From the Paper "Three derivatives of cobaloximes 1 containing substituted alkyl groups linked to the cobalt atom were prepared. Cobaloximes are cobalt(III) complexes in which two dimethylgloxime anions chelate the metal and form hydrogen bonds to each other1. This results in a planar tetrahedral group surrounding the cobalt with two axial groups. One axial group is the base pyridine and the second axial group is an alkyl group. In this reaction the pH of the solution determined which derivative was prepared. The oxidative addition of the acrylonitrile ligand 2 to the reduced cobaloximes in neutral solution produced the alpha derivative. In basic solution the beta derivative was formed. The third derivative was formed with the deprotonation of the beta derivative, which then underwent oxidative addition to form the trans derivative. The spectra of the cobaloximes derivatives were recorded using infrared and 1H NMR. The spectra were in agreement with the proposed structures of the derivatives."
Abstract This paper looks at Atropine the plant as drug and medicine under the following headings: Discovery, Extraction from its Natural Sources, Uses, Side Effects, Description of Structure.
From the Paper "The medicinal properties of Atropine were discovered through Shamans or "Medicine Men". It is not known exactly when it was discovered, but the first recorded use of it was in 1676 when a group of soldiers in Jamestown went insane upon ingestion of the plant that contains Atropine along with other Tropane alkaloids. In 1968, over-the-counter remedies for asthmatic difficulties were banned after people began to use them recreationally."
Abstract This paper takes an in-depth look at the composition, uses and effects of St. John's Wort. The author explains the benefits of using St. John's Wort in clinical effectiveness such as treatment of depression, relaxant effects, antiviral and antibacterial actions, and treatment of burns and minor skin wounds.
From the Paper "St. John's wort, or Hypericum perforatum, is an aromatic perennial native to Europe, parts of Asia and Africa, and the Western United States. It produces yellow flowers which bloom especially bright on June 24, the traditional birthday of St. John the Baptist, hence the name "St. John's wort". St. John's wort is also known as "goat weed" or "klamath weed". The leaves and flowering tops of the plant yield about 0.1% hypericin, pseudohypericin, and related naphthodianthrones. Flavonoids such as amentoflavone, luteolin, kaempferol, and quercetin and the glycosides hyperoside and rutinoside have also been identified in Hypericum perforatum. "
Abstract This paper begins with a general overview of chemistry to familiarize the reader and describes how chelating ligands form complexes with metal ions. The chelating groups discussed are: Ionophores, British Anti-Lewisite, Cis-dichlorodiammine platinum (II) (Cisplatin?), and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The paper states that Chelation therapy will most likely perfect the removal of tumors without the need for radiation.
From the Paper "Within the periodic table is found the basic building blocks of life. From the organic atoms like carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) to the in-organics such as sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and even gold (Au), it has been proven that both are vital to the survival of live. In the mid to late 1800?s, two men by the names of Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer began their work on the reoccurrence of certain characteristics of the known elements of the time (ref 1). It was not until some 15 years later that the periodic table, found in most every chemistry book published today, was accumulated into it's easy to read format by Thomsen and Bohr (ref 1). Since then, many more steps have been made in classifying elements, such as metals, non-metals, and metalloids."
Abstract This paper describes the need and benefits of calcium in our lives and discusses the detrimental or negative effects of overusing calcium resources.
From the Paper "It is obvious, the impact that calcium compounds have on our world today. It goes without saying that our lives would be very different without them. They are an essential mineral to maintain health, and an important component of many things that we need to make our lives better.
However, all of this convenience is not without cost."
Abstract An examination of the Van der Waal equation of state in a Virial expansion and a look at how Polymers are being used today in every walk of life. This paper shows how polymers are well-defined aggregates of very simple organic molecules. It defines these matters and looks at their uses in biochemistry.
From the Paper "From thermodynamics and the kinetic theory of gases, the Pressure of an ideal gas is described as sum of the transfer of collision energy of gas molecules on the walls of the container. The inter-atomic interactions depend upon the density of the system. Inter-particle interactions, primarily attractive forces, reduce the overall pressure of the system. This interaction is called internal pressure. By rewriting the Van der Waal equation of state in a Virial expansion, we obtain an equation for Pressure p: (Atkins, 1987)
p = RT/(Vm ? b) - a/Vm2
a/Vm2 is the internal pressure of the gas; a and b are constants for each gas and Vm is the molar volume of the gas, R is the Gas Constant."
Tags: DNA, biomolecular, helium, protein, energy, hydrogen, gas
Abstract This paper deals with how spots occur (inflamed lesions), and their subsequent bacterial growth. It gives details into how the effect of various concentrations of anti-bacterial facewashes affect the spread of bacteria. A thorough experimental aceptic technique is made reference to in this paper.
From the Paper "A spot starts when a pore in the skin becomes blocked ? usually with oil (sebum) and dead skin cells, which the skin produces. As the pore becomes blocked, it becomes infected with bacteria, which are normally present on the surface of the skin. These bacteria breakdown the oil and dead cells to form chemicals which cause swelling, redness and the formation of an "inflamed lesion" or a SPOT."
Abstract The following paper discusses the life of Linus Pauling, focusing on his achievements and discoveries. The writer discusses how in 1954, Pauling was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work in chemical bonds and in 1962 he won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts on behalf of a nuclear test ban treaty. This paper also discusses his book "The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Structure of Molecules and Crystals".
From the Paper "Linus Pauling was born in Portland, Oregon, on February 28, 1901. When he was nine, his father died, and his mother eventually lost the drugstore her husband had owned. The family, consisting of Linus, his two sisters, and his mother, had to move into a smaller house. His mother took in borders, and money was always a constant worry for the family. Pauling was a good student, and loved to read anything he could get his hands on. He said, "I have always wanted to know as much as possible about the world. As a child, I enjoyed reading and going to school... Possibly I am a scientist because I was curious when I was young... When I was eleven, with no outside inspiration - just library books - I started collecting insects... When I was twelve I began reading about rocks and minerals and started collecting them"
Abstract The following paper takes a look at the life of Friedrich August Kelule, known as the originator of the structure theory of benzene. This essay discusses Kelule's interest in chemistry, beginning with a trial concerning a charred woman's body.
From the Paper ?Kelule went to a trial about a woman's charred body. Many believed she had combustion because she drank too much alcohol. However, Justus von Liebig testified in this trial and ignited Kekule's interest in chemistry. He changed his studies from architecture to chemistry. Charles Gerhardt and Jean-Baptiste Dumas taught him the unitary theory of chemistry. From 1855 to 1858 Kekule debated with JFW von Baeyer until 1858 and was professor at Ghent and Bonn (Ulearntoday 1)."
Abstract This paper looks at the life-long contributions that Dimitri Mendeleev made to the field of chemistry. The author details Mendeleev's personal and professional biography including his battle against childhood disease which almost cost him his life. His family's struggle to insure that he was able to study at a prestigious university and to overcome the poverty into which he had been born influenced his drive to constantly work and succeed in his chosen field. In 1869 Mendeleev constructed the first Periodic Table of Elements. He also authored many books in the field of chemistry and predicted the discovery of many different elements, as well as weights and measure. The author also notes his many contributions to the advancement of technology in Russia.
From the Paper Mendeleev was born in 1834 in Siberia. His family consisted of thirteen brothers and sisters, his mother and his father. The family was poor, his father eventually went deaf before he died, and yet Mendeleev's mother insisted that her youngest child further his education. He hitchhiked over 14,000 miles across Russia to Moscow, only to be turned down by the University of Moscow because he was from Siberia. His mother never gave up, and the two of them traveled to St. Petersburg where he trained and eventually became a Professor of inorganic chemistry at the University of. St. Petersburg. (Chang, 233) During his third year of study there, Mendeleev fell ill, and was bedridden for the next year. He kept up with his studies, and graduated on time, and received the medal of excellence for being first in his class. (Rumppe, Sixtus
Abstract The following paper discusses what Peter Debye was awarded the Nobel Prize for and lists the other awards he received throughout his lifetime. This paper also looks at Debye's early modification of a theory belonging to Einstein as well as contributions to chemistry.
From the Paper "Peter Debye (1884-1966) was awarded The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936 for what the Nobel e-museum describes as his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases.(Nobel e-museum) He has a chemical unit of measure named for him debye units (D) , which measures the dipole moment for polar molecules. (Chang, 308) Aside from The Nobel Prize in 1936, he received Honorary Doctorates from & Brussels and Liege; Oxford; Sofia; Maniz; Technische Hochschule, Aachen; Eidgenosissche Technische Hochschule, Switzerland; Harvard; St. Lawrence; Colgate; Notre Dame; Holy Cross; Brooklyn Polytechnic; Boston College, Providence College."
A paper which studies the effects of the Superfund Neurotoxin Methylazoxymethanol (MAM) on brain dendritic spine density in long hooded Evans Rats Rattus norvegicus.
Abstract The paper shows that in the study of structural development in the brain there have been several proposed biomarkers for quantifying brain plasticity. These include but are not limited to cortical thickness, dendritic length and branching, expression of neuronal proteins, and the presence of DNA adducts. The paper discusses the theory that a measure of brain plasticity emerging late in embryonic development will be a very sensitive biomarker for detecting subtle damage suffered by brain cells during earlier stages of brain development not detectable by other means. The paper shows that to test this, the effects of a neurotoxin on the late developing dendritic spines were studied. A significant decrease in spine density was observed as the neurotoxin, methylazoxymethanol, increased. The author of the paper shows how the implications are widespread in the study of neuro-degenerative disease.
From the Paper "Fifty years ago, Donald Hebb demonstrated that the conditions under which laboratory rats were housed could significantly affect their performance in a variety of complex spatial tasks later in life (1). The complex environment rearing paradigm has been valuable in assessing plasticity of a variety of brain components including cerebral cortical microvasculature, astrocyetic morphology, dentritic branching patterns, synaptic number, and synaptic structure are all affected by complex environment rearing (2). It has been suggested that multiple synaptic contacts (spines) may play a role in the spread of the additive effect of learning known as potentiation, among neighboring unstimulated neurons. A lack of these spines and their connection with boutons of neighboring neurons could then result in a decrease in the capacity for learning. Some recent work has indicated that the presence of multiple synaptic contacts may be altered by experience. Most of this research has focused on structural changes in the hippocampus. Dendrtic spines show great variability in structure and connectivity, both within and across brain structures, including 10-fold differences in length and diameter as well as variations in the number of branches and spines per dendrite."
Abstract This paper describes the pharmaceutical industry's role as one of the largest contributors to economic growth in the United States. It illustrates the tremendous pressure the pharmaceutical industry is under, to meet the increasing demands for their product and maintain the quality standards of the regulatory agencies. The writer explains why it is in the best interest of the industry to attempt to maintain the high standards placed on them.
From the Paper "According the US Business Reporter (2002), annual spending on prescription drugs is expanding at close to 14% on and annual basis. Several companies and drugs have led this increase, particularly Warner-Lambert's Lipitor, Eli Lilly's Zyprexa, Monsanto/ Pfizer's Celebrex, and Merck's Vioxx (US Business Reporter, 2002). The same article notes that the pharmaceutical industry typically operates on a 14-15% profit margin. This makes the pharmaceutical industry one of the largest contributors to economic growth in the Untied States."
Abstract The paper discusses dry-cell batteries which were invented as an alternative to higher leaking, long lasting batteries. Today's advanced electronics are demanding more battery power and it is not unusual for a highly developed electronic item to go through two or three sets of batteries in a day. The paper shows that as technology advances, the stronger the battery demand and this brought about the invention of the dry-cell battery. The purpose of this technical research is to define dry cell batteries, their kinetic make-up, and how are they recycled.
From the Paper "Recycling batteries saves the environment and ensures proper disposal. There are many programs which assist in helping individuals learns how to recycle batteries. There is one program called "Charge Up To Recycle" which educates people on the recycling process, and the companies that recycle batteries. The objective of this program is to make everyone aware of the available services and encourage them to participate in recycling of the batteries. There are some battery recycle facilities that charge a small fee for used up batteries, but most of these facilities will take the batteries free of charge. The purpose of the battery manufacturers is to get everyone involved in recycling old batteries. Recycling batteries can be very beneficial to the air, eliminating lots of air pollution."
From the Paper "In 1998, three American scientists were awarded the Nobel prize for Physiology and Medicine for their discovery that nitric oxide, a common gas in air pollution, transmits signals within the human body (Maugh, 1998). The discovery was hailed as one of the most important in the history of cardiovascular medicine, and was predicted to lead the way to treating high blood pressure and heart attacks. It led to the development of Viagra, to a new treatment for newborns with dangerously high blood pressure in their lungs, and to drugs for the treatment of shock.
"The signaling function of nitric oxide influences virtually every organ system in the body. The discovery that nitric acid produced by one cell could alter the function of other cells is an entirely new principle for signaling in biological systems...."
