Abstract This paper will take an in-depth look at the control or command that Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chretien has over the members of his Liberal Party. His remarkable rise to power and in-party support will be examined, and the internal feuds that have recently erupted within the party will also be delved into, in a bid to assess his authority over members of his own party.
Abstract This paper positively reviews Chretien De Troyes's prose translations of the five Arthurian romances. The paper then explains how the focus of Chretian De Troyes's translation differs from the focus seen in the original romances. Finally, the paper highlights the theme that is common to all the prose and explains how this theme is reflection of the times in which Chretien De Troyes lived.
From the Paper "The book contains prose translations of all the five Arthurian romances written by Chr"tien de Troyes. These are "Erec and Enide", "Cliges", "Lancelot" (Le Chevalier de la Charrette), "Yvain? (Le Chevalier au Lion) and "Perceval". If the original poems are written in a vivid and alert style, with the stories succeeding each other at fast pace, so that the reader finds it hard not to continue the story, translation into prose makes them even easier to read and understand. A critique on this book closely relates to having a closer look at all five poems and at Chr?tien's work in general."
Abstract This paper examines how Chretien's "The Story of the Grail" introduced the audience of the Middle Ages to the spiritual realm of the grail quest, a theme which has dominated Arthurian legend and inspired its readers ever since. In particular, it looks at how in the same way, the "Grail Castle" episode adds an extended spiritual dimension to the romance, and may be likened to the rising "sun", the "grail" that eclipses the brilliance of the "stars and the moon" in Chretien's elusive Grail Kingdom..
From the Paper "The characters and adventures of Gawain and Perceval are differentiated through the dimension of the Grail Castle. The romance follows Perceval's ascending passage from ignorance in the Waste Forest, to knowledge through experience, a prerequisite for achievement in the Arthurian Kingdom. Gawain, however, is neither ascending nor descending, but represents the greatness of secular Knighthood in the Arthurian world. Perceval's greatest achievement in the romance is debatably his embrace of Gawain, symbolising his ascent to Gawain's level of Knighthood."
Abstract This paper discusses the many social and economical reasons for Canada not to ratify the Kyoto Accord of 1997, an international agreement aimed at addressing the issue of climate change. The paper argues, for example, that there is no concrete evidence that global warming is in fact ocurring. The paper shows that many provincial governments in Canada are opposed to the ratification of the Accord, whereas the federal government is in full support. This could be attributed to the fact that Jean Chretien knows that he will soon no longer be the Prime Minister of Canada, ratification of the Kyoto Accord may be his way of making a grand exit. The paper argues that the federal government has obviously not taken into account the economical impacts of the Kyoto Accord. If the Accord is ratified, many Canadian jobs will be lost as a result, some project even a second brain drain to the USA.
From the Paper "If Canada ratifies the Kyoto Accord, the country would be a much better place to live in now as well as in the future. At least this is what many "experts" would like Canadians to believe. The United Nations Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement aimed at addressing the issue of climate change. The protocol was agreed to in 1997. It commits developed countries to collectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 5.5% below 1990 levels by the period 2008-2012. Canada's share is a 6% reduction below 1990 levels. Other developed countries are being obligated with different emission reduction commitments. Developing countries and, of course, countries that are not party to the agreement are not required to meet targets for greenhouse gas emissions (CM&E, 2001)."
Abstract This paper presents a brief biography of Jean Chretien, Canadian Prime Minister since 1993. It outlines his political career and important policies-the White Paper, the NEP, the Constitution, debt reduction, political ethics. It also appraises his career.
Abstract This paper takes the reader on a journey though time when it analyzes the function of ritual in "The Story of the Grail" by De Chretien Tores. The stories of mythical times continue to entice and fascinate readers even today. They are imaginations candy and a way to escape to the world in which magic exists and superpowers are the norm. The story of Perceval and the Grail is an especially touching one.
Abstract This paper explores the relevance of Christian imagery or allegory to the main characters in "The Knight with the Lion", "The Knight of the Cart", and "Perceval", all written by Chretien de Troyes. The paper examines the thesis that the Christ allegory is increasingly removed from the main character as that character becomes more Christ-like in stature.
From the Paper "Throughout literary history, allegory has been an important tool in giving authors? messages an added level of legitimacy. The act of decoding a subtle message gives it that much more of an impact than a bluntly stated literal message. There is, however, an essential problem with the use of allegory; "in effect" allegory seems trapped between constraint and license: unable to lift its anchor, on the one hand, and liable to go adrift on the other.? Allegory can be neither completely literal nor completely abstract."
A comparison of the different forms of presentation of the Arthurian Legend, such as "L'Morte d'Arthur" in Mabinogion and "How Cullhwch won Olwen" by Chretien de Troyes and Thomas Mallory.
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts the changing character of King Arthur and the ideals of the society in "How Cullhwch won Olwen" in Mabinogion, with those displayed in later forms of the Arthurian legend, such as "L'Morte d'Arthur" by Chretien de Troyes and Sir Thomas Mallory. This paper argues that King Arthur in "Cullwhch and Olwen" is a paragon of ancient Welsh ideals, which were heroic, but different and less refined than the ideals of the later medieval European society.
From the Paper "From the early days of Welsh folklore up to the present time, King Arthur has been a symbol of the ideal king, and his kingdom has been seen as an ideal society. Arthur, his knights, and his kingdom have gone through many changes throughout history as new versions of the legend were written. Each time the tale of King Arthur was rewritten, it was different, as it was reconfigured to conform to the morals and ideals of the culture it was written in. In the story of How Cullwhch won Olwen in the Mabinogion, Arthur and his knights are legendary Welsh heroes."
Abstract This paper discusses the legend of "Perceval," which grew in popularity when the French writer Chretien de Troyes published a popular written version in both France and Britain. The paper focuses on the content and the plot of the legend as it was written down. The paper also briefly discusses the history of its writing, particularly the fact that de Troyes did not complete it.
From the Paper "The adventure of Perceval is similar to that of many other knights in these legends, beginning with the journey and the tests the hero must pass. This includes the need to maintain chastity, a test Perceval passes when he "has a close call with sexual temptation: slipping into bed with a demon in alluringly feminine form, he is only saved when his glance falls on the red cross inscribed on his sword pommel. The 'lady' and her silk tent disappear in a flash and a puff of smoke, leaving the tell-tale sulphurous stench of hell. A distraught Perceval stabs himself through the left thigh in penance" (Kaeuper 258). Such ability to resist is the mark of a knight, though many of the stories also suggest that the knight often fails this test at some point and then has to do penance to make up for his failure."
Abstract This paper discusses that scholars believe that Arthur is a weave of Celtic kings from history and the stories associated with them that began in the Fifth Century and become immortalized through literature by authors such as Geoffrey of Monmouth, Chretien, Malory and Tennyson. The paper reviews many of the characters from the Arthur legend that have been popularized through countless works of literature, plays, poems, books, movies and art created by artists during every era of history.
From the Paper "The quest for the Holy Grail is said to have begun when the Green Knight arrived at Camelot and issued the challenge. According to the code of Camelot, a knight must not refuse a challenge made to him and must follow it through to the end. Arthur's long reign was marred by the illicit love of Guinevere and Lancelot, and his later years were marked by ?conflicts which culminated in the disastrous battle on Salisbury Plain, when Arthur was mortally wounded by his bastard son Mordred.?
From the Paper "It is interesting to imagine how Dante would have read Chretien de Troyes' Yvain, or the Knight with the Lion. Because of his foolish pride, Yvain breaks a vow that he made with his wife. As a result, the knight is tortured by the loss of love and must undergo a series of trials before he can win her back. In his system of moral values outlined in The Divine Comedy, Dante makes it clear that he believes that the punishment should always fit the crime. For example, the diviners and astrologers in hell who wanted to see "too far ahead" are punished by having their heads turned backwards (Dante 251). In another example, Mahomet (Mohammad) and his son.in.law Ali, the founders of Islam, are described as "sowers of scandal and schism" who must therefore spend eternity in hell with their faces and bodies split open (349). In Yvain's case, Dante would probably have.."
Abstract This paper discusses the opinion of the Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chretien, that the West must accept some responsibility for the terror attacks of September 11, 2001. It bases its arguments on factors such as American wealth, foreign policy, and handling of intelligence before September 11. It also looks at how the attacks were meticulously planned by educated individuals who were able to assimilate themselves into American culture and how the targets were long-standing symbols of American power, global dominance, and economic superiority.
From the Paper "Before the turn of the twentieth century, American foreign policy held a predominantly isolationist stance; reluctant to get involved in foreign affairs until absolutely necessary or until proved to be in their best interests. Early presidencies cautioned against forming permanent alliances; their thought being that America should look out for their own and distance themselves from problems overseas. The twentieth century, however would bring on new challenges for the oval office. The end of the Cold War and the beginning of rapid globalization made it impossible for Americans to isolate themselves any longer. There would form a national consensus that America, as a conscientious state, should set an example and become a domineering presence in global affairs, particularly in the area of human rights. The world had changed, hence did their foreign policy."
Abstract The relationship between the United States and Canada is extremely close, perhaps the closest and most extensive in the world. This is reflected in the volume of trade (over $ 1.4 billion a day) and the number of people (over 200 million a year) who cross the U.S.-Canadian border. Both countries have been members of international alliances such as NATO and NAFTA. This paper shows that, despite the close relationship, it would not be wrong to say that the association between the two neighbors also has a love-hate aspect to it. This is not unexpected, given the overwhelming political, military, and economic power of the United States and the national sensitivities of the Canadians, who are concerned about being taken for granted. Canada has, therefore, pursued a largely independent foreign policy. This paper discusses the extent of the United States? influence on Canadian foreign policy.
Table of Contents
History
The Aftermath of 9/11
Strains in U.S.-Canada Relationship
Limitations of U.S. Influence on Canadian Foreign Policy
From the Paper "The examples of Canadian resistance to demands of the United States regarding its foreign policy illustrate the limitations of US influence on Canada. Being its biggest trading partner, the United States does have some economic leverage in making Canada change its policies. However, with a weakened economy, the US too needs trade with Canada to flourish. And as its trade disputes with the US on export of softwood lumbar and farm subsidies show, Canada is not easily cowed down and is prepared to fight back in matters relating to trade."
Abstract This paper reviews Hartmann's rmedieval poem "Erec" and concentrates on the ways in which the praise of women does not preclude misogyny. It argues that certain modes of praise could be construed as misogynistic by framing woman as passive exchange objects or complements to male heroism. It also analyses references to femininity as a negative counterpoint to masculinity in relation to a sense of anxiety in medieval texts about defining ideal masculinity. Further to this, it includes a short structural analysis of Arthurian romance with a view to associating agency and interest with masculinity in contrast to the passive, complementary status of the woman in the romance.
From the Paper "As the first female character to be described in any detail in Erec, Enite certainly seems to attract attention to herself. As in Chretien's version, many verses are devoted to description of her beauty, and Hartmann provides a few new images for this description, describing her white skin showing through her tattered robe as like the lily growing under thorns. We are also told that her wisdom surpasses her great beauty and from what we see of her, it is clear that she is a very efficient and obedient daughter to her father. Interest in a woman does not, however, preclude misogyny, and in a sense, nor does praise - it depends on the context in which the praise is set, and how it positions the woman in relation to men. Enite, though flawless in the terms in which she is described, is given little agency or individuality of her own: her existence and perfection are defined by men."
Abstract This paper uses literature to examine the way in which women were viewed during the Middle Ages and the conflicting nature of those perceptions. Through a review of Chretien de Troyes's "The Knight with the Lion", Judith Bennett's "Medieval Life: Cecilia Penifader of Brigstock", and Jean Joinville's "Life of Saint Louis", the paper demonstrates that women of that era were viewed as either the embodiment of the mother of Jesus or the embodiment of Eve's sin.
From the Paper "The act of the knights recounting their tales of valor began at the ?invitation of ladies, damsels, or maidens.? Thus, the acts of masculine and knightly valor shown are evidently inspired by a female-centered audience and for female approval rather than the male-centered universe of the court. Even the evident leader of the Arthurian court in Yvain's world is not that of Arthur himself, but Arthur's queen, who feels quite confident from her position of title to rebuke a "seneschal" as she is above Kay in the court's hierarchy of status, if not of gender. Differences of social status thus could transcend gender. Guinevere is not simply symbolically important, but is an effective political actor."
