Abstract The paper discusses client centered therapy, a concept that was developed by Carl Rogers throughout the 1940s and 50s. The paper explores how the focus of the therapy is on the client, as the therapist allows the client to discuss issues within his or her life. Through the client's own words he or she is capable of discovering answers to life issues, being supported by the therapist through questions and answer, clarification of thoughts, or restating situations. The paper further discusses how client-centered therapy is a non-directed approach in which the therapist allows the client to talk and discuss answers by themselves.
From the Paper "Events in life can often lead the individual to doubt whether he or she has any control over the present or the future. As conditions mount at different crossroads of existence, the feeling or powerlessness begins to extend into every realm of being. This was the condition of this writer's world a few years ago after a painful divorce and the death of my father. It was at that time, therefore, that counseling seemed the only method of recovery. The initial point of attending therapy was to be capable of handling that moment in time. What was discovered, however, was that I had not lost the power to control my world; I had only briefly lost my way."
Abstract Unlike therapy and psychological assessments at the individual level, an entirely new level of complications emerges when we deal with those same disciplines at the group level. For the practicing psychologist at the individual level, one needs only to agree to meet with the client and then proceed to do so according to the individual needs and capacity of the client. However, when one considers the group environment, wherein the psychologist collectively works with several patients who are also encouraged to work with one another, client selection in particular can be made all the more difficult. This paper compares the differences for the practicing psychologist in client selection at the individual level vs. the group level. The paper points out that all the the process is more complicated at the group level, there are also benefits to be had in the group session such as more voices and more interaction, which can be especially helpful in socialization cases or for mood improvement.
Abstract This paper analyzes several studies regarding the influence of gender on the counselor - client relationship. In particular, the studies draw attention to the importance of looking at gender in the counselor-client relationship and its impact on behavior change. In particular, the author uses the stages of changes of the transtheoretical model to explore the ability of a client to change. The theory is described at length and according to its various stages. The paper concludes with a consideration of male psychotherapy clients and their perceptions and willingness to change.
From the Paper "Research studies with respect to gender in counseling vis-a-vis the impact of a counselor's gender in a client's ability to change have been sparse and equivocal showing a need for further research in the area. Of the studies that have been done with respect to the impact of gender in counseling focused on matching counselor and client based on a number of variables such as ethnicity, gender, and language (Hall, Guterman, et al., 2002). Such studies usually focused on only one ethnic group. Some studies focused clients' preference for specific counselor characteristics. Other studies focused on predicting client expectations in counseling (Robitschek & Hershberger, 2005). There have also been studies investigating the interaction of male clients' characteristics and male counselors' gender role conflict as a basis for counselor bias (Wisch, 1997). Wisch (1997) noted a number of theoretical works that point to the significance of a counselor's gender as a potential influence on the counseling process."
Abstract This paper analyzes the ethical code for social workers that emphasizes the confidentiality of the client and suggests that the privacy and the trust that a client puts into the social worker must not be breached regardless of the situation.
Abstract "This paper discusses security for client/server computing and how to develop it, noting that term client/server was first used in the 1980s and referred to personal computers on a network. The paper shows that information security refers to the need to protect the data being transferred over a network or stored in a computer, with threats from outsiders, from the system itself if it does not maintain data and assure validity, and from other threats to privacy as well.
From the Paper "Computer security is a major issue in a number of computing situations. Information security refers to the need to protect the data being transferred over a network or stored in a computer. Data security can be compromised in a number of ways, such as being accessed by unauthorized personnel, intercepted during a transfer, or otherwise transferred to a different computer system. Security is a concern for different types of computer system, and there needs to be a consideration of the different security elements needed in designing any such system. The term client/server was first used in the 1980s and referred to personal computers on a network."
Abstract This paper examines the way in which clients at an agency are affected by general labels being ascribed to them. The paper explains that it is evident that their reactions are influenced by a number of factors, including their self-esteem, their perception of their relationship with the agency and its personnel and the style of communication used by the personnel they interact with. The paper contends that as a result, agency personnel should be aware of these issues and address them accordingly.
Abstract This urban studies essay discusses the history of Pittsburgh's South Side. The paper examines the area's current urban issues. The paper includes possible solutions proposed by the city, and by the writer. The writer further discusses his opinion on the neighborhood's future growth. The paper addresses several urban issues, including gentrification, urban planning, and architectural preservation.
From the Paper "Pittsburgh's South Side has a rich history and culture. From the first immigrants to the residents that live there today, this neighborhood has seen many changes and growth with the passing of time. The neighborhood has faced new challenges and issues. There have been recent developments in overcoming these neighborhood issues and many areas of success can be seen. If the indicators of positive urban renewal prove to be accurate, the South Side will see positive growth within the next ten years. In this essay I will explore different aspects of Pittsburgh's South Side neighborhood through giving a description history and current state, describing its most pertinent problems it faces, give possible solutions to these issues, as well as give my prediction of the direction of its future."
Abstract The term cookies is applied to the general mechanism which server side connections may employ for the purposes of storing and retrieving information from the clientside of a connection. This paper examines the parameters that make up the cookie, the manner in which a cookie is used as well as the advantages and disadvantages to both user and website. In particular it discusses issues concerning Internet privacy.
From the Paper "However the major issue with cookies is with regard to Internet privacy and this has raised a lot of controversy on the use of cookies that infringes on the privacy of the users of the Internet. . This hue and cry has come about because of the way in which some companies utilize the information that the cookies can secure and there are two ways in which this misuse is seen. In the first instance this method of misuse has been the bane of Internet user for decades. The Web site that is visited by a user is capable of not only tracking the purchases made by the user, but also the various pages that are accessed by the reader including the various advertisement sites visited and so on. "
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that the clinician/client relationship, created through the use of psychotherapy, is highly important when it comes to bringing about a radical transformation within the client. The writer points out that with reflective listening, the client is made to understand his/her problems from the bottom up and thus be convinced that the clinician truly cares about his or her mental predicament. In addition, the writer shows that reflective listening also creates a kind of symbiotic balance in which both client and clinician exist and function as one entity. With motivational interviewing, the process is relatively identical except for the direct focus upon creating motivation for positive change within the client. Thus, the writer demonstrates that psychotherapy, especially when based on the client-centered techniques of reflective listening and motivational interviewing, can bring about dramatic change in a person and result in a much better lifestyle for the client, yet only when the clinician is highly-skilled in the art of human relationships.
Outline:
General Definition
Psychotherapy--The Clinician Viewpoint
The Client Viewpoint
Client-Centered Psychotherapy
Reflective Listening
Motivational Interviewing
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "For the clinician, whether a psychotherapist or a psychiatrist, there are three main goals to be accomplished during a session or a series of sessions with a client. First, the clinician must do everything within his/her ability to alleviate psychological pain which often comes in the form of distressing feelings or emotions, such as anxiety or depression, or in the form of symptoms like phobia, obsessions, compulsions, inhibitions, panic attacks, psychologically-based physical problems, sexual problems and types of mental derangement which prevent the clinician from accomplishing any or all of these traits. Also, the clinician must be able to set the client at ease, either through emotional comfort or by creating a new sense of happiness in the areas which are disturbing to the client."
Abstract The work of Carl Rogers has contributed in substantial ways to the development of psychotherapy. There exists an extraordinarily extensive amount of writing about the value of his research, his clinical work, his methods, his style, and his profound impact on therapy. This paper poses the question, "Could interpretation of projective testing aid the process of reflection and clarification of communication between client and therapist during client centered (Rogerian) therapy"?. The paper provides a critical analysis of Rogers's work and into "projective testing" itself. There are many forms of projective testing and diverse opinions with reference to projective testing. This paper critiques and analyzes several of them, using existing research in order to best formulate an informed answer for the central question being posed.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Carl Rogers's Life and the Seeds of his Interest in Psychology
Client-Centered Therapy and Listening to the Client Professional Responses to and Critiques of Client-Centered Therapy
Process of Reflection and Clarification in Client-Centered Therapy
Projective Measures / Projective Testing: an Introduction
The History ? and Methods of ? Projective Testing
Six of the Best-Known Projective Tests
Zeroing in on Spurious Therapists and Rorschach Projective Testing
Rogerian Reflection and Projective Testing
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Sir Francis Galton is generally given credit for devising the first projective test, which the British explorer and intellectual researcher developed in 1879. His test consisted of a word-association challenge; subjects were given a set of words and asked to produce a "first response" to each word. Following Galton's work, Carl Jung ? a Swiss psychiatrist and renowned prot?g? of Freud ? utilized a word-association test in combination with blood pressure measuring devices to detect what he called ?complexes.? Those complexes were "constellations of feelings and thoughts organized around an emotionally charged issue" (Lilienfeld). And Jung believed that a "delayed or physiologically pronounced response to a word" can indicate the existence of a complex."
Abstract This paper demonstrates that associations between a client and a social worker or specialist require identification of the specific needs unique to the client. The paper describes concepts such as resistance and defense and transference and empathy, which can be changed according to the needs of the client. The paper shows how the client must be approached as an individual with personal problems and given aid according to the type and nature of these problems.
Outline:
Introduction
Resistance and Defense
Transference and Empathy
Interpretations
Working Through
Jung's Analytical Psychology
Conclusion
From the Paper "The concept area of resistance and defense is used to explore how a client copes with stress, especially in scenarios in which conflict is found. Resistance and defense are sometimes defined as "coping strategies" as these are behaviors that the client manifests in order to create a desirable outcome, but this is a misleading term. Rather, resistance and defense are barricades enacted by the client to avoid facing issues or dealing with circumstances that cause some form of personal stress."
Abstract This paper discusses one of the aspects of social work that is extremely challenging, which is to create a profile of a client in a manner that is readable and conveys the circumstances of the client that has contributed to their status as an at-risk individual. It explains that while it is easy to create a profile that explores the problems faced by the client, it is difficult to create one in which a rationale for the client past present and future decision making processes are evident.
From the Paper "One of the aspects of social work that is extremely challenging is to create a profile of a client in a manner that is readable and conveys the circumstances of the client that has contributed to their status as an at-risk individual. However, while it is easy to create a profile that explores the problems faced by the client, it is difficult to create one in which a rationale for the client's past, present, and future decision-making processes are evident. In order to better understand the client's motivation, it is necessary that these processes be fully explored and integrated into the client's case profile. This current paper is a practice exercise in exploring the motivation of a fictional client, Clarice, and the conditions of her case, and is written in the first person. The Setting The setting in which the client was approached is Leeward Hall, an ..."
Abstract An essay which examines the process by which new clients are evaluated in health and fitness facilities by trained staff and/or personal trainers. It begins by examining the various measurement tools for carrying out client evaluations and then goes on to discuss practical strategies for implementing the results of those evaluations into an overall fitness program for clients.
From the Paper "In conclusion, evaluations are common in all sectors of the health and fitness industry, including "corporate, commercial, clinical, and community" (Grantham et al. 474). Evaluations are also an on-going phenomena. That is, an initial evaluation will not be the first and last word in how a client's fitness regime is developed. Certainly, as time goes on, a given client's level of fitness and corresponding health-related needs will need to be monitored, re-evaluated, and constantly altered, wherever the need arises. A steady health and exercise regime will result in enormous changes to a client's physical body. With those changes in mind a new set of objectives, or a new dimension to the exercises, can be more easily integrated into the overall program."
Abstract This paper examines the history of client/server computing from its inception in the 1980s as a reference to personal computers on a network. It charts its development over the past couple of decades and concludes that client/server still remains the only and best architecture for taking advantage of the Internet and other new technologies that come along. It also contends that regardless of what comes, client/server computing is likely to remain the underpinning for most computing developments over the next decade.
From the Paper "Although both the mainframe and file server-based systems continue to provide service to business, they fail to provide a truly scalable framework for building competitive business solutions. The major factor is that logic must be executed on either the mainframe in a centralized architecture, or on the client in a file server-based architecture. Because of the limitations of mainframe and file sharing architectures, the client/server architecture emerged. This approach introduced a database server to replace the file server. Using a relational database management system (DBMS), user queries could be answered directly. The client/server architecture reduced network traffic by providing a query response rather than total file transfer. It improves multi-user updating through a GUI front end to a shared database. "
Abstract This paper discusses the ethics and legal standards in the therapist/client relationship. The writer notes that standards of ethics and law in conducting oneself as a therapist have been established by peer review professionals with input from legal advisory sources, and the standards and rules are intended to keep the therapist and the patient physically and mentally safe, and to protect the patient's confidentiality and privacy. The writer maintains that it is these ground rules that provide the basis of trust that is tangential to the therapist/client relationship in order that together they are able to work through those issues that caused the patient to seek professional guidance in his or her life. This study examines the therapist/client relationship and looks at the ethics and legal ground rules upon which they conduct their relationship.
Outline:
Introduction
Informed Consent
The Environmental Framework
What it Means
Public Response
From the Paper "That physicians were held in such high esteem by their patients reflects the level of confidence that arises out of the patient/physician relationship. That relationship is special, because it normally involves a patient who is suffering, either mentally or physically, some malaise for which they are seeking medical care. This causes the patient to be psychologically and physically vulnerable. The physician comes to represent something greater than the patient's self; almost a god-like entity as might be perceived by the patient because of their reduced physical or mental ability to function in their life.
"Now we can begin to understand why the professional relationship that is established between the therapist and the patient is, from the immediate start, one that needs to be clearly defined and conducted so that the boundaries of professional guidance to personal improvement can be established. Ignoring those boundaries is dangerous to the therapists' professional status, and to the best interest of the patient."
