Abstract The paper tells us that the fragmented history of German citizenship is directly connected to the citizenship laws which are ethically based. The paper also tells us that the fragmentation of the German nation occurred in the Medieval and Renaissance eras and has lasted for hundreds of years and this is the primary reason for the exclusivity of German citizenship. The paper explains that ethnically German citizenship was reserved for those who were truly German and that when the laws of citizenship were changed and liberalized it was due to pressure from the European Union and not domestic pressure.
From the Paper "The new West German constitution defined a citizen as any German, not just from West Germany. German citizens were described as any ethnic-German that was deported from their homes abroad following World War II, and this included a spouse or descendant of those deportees. It also determined that anyone who was admitted into Germany as the borders stood on December 31, 1937 was also a citizen. These new citizenship laws once again kept German citizenship for the most part homogenous, thus Germany continued to have a large percentage of the population living in Germany not be German citizens. Naturalization laws continued to be difficult throughout the separation of East and West Germany, and it would not be until the reunification in the 1990's that those laws were relaxed. Still naturalization numbers were low in Germany because the belief was that Germany was not a country of non-German immigration and does not strive to increase its number of citizens through naturalization. The new reunified Germany would continue in its traditions of its predecessors by once again incorporating jus sanguine purely, while not employing jus soli at all.
It would take nearly a decade after the reunification for the citizenship laws to once again be rewritten. As of January 1, 2000 Germany, for the first time in its history employed jus soli."
Tags:citizenship, ethnicity, fragmentation, pressure, European, Union
Abstract This paper explores how the incorporation of 'individualism' into the concept of citizenship transformed citizenship into a catalyst or engine for liberation. The author points out that citizenship w is understood to be membership in a larger national community. The paper argues that, according to Hobbesian philosophy, citizenship protects personal freedoms and safeguards individual liberty where none might be possible otherwise.
From the Paper "The idea of the sovereign individual has long been viewed as subversive to the traditional political order. This is especially true when one pauses to consider the impact of sovereign individuals who embrace the political life rather than the more quiescent contemplative or religious life. Be that as it may, individualism was successfully incorporated into the concept of citizenship and this incorporation transformed citizenship into a vehicle for liberation - without irreparably harming the legitimacy or viability of nation states or governmental apparatuses. In assessing the above-mentioned phenomenon, the following paper will suggest that citizenship - which obviously implies membership within a national community - became an engine of liberation because citizenship - historically and today - provides those who have it with individual rights and freedoms unavailable to do those who do not have it."
Abstract The paper reveals that any person born on US soil or in US airspace is considered a United States citizen, and this has resulted in terrorists being considered US citizens based on birthright citizenship. The paper considers the various arguments for and against birthright citizenship and proposes consensual citizenship as a solution to the issue. The paper explains that through consensual citizenship, the children have the right to decide if they wish to become citizens of America or not and this also protects the children's rights without rewarding the parents, who may be in the country illegally.
From the Paper "Yaser Esam Hamdi was born in Louisiana in 1980. He and his family returned to Saudi Arabia for the next twenty years, where Yaser was raised. Yaser joined the Taliban and fought America in Afghanistan. Captured in a battle, Yaser was sent to prison in Cuba. Fortunately for Yaser, because he was born on American soil he was considered an American citizen. He transferred to a prison in the United States and was able to begin a legal case to try and gain his freedom. How fortunate it is for Yaser Hamdi, that America has birthright citizenship, so he could benefit from his rights while fighting his "countrymen" (Eastman 169). Should all persons born in the United States automatically be citizens? Or is there a better way of determining citizenship for immigrants?"
Abstract The paper focuses on the issue of citizenship and what it means to Americans. The paper utilizes the text of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s, "A Letter from the Birmingham Jail," and Peter J. Gomes' speech, "Civic Virtue and the Character of Fellowship," as the core of the paper. The paper discusses these texts and their meanings and thus discovers the concept of citizenship and includes the argument over which concept best fits our time in the US.
From the Paper "Citizenship in the United States has often been defined in many ways. For many it is a birth right, to others it is something that is obtained through legal formality. Yet, being a citizen in relation to documentation and being a citizen who is a proud member of a structure that works as one unit in the interest of the greater good, are often not ideals that exist in conjunction with one another in America. Peter J. Gomes, Professor at Harvard, and Baptist Minister wrote of his concepts of citizenship in a speech to the University of Texas in 1997. Entitled, "Civic Virtue and the Character of Fellowship: A New Take on an Old Hope," the lecture demonstrated Gomes' vision of an America that seemed to have forgotten what elements are incorporated into being a citizen and reflects on the history of fellowship, (Gomes 242)."
Abstract This paper examines modern democratic societies, and discusses how liberal democratic principles are at odds with the model of citizenship held by modern nation-states. The paper shows that conflicts and disputes have arisen because universalistic claims of liberalism and democracy appear to be incompatible with the exclusionary, boundary-staking functions of citizenship laws and policies of the contemporary nation-states. Subsequently, nation-states are under siege from several directions as they struggle to reconcile universal principles of liberalism and democracy with modern political realities.
Abstract This paper provides an exhaustive review of 31 academic sources which touch upon the concepts of transnationalism, citizenship and assimilation. The paper briefly discusses the theoretical frameworks informing many of the sources, touching upon the common threads which connect various ones and which differentiate some from others, and notes how the conceptual re-drawing of concepts such as citizenship have awakened the possibility that new grounds can now be contested as minority groups seek to advance their own interests. Finally, almost as an aside, this paper briefly examines the internal controversies bedeviling the literature.
From the Paper "The following paper will briefly review the existing literature on the concepts of transnationalism, assimilation and citizenship. Specifically, the ensuing literature review explores these three concepts and points out, where appropriate, areas of concern in how the academic community has addressed each. As should become evident, citizenship is now a problematic term in large measure because the traditional political demarcations that made it easily apprehensible to the casual observer have given way to new and more complex understandings brought about by its complicated and even antagonistic interaction with the growing global phenomenon of transnationalism. "
Abstract This paper discusses how Canadian citizenship is a hot top due to various reasons. According to the paper, group politics plays a pervasive role in the formulation of national policy, and group politics has become a prominent component of this nation's jurisprudence at the highest levels. This paper explores female citizenship in Canada and argues that, while things are far from perfect, the idea that women are not full and equal citizens of the Canadian state is really a risible one.
Abstract This paper explains that the idea of corporate citizenship and responsibility is beginning to play an increasingly large role in business and corporate theory. The author examines some of the issues, concepts and solutions raised by contemporary journal analysis of the issue of corporate environmental responsibility. The paper outlines the major problems faced, some of the ways that businesses can respond and the possibility for long-term change.
From the Paper "As the twentieth century came to a close and the corporate excesses of the 1980s were beginning to slip into popular culture memory, the idea of corporate citizenship and responsibility began to play an increasingly large role in business and corporate theory. The environment has been one of those hot issues in business that has become tightly connected to the idea of corporate citizenship. Many people - and especially environmental groups - believe that large corporations and businesses are extremely responsible for the environmental damage that has been wreaked on the world. For this reason, critical literature into the subject of corporate citizenship has often focused on the role that businesses should play in regard to the environment, and whether or not it is possible for a business to be economically viable as well as ecologically conscious."
Abstract The paper examines the tensions and challenges of liberal citizenship which tend to be mutually reinforcing, for disagreements among the citizens of liberal societies in the form of tensions produce challenges in the form of reactionary anti-liberal sentiments. The paper explains that these anti-liberal sentiments are never acknowledged as such by those who hold them, for they consider themselves to be more conscientious liberals than their rivals and they adopt an 'ends justifies the means' philosophy.
Abstract This paper reviews the Mills' theory that there is a deconstruction of citizenship that exists in the gender inequalities within the labor force. It further suggests that these labor inequalities in relation to gender have occurred throughout history, and in many cases exist because they have become the foundation of many societies. The paper further discusses how history reveals that the inequality has been evident throughout society. In the age of industrialization, for example, women who were struggling to help their families attempt to rise from poverty were forced to take demeaning jobs that often were the most laborious. Because of the mainstream belief that women were valued less in society than their male counterparts, women were also subjected to lower wages.
Abstract The paper defines active citizenship and the importance of active civic and political engagement. The paper examines the need to introduce this concept in school curriculum, making students more aware of their responsibilities as active citizens of a country. The paper discusses several impediments that might come in the way of exercising the right to active participation in local and global affairs.
Outline:
Defining Active Citizenship Active Citizenship and Social Capital
Active Citizenship and Education
Active Citizenship and Impediments
Conclusion
From the Paper "Citizenship is an important political and philosophical concept and it occupies a pivotal place in western political thinking. What is citizenship and who is a citizen are questions that have attracted unlimited attention from political circles in western countries. Citizenship is usually associated with belonging to a country that allows a person certain rights. Citizenship is thus seen as a status by virtue of which a person enjoys some important rights such as right to vote, property, education, work etc. However a not so recent but definitely a relatively new concept in the area is that of active citizenship."
Abstract This paper attempts to focus on the new programme for citizenship and identify potential opportunities for PE departments to support the delivery of this new subject. Particular attention is directed towards the role of physical education in promoting active lifestyles, where it is argued that that the subject can make a significant contribution to pupils social, moral, cultural and spiritual values.
Outline
Introduction
Citizenship within the Curriculum
The Role of Physical Education
Lack of Guidance for Teachers
Linking Citizenship and SMSC Within Physical Education at KS 3 and 4 Additional Strategies for Implementing Citizenship Within Physical Education
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Crick report, which laid the foundations for the Citizenship Curriculum, suggests strong reasoning why Citizenship should be established within the Curriculum and why teachers should be prepared to tackle specific issues within society. Fundamentally, the report highlights the importance of discussing issues of sportsmanship, fair play and political and religious concerns, either because the subject could directly affect them or because they will, in some way in a democratic society, have opportunities to take part in influencing the outcome."
Abstract Examines the evolution of German citizenship. Historical overview of citizenship laws. Concept of nationhood.; national identity in Germany. Impact of the return of ethnic Germans from East Europe, and increase of migrant workers. German attitudes toward foreigners. Position of political parties. Issues of multiple nationality, dual citizenship, naturalization. Asylum policy. New laws of 1998.
From the Paper "German Citizenship Laws
Introduction
The purpose of this report is to examine the evolution of Germany's citizenship laws. It has been argued that the models of German citizenship are dynamic and still evolving (Hagedorn, 2000). This report will trace the origins of German citizenship in the context of an explosion of migrant workers and new government policy on citizenship and migrants.
Historical Overview of Citizenship Laws
The Origins of German Citizenship
William Barbieri (1998) has stated that it was only in 1871 that Germany was unified for the first time, but even then its territorial identity remained vulnerable to frequent and substantial change. This situation was finally resolved on October 3, 1990 with ..."
Abstract This paper discusses how the call for liberalism is becoming more common in today, and an increasingly global culture. Those people who embrace multiculturalism and other aspects of a liberal culture often find this concept difficult to align with the more restrictive concept of exclusionary citizenship. The paper contends that the clear foundation provided by the boundaries of citizenship. In Part One, this paper defends the current nation-state-based citizenship model that is currently in use. Part Two the paper discusses the principles of liberalism in connection with cultural relativism and the demands of non-liberal cultures.
Abstract This essays discusses how the three elements of citizenship, as described by T.H. Marshall in his text 'Citizenship and Social Class?, are incompatible with capitalism. The paper ultimately describes how capitalism has no interest in sustaining civil, political and social rights. The paper also uses graphs.
From the Paper "Citizenship and capitalism are inevitably opposed to one another. If citizenship strives to create equality amongst all citizens, then capitalism does the opposite, creating inequalities between the people. By a Marxist definition, capitalism is a mode of production based on the unequal distribution of resources. Citizenship on the other hand is the status of those who are full members of a community (Marshall 1983). Those with citizenship have equal rights and duties (Marshall 1983). Purely by these simple definitions alone, the contradictions are conspicuous between citizenship and capitalism. This essay will discuss why capitalism is incompatible with the three main elements of citizenship ? those elements being political, social and civil (Marshall 1983), but first comparing the varying definitions and theories relating to citizenship and capitalism."
