's perceptions of the leader."
Abstract The author of this paper disagrees with opinions that English should not be the official language of the United States. He shows that if English is not the official language, it makes learning it optional and in some cases, for non-English speakers, trivial. The author feels, however, that the United States government should offer federally-funded programs to help immigrants learn English. The paper examines several sources on the subject.
From the Paper "Overall, I do not feel that any extreme is the right solution to a situation. I feel that in the United States, English is a common bond that allows people of diverse backgrounds to reach common understanding. However, I do not agree with the "English-only" movement. In my opinion, it is the extreme of English becoming the official language of the United States. I believe that anyone that resides in the United States should be able to speak proper English. But, people can still speak whatever language they choose at home and in private life."
This paper analyzes the issue of police brutality while also discussing the role of the media in depicting cases of unwarranted excessive force on the part of law enforcement officers.
Abstract This paper examines the use of excessive police force primarily among minorities. This paper discusses the various reasons excessive force not only occurs but continues to grow at an alarming rate. This paper contains data and statistics relevant to this particular topic. This paper discusses the issue of police brutality from the point of view of law enforcement officers who insist that excessive force is used in less than 1% of contacts with civilians and suspects. This paper also delves into this issue from the point of view of African-Americans who contend that police brutality is significantly higher than the claims made by law enforcement officers. The writer analyzes the systematic biases that are present when debating this controversial topic. This paper discusses the fact that officers are rarely convicted for improper use of violence which indirectly contributes to this growing problem. This paper examines the role of the media in depicting police brutality while also detailing the case of Tyisha Miller, a young black woman killed by police in California.
Table of Contents:
A National Pattern
Systemic Bias
Media Ownership
Works Cited
From the Paper "Many members of various minority groups feel that they are unfairly targeted, especially with regard to the use of excessive force and the differences that white and black residents ascribe to these incidents. In many cases, such as the cases of Wilson and Oregon, the incidents are sparked by non-violent offenses. In addition to fatal shootings, many police officers are also resorting to the use of TASER or stun guns, in situations which were previously resolved without the use of force. Statistics from the Orange County Sheriff's Office in Florida, for example, show a stunning increase in the use of TASERS. In 2000, there were only three reported uses of TASER guns. a mere two years later, that figure jumped to 295."
