Abstract This paper describes a study to investigate the effects of an acetic acid contaminant on the ale fermentation process. It examines how contaminants are constantly introduced into samples during the brewing process, which changes the standard procedure and leads to specific effects on the final product, such as a change in aroma or flavor and how in this case, because the fermentation is carried out by yeast cells, the experiment is focused on the contaminant's effect on the yeast cells and their ability to carry out the fermentation process. It also discusses how the factors which are affected by this alteration of the wort can be monitored to determine the effects caused by inoculation of the sample.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Materials & Methods
Inoculation of Wort
Results
pH
Temperature
Concentration
Discussion
From the Paper "Fermentation of top-feeding yeast, Saccharomyces Cereviseae, was done in conjunction with the addition of acetic acid inoculant to half of the sample. Evidence of effects from the addition of the contaminant was tested by monitoring three factors; pH, temperature and concentration of yeast cells. Two replicates of the control and contaminant models were tested after 0, 1 and 4 days from the initial inoculation of the wort sample. Fermentation of beer by S. cerevisiae occurred in both of the samples, which was evident by the change in all variables. The temperature and pH values obtained from analysis of the samples showed no significant changes; the null hypothesis was not rejected with a critical t-value greater than the calculated t-value. The concentration showed a significant change between the two samples, therefore the alternate hypothesis was accepted and the null hypothesis was rejected with a calculated t-value higher than the critical t-value. "
Abstract This paper looks at a study who's aim is to prepare an ale beer by fermentation and to investigate the microbiological aspects of the fermentation of malted barley extracts. It looks at how the study emphasizes yeast growth and factors that affect it (contaminants, temperature, pH). In the experiment the ale beer is prepared using a wort [Muntons Pale Ale Beer Kit] and yeast; saccharomyces cerevisiae. A control treatment (yeast + wort) is compared to a contaminant treatment containing acetic acid bacteria. The pH, temperature and concentration of yeast cells are also observed among the treatments on three different days.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Material and Methods
Innoculation of Wort for Beer Production
Measuring the Fermentation Progress of the Treatments
Results
Properties of the Control and Contaminant Treatments
Discussion
From the Paper "The microbiological aspects of ale production were studied over a period of a 1 week. The study emphasized on yeast growth and on factors that affect it (contaminants, temperature, pH). On days 0, 1 , 4 of inoculation, a control treatment consisting of yeast; Saccharomyces cerevisiae and wort was compared to a contaminant treatment consisting of wort, yeast; Saccharomyces cerevisiae and an additional inoculum of acetic acid bacteria;vinegar. Throughout the main processes of beer production, the pH of the wort from the contaminant treatment was lower than the control, thus more acidic. Yeast concentration was higher in the in the contaminant treatment for both day 0 and day 1. A lower pH and higher yeast concentration suggest that the yeast cells are reproducing and utilization phosphate. After 4 days of inoculation, yeast concentration and pH was higher in the control treatment. "
Abstract The paper states that Tetrahymena are model organisms that are commonly used to study their feeding behavior over various environments and preys. They are common holotrichic ciliates easily grown in the laboratory, using pure liquid cultures. They acquire their nutrients by ingesting smaller microbes such as bacteria and fungi. The paper comments on the tests performed on Tetrahymena phagocytosis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the presence of different concentrations of aspirin. The paper records that after treatment, the cells were analyzed by flow cytometer via computer program, ColorCell software, when percent phagocytosis were identified. It was originally thought that aspirin would decrease the phagocytotic ability of Tetrahymena; however, the data concluded that aspirin does not alter this ability over a period of 4 minutes. The paper states that further analysis is necessary with longer treatment period and using various other drugs.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
From the Paper "Utilizing such power technology, we are now able to study the feeding behavior of our model organism, Tetrahymena sp., using FITC-labeled yeast and determine if the prey has been phagocytized. We will label Saccharomyces cerevisiae with FITC dye and detect the ingestion under different environments. So we would like to explore the following questions: How long does it take for Tetrahymena to ingest food? And, do different concentrations of aspirin affect Tetrahymena feeding behavior? "
Tags: naturally, derived, drugs, granularity, density
Abstract The paper discusses osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), which is commonly known as "brittle bone" disease and is due to defects in type I collagen genes. The paper explains the molecular structure of collagen and its mutations and discusses the causes of this abnormality.
From the Paper "As the most abundant group of proteins found in vertebrates, collagen contains insoluble fibers with great tensile strength and is present in connective tissues such as bone, teeth, tendons, ligament, cartilage and the fibrous matrices of skin and blood vessels. Materially, it is a left- handed triple helix with three polypeptide chains or residues per turn. In mammals, there is a variety of collagen in different tissues within the same individual. The composition of collagen is largely glycine (Gly), proline (Pro) and 4-hydroxyproline (Hyp) with smaller quantities of 3-hydroxyproline and 5-hydroxylsyl (Hyl) (Smith, 1983)."
Abstract The paper discusses the toxic materials that could be used by terrorists and how they could be utilized to inflict death and destruction. The paper also discusses examples of previous attacks that used toxic industrial chemicals.
Outline:
What are Toxic Industrial Materials?
Potentially Dangerous Toxic Industrial Chemicals
Ways in which TICs can be used by terrorists
Examples of Previous Attacks Using Toxic Industrial Chemicals
From the Paper "Toxic industrial materials are potentially hazardous chemicals that are manufactured, stored, transported, and used in countless industries throughout the world. They are available in gaseous, liquid, or solid state and their chemical and physical properties pose a number of potential hazards. For example, their toxic and carcinogenic properties can cause death or serious health problems after entering the body through inhalation, through the skin, or through digestion; cause fire or destruction due to their combustible, explosive nature; and may destroy or damage crops and plants after coming in contact with them ("Toxic Industrial Chemicals")."
Abstract The paper outlines the background of Robert Feulgen and discusses how he initiated the discovery of the importance of DNA. The paper also explains his staining technique known as the Feulgen reaction. The paper reveals that it has not been until quite recently that science has come to value the importance of his work.
From the Paper "Joachim Wilhelm Robert Feulgen, was born in Werden (or Essen-Werden), Germany on September 2, 1884. His father owned a factory yet his upbringing was working class and unremarkable, except for the fact that he was an extraordinary student. This may have been due to the loss his father at the age of nine while Feulgen was attending primary school in Werden. The circumstances of his father's death are unknown. However, his academic abilities garnered him a scholarship to attend the University of Freiburg at Breisgau in 1905. He then pursued a medical residency in the City Hospital of Kiel."
Abstract The paper evaluates some of the predominant methods of remediation of chromium contaminated sites. The paper notes that the methods employed are divided into two types: removal from the soil (in which various chemical extractants are used to flush chromium from the site) or immobilization in the soil (in which reducing agents are used to break down dangerous forms of chromium). The paper examines several of the more promising methods of remediation currently being employed, and concludes with a discussion and analysis of the methods in terms of their real-world applicability.
From the Paper " Chromium contamination, especially contamination of Cr(VI), is a significant environmental hazard. It will have a significant effect on the quality of the soil and the quality of the groundwater. Because of this, it is very important that effective and practical remediation techniques be developed that can chemically remove or immobilize the presence of chromium at the site. After briefly examining some of the methods currently being developed, which can be roughly divided into extractive versus immobilization techniques, there seems to be demonstrable promise in the possibility of cleaning up chromium-contaminated sites."
Abstract The paper identifies the chemical and physical properties of nitrogen dioxide and its sources in the environment. The paper discusses its interaction in the environment, its effects on the human body and its toxicity. The paper also looks at emission standards for nitrogen dioxide gases and provides suggestions for reducing reactive nitrogen dioxide exposure.
Outline:
Chemical and Physical Data
Occurrence/Sources in the Environment
Interaction in the Environment
Effects on the Human Body
Toxicity
Regulations
Suggestions for Action
From the Paper "Nitrogen Dioxide or NO2 is a red-brown or yellow liquid, which becomes a colorless solid at a specific temperature (EPA 2007). It is a non-combustible component of automotive exhaust fumes. It can be derived during the intermediate stage in the oxidation of ammonia to nitric acid. It is highly poisonous and even fatal when inhaled. Tolerance in the air is at 5 ppm. Nitrogen dioxide can react strongly with reducing materials. It occurs as environmental tobacco smoke and artificially as kerosene heaters, un-vented gas stoves and heaters. Among its effects on health are irritations on the eyes, nose and throat; pulmonary edema and diffused lung injury; chronic bronchitis; decreased lung function; and increased risk of respiratory infections, especially in young children (US Environmental Protection Agency)."
Abstract This paper evaluates remediation technologies for arsenic contamination at the Deloro mine in Eastern Ontario, Canada. It first discusses a background of the site and contamination in the area. The paper then looks at the geology and hydrogeology of the site and the scope of the remediation project. Next, the paper focuses on the properties and health effects of arsenic contamination.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Site
Background
Scope of the Project
Geology of the Deloro Site
Hydrogeology of the Deloro Site
Motivation for the Thesis
Arsenic
Chemistry
Health Effects
Sources
Motility In Groundwater
From the Paper "Arsenic is highly mobile in groundwater, largely due to oxidation processes. Aside from ease in traveling in slow moving streams. It is highly reactive and when settled in sediments can be re-released into the water column by chemical or physical activity. Arsenic released into surface water through the break down of arsenopyrite can result in higher concentrations in ground water. Groundwater with higher flow rates is especially prone to highly mobile forms of arsenics. Organic forms of arsenic can release highly mobile elemental arsenic into the water by means of oxidation and reduction reactions."
Abstract This paper presents a brief overview of nanotechnology. It first looks into some of the potential medical, technological and environmental applications of nanotechnology. The paper then looks at carbon nanotubes which are the focus of the aerospace industry. The paper concludes that the frontier of nanotechnology is likely to develop rapidly and become the way of the future.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Nanotechnology (Molecular Manufacturing)
Medical Applications
Electronics
Green Nano
Aerospace
Conclusion
From the Paper "Carbon nanotubes are the focus of aerospace industry because of their special electrical and mechanical properties. They are 100 times stronger than steel at one sixth the weight. Several studies have shown that carbon nanotubes are ideal building material because of their high tensile strength and low weight. Further, the high conductive nature of carbon nanotubes makes them highly suitable for aviation electronics. [Belluccia et.al] As Dr. Bourne, from the NRC Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences (NRC-SIMS) in Ottawa says, "If we can show that these carbon nanotube composites can perform as expected in these applications, then this will go a long way to validating their use in the really big market - aerospace." [NRC]"
Abstract This paper discusses the new methods that are currently being utilized that may further assist in the reduction of post-treatment effluent to a level that would not be considered hazardous to humans. The paper focuses on exploring new technologies that may help to reduce the effluent levels that are currently being introduced into the Moira River. The paper further explores new technologies that may be applicable to the reduction of arsenic at the Deloro Mine site.
Outline:
Commonly Used Remediation Techniques
A Review of New and Innovative Technologies
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Which Technology is Currently Being used to Treat Arsenic at the Deloro Mines?
Conclusion
From the Paper "As one can see, there are a number of treatment options available for the removal of arsenic in groundwater. There is no single best solution that will result in maximum results at all sites. These technologies are often combined to meet the needs of each individual situation. Treatment at the Deloro Mine uses chemical coagulation followed by sedimentation to process the effluent that will eventually be dumped back into the Moira River.The newest innovation in arsenic treatment was announced February 8, 2008 by AdEdge Technologies. This company has released a specialty adsorbent filtration system specifically designed to remove arsenic from water (Thern Inc., 2008). This technology has been awarded a grant for testing at three US sites. After testing is complete, this technology will be ready to market. This is the first filtration system specifically designed for arsenic, rather than general contaminants or metals. "
Abstract This paper discusses how nonadherence to treatment regimens due to depression is the most well-documented mechanism by which depression produces adverse outcomes in coronary artery disease. The paper then explains what is meant by congestive heart failure (CHF). Next, the paper sites research into cytokines in terms of understanding disease and brain-body integration and interaction in depression and heart failure.
From the Paper "It is reported that cytokines impact upon the nervous and endocrine system effectively shut the circuit between the immune system and brain giving rise to the indication that neural-immune interactions are bidirectional. IL-1 and IL-6 exert potent enhancing effects on the HPA axis by stimulating hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which is capable of activating the neuroendocrine cascade, resulting in increased pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone and glucocorticoid release."
Abstract This paper describes life-threatening multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), which affects physiological systems that are not traditionally considered organs including the hematologic, the immune and endocrine systems. The author indicates that the origin of MODS might be an overwhelming, uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response activated by a number of hostile stimuli including sepsis, hypovolemic shock and severe trauma resulting in massive tissue injury. The paper reviews literature on the subject and concludes that MODS is very poorly understood.
From the Paper "Five systems are responsible for the inflammatory response including the systems as follows: (1) platelets; (2) endothelial cells; (3) leucocytes; (4) plasmatic hemocoagulation system; and (5) complement. Symptoms of local inflammation include: (1) rubor; (2) calor; (3) tumor; (4) dolor; and (5) function laesa. The degree of reversibility of secondary MODS is stated to be influenced by the following: (1) necrotic tissue damage; (2) changes in vessel wall caused by proinflammtory cytokines; (3) during chronic process - proliferation of less valuable cells; and (4) apoptosis."
Abstract This paper explains that acid rain as an environmental concern is not mentioned as much any more though its danger remains. The paper points out that acid rain is a global problem because wind directions are global. The paper also describes the many adverse effects of acid rain such as its impact on fish larvae. The paper then discusses the parts of the 1990 Clean Air Act, which are devoted to the prevention of acid rain. The paper includes many formulas detailing the creation and effects of acid rain.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Acid Rain
Chemistry of Acid Rain
Adverse Effects of Acid Rain
Efforts to Curb the Effects of Acid Rain
From the Paper "This same idea can be used to explain atmospheric pollution. A few decades ago, the beautiful, Indian monument, the Taj Mahal, started developing cracks in it and the brilliant marble colors started taking on a dull hue. It was discovered that a nearby factory was releasing sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. The resulting acid rain had deposited on the surface of the marble (CaCO3) converting it into the dull gypsum (CaSO4.1/2 H2O). Calcium sulfate also has twice the molar volume of calcium carbonate. This expansion had resulted in added stress resulting in cracks."
Tags: ecosystem, global winds, carbonic acid, photosynthesis guidelines
Abstract This paper uses a laboratory experiment to investigate several physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbons. A hydrocarbon is any organic compound that contains only carbons bonded to other carbons and hydrogen. It provides a basic overview of the different classes, alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, and compares their physical properties through appearance and odour and their chemical properties through a set of reactions.
Outline:
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Discussion
From the Paper "As expected, all the hydrocarbons were insoluble in water and soluble in cyclohexane. This is because of their nonpolar nature. In a very polar substance like water, there is so much repulsion that the compounds cannot dissolve at all (Wade, 65-67). This was indicated by the formation of a line clearly seperating each polar compound and water. Biphenyl was the only compound that did not produce such a noticeable division and thus, it was slightly soluble in water. However, this was likely due to impurities in either the biphenyl (containing polar impurities) or the water (containing nonpolar ones). In cyclohexane, a typical polar hydrocarbon, the solubility of all three classes was very similar."
