Abstract The paper considers the advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen and ethanol and determines that hydrogen is not a feasible alternative fuel until technology is developed to hold higher quantities. The paper explains why ethanol is the better alternative of the two and concludes that if we adopt ethanol as the fuel of the future, we are sure to have a cleaner and greener earth. The paper includes full color images.
Outline:
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Production
Hydrogen Storage
Hydrogen Transportation and Distribution
Production of Ethanol
Storage of Ethanol
Conclusion
From the Paper "Hydrogen is one of the many competitors looking to replace gasoline at the pumps. It has many advantages over an ethanol fuel, hydrogen requires less heat to ignite than ethanol, which means that more energy is used for powering the vehicle as opposed to igniting the fuel. (2006) In addition, its flame gives off much less radiant heat than a hydrocarbons flame, yet the flame is just as hot. (2006) Hydrogen's energy produced per unit of mass is larger than that of hydrocarbon fuels by a factor of 2.8. (Snyder, 2006). The higher specific energy means that the car can produce more heat energy for the same amount of fuel mass."
Tags: transport, pipelines, trucks, tankers, energy, density, production
Abstract The paper discusses an experiment that examines how yeasts adapt to various competitions and how they fare against several changes in their surrounding environment. The paper explains that this experiment will determine the factors that affect the growth of yeast positively and negatively. The paper includes tables and graphs with the results of this experiment.
Outline:
Introduction
Results
Discussion
From the Paper "Yeast is an excellent system in biology as it is a eukaryote whose genome can easily be influenced and controlled. Yeast also share similarities with their competitive prokaryotic counterparts, bacteria, such as fast growth, and wide dispersal of their cells. A species of yeast, more specifically Saccharomyces cereviseae was the first eukaryote whose genome was fully sequenced (Goffeau et al., 1996). The S. cereviseae is also a commonly used yeast in the fermentation of various products such as beer, by the break down of complex organic substances like glucose, into the simpler alcohol. Therefore it is only natural that people have been so interested in yeast and its invaluable properties in fermentation. Much ongoing research exists that tries to exploit the process of brewing for fast fermentation and maturation in producing malt beverages using yeasts (Masschelein C.A. et al., 1994)."
Abstract This paper explains that virtually all bacteria strains have viruses specific to them. The paper then describes an experiment that takes coliphages from sewage and, after enrichment and filtration processes, exposes the E.Coli R10 strain to the phages to obtain the phage specific to the strain. The paper further explains that the bacteria strains are grown on agar plates in the presence of coliphages, and strains W3104-A on plates K12 and W3104 and R12-B on plate K12 developed resistance. The paper then reports that the W3104-A strain is further tested and retains its resistance.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Method
Isolation and Enrichment of Coliphage from Raw Sewage
Filtration of Coliphage Mixtures
Dilution and Plaque Preparation of R10A and R10B E. Coli Strains
Mutation and Isolation of Phage-Resistant E. Coli Strains
Sensitivity of Phage-Resistant Mutants to Bacteriophages
Results
Discussion
Table: Colonies of Bacterial Strains Response to Coliphages
From the Paper "Bacteria have the ability to develop resistance to viruses [6], so as it can be expected some strains (namely W3104-A and R12-B) developed phage-resistant colonies. It is known that certain genetic elements called "episomes" are instrumental in creating phage-resistance in E. Coli strains such as K12 [8]. As indicated in table 1, there were numerous contaminations; this was certainly due to many of the unfiltered cultures that were used. This was done because of time constraints and shortage or missing supplies in the lab."
From the Paper " Hyperthermophiles are a group microorganisms that have optimum growth temperature of at least 80? C, and a maximum growth temperature of over 90? C (Rees et al, 1995). They thrive in temperatures much higher than any other animal can. Most enzymes isolated from these hyperthermophiles exhibit correspondingly enhanced thermostability. In order to answer the questions posed above, an understanding of how these enzymes are able to withstand higher than normal temperatures is needed. Some of this can be found out by studying hyperthermophilic proteins in comparison to their mesophilic counterparts. Presently, only a few molecular determinants of protein structural and functional stability are known, which is not enough to know how to "make your blood boil". "
From the Paper " This theory has since become what we now know as the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion model (VSEPR), which states that the geometric arrangement of electron pairs around a central atom are the result of electrostatic repulsion between electron pairs. The basic principle of this is that repulsion between electrons in bonding pairs and lone pairs causes them to remain as far apart as geometrically possible. Thus, the arrangement that a molecule ultimately assumes is the one that best minimizes repulsion."
Tags: bonding, bonds, chemistry, experiment, kansas, ku, lab, molecule, molecules
From the Paper "Although the properties of supercritical fluids were know, it was not until 1958 when Lovelock suggested that a supercritical fluid can be used as a mobile phase in chromatography. Now, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is widely used in extraction, fraction, and chromatography. SFC has many advantages over other chromatography methods. It allows one to separate many substances that cannot be analyzed by gas chromatography. Its applicability is limited by volatility and thermal properties of many organic compounds. Although less volatile compounds can be analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, very long analysis time and very small column diameters are needed in order to achieve good separations due to the limitations of solute diffusion in the mobile phase. SFC is able to overcome these difficulties and allows high-resolution separation at low temperatures with short analysis times."
From the Paper "The unknown sample L03-02 was determined for the anions fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate and bromide. The anions were determined using HPLC. The type of HPLC used was ion-exchange chromatography. The sensitivity of ion-exchange chromatography has made precise measurements at the ppm level for many inorganic anions commonplace3. Ion-exchange chromatography was chosen as the method for this lab because of its' sensitivity and its' ability to determine as many as 10 inorganic ions in a single measurement at better than an ion per minute3."
Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the scavenging of atmospheric organic contaminants from precipitation, specifically snow and rain. The paper also determined and quantified, from scavenging, the amount of polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in snow and rain. Snow scavenging of organic contaminants was being studied because little is known about this phenomenon and a large amount of precipitation, which occurs in North America, occurs in the form of snow. By studying the various precipitation the researchers were able to observe snow scavenging, the gas scavenging abilities of rain and the particle scavenging abilities of both rain and snow.
Abstract This project lab explored the applications of directed ortho metalation in organic synthesis.
From the Paper " In particular a piperidine based directing group 2, an amide, was obtained from o-toluyl chloride 1. The amide 2 was deprotonated at the ortho position with sec-BuLi and an electrophile, benzylaldehyde, was introduced. The introduction of the electrophile resulted in the addition of a benzyl alcohol group onto the deprotonated amide, resulting in the final product 3. The amide 2 was high in yield with 92.4% being recovered; however the final product 3 was low in yield with only 34.0% being recovered. The amide 2 was identified as such through spectral information obtained from IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. The final product 3 was not produced as was determined through spectral information obtained from IR, and 1H NMR."
From the Paper "The preparation of 1-phenyl-3-phenylaminopyrrolidine-2,5-dione 5, a fused-ring heterocycle, is described. The synthesis of maleanilic acid 3, was completed with the reaction of maleic anhydride 1 with aniline 2. The resulting product maleanilic acid 3 was reacted with acetic anhydride to produce N-phenylmaleimide 4. N-phenylmaleimide 4 was then reacted with aniline 2 to produce 1-phenyl-3-phenylaminopyrrolidine-2,5-dione 5. The purification of all three compounds maleanilic acid 3, N-phenylmaleimide 4, and 1-phenyl-3-phenylaminopyrrolidine-2,5-dione 5 was achieved through filtration. The product maleanilic acid 3 was high in yield with 84.4% being recovered. N-phenylmaleimide 4 was mediocre in yield with only 68.0% being recovered. The final product, 1-phenyl-3-phenylaminopyrrolidine-2,5-dione 5,was high in yield with 85.8% obtained. The experiment was successful with the products being identified as maleanilic acid 3, N-phenylmaleimide 4, and 1-phenyl-3-phenylaminopyrrolidine-2,5-dione 5. The compounds were identified as such through their melting points, and spectral information obtained from IR, and 1H NMR."
From the Paper "The surface tension of deionized water and eight solution of n-butanol were determined using the capillary-rise method. The radius of the capillary was determined to be 3.59 x 10-2 + 0.15 cm. The value of the radius of the capillary allowed for the determination of the surface tensions of the eight n-butanol solutions. The surface tensions were then plotted versus the natural logarithm of the concentrations of the n-butanol solutions. The slope of the graph was then used to determine the amount of n-butanol adsorbed. This value was calculated to be 3.52 x 10-10 + 0.71 mol/cm2. This value was converted into 2.12 x 1014 + 0.71 molecules/cm2. The effective cross section area of one molecule of n-butanol was determined to be 4.72 x 10-15 + 0.71 cm2. The value of Avogrado's number was calculated using the value of n2/A and the molar volume of n-butanol. Avogrado's number was determined to be 2.74 x 1024 + 0.71."
From the Paper "Determined in this experiment were the solubilities and mean activity coefficients of various solutions containing different ionic strengths. These measurements were achieved by the simple distillation of calcium iodate solutions against thiosulphate and a starch indicator. The data obtained from these results led to the determination of the concentrations of the calcium salt, the concentration of the iodate salt, C, u, u1/2 and [2A(u)1/2]/[1 + B(u)1/2]. A plot of log10C versus [2A(u)1/2]/[1 + B(u)1/2] allowed for the calculation of K. The value of K obtained was 1.0789 x 10-6 + 0.0037. Three different values of the mean activity coefficients were tabulated. From the tabulated values it was observed that the experimental values were larger than the theoretical values."
From the Paper "In recent years attention has been focused on the need to analyze organotin compounds. When tin is combined with materials that contain carbon, it is called an organotin compound and it is used to make plastics, food packages, plastic pipes, pesticides, paints, and pest repellents. Organotin compounds, specifically tributyltin and triphenyltin, should be regarded as highly toxic and when used in marine environments lead to severe problems for the local wildlife."
From the Paper "In this experiment three Co(III)trienX2 complexes were prepared. These complexes were cis-alpha-[Co(trien)Cl2]Cl 1, cis-beta-[Co(trien)Cl2]Cl-0.5H2O 2, and trans-[Co(trien)Cl2]Cl-1.5H2O 3. The trien ligand is a tetradentate ligand, which is a strong field ligand. Once the trien ligand is coordinated to the metal the molecule's energy is lowered due to the chelate effect. The three complexes were studied using infrared and UV/Visible spectroscopy.
Also prepared in this experiment was the cation [Co(en)3]3+ which has two enantiomers. The ligand ethylenediamine is a strong field ligand, which is bidentate. This ligand also lowers the energy of the molecule through the chelate effect. The chelate rings remove a center of inversion, which removes the chance of an improper rotation axis and leads to an optically active molecule. The optical purity of the two enantiomers was calculated by measuring their specific rotation using a polarmetry apparatus."
From the Paper "The synthesis of a magnetic susceptibility standard proved to be Hg[Co(NCS)4] through mercury analysis and magnetic measurements. Magnetic susceptibility characterization of four nickel(II) complexes, Ni(Et2en)2Cl2-2H20, Ni(Et2en)2(NCS)2, Ni(Et2en)2(NO3)2, and Ni(Et2en)2I2, is reported. Et2en is a bidentate ligand, which is bonded strongly to the Ni(II) metal center.
Ni(Et2en)2Cl2-2H2O and Ni(Et2en)2(NCS)2 were both paramagnetic with two unpaired electrons and had Ueff values of 3.17 B.M. and 3.20 B.M., respectively. Ni(Et2en)2(NO3)2 and Ni(Et2en)2I2 were both diamagnetic with no unpaired electrons and had Ueff values of 1.80 B.M. and 1.71 B.M., respectively. The color of the compounds correlates with their magnetic properties, where blue to violet compounds are paramagnetic and yellow to red complexes are diamagnetic."
