Abstract In this article, the writer discusses Agent Orange which was a red-orange 50-50 liquid mixture of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The writer notes that American and Allied Forces soldiers recalled Agent Orange as a red liquid dropping from jungle leaves, which soaked their uniforms as they went on patrol. The writer explains that its purpose was to defoliate trees and remove the enemies' jungle cover in Vietnam. The writer also notes that this deadly liquid is now known to be responsible for a wide range of ailments, including disabilities and death, to an estimated 2.6 million Vietnam veterans and their offspring. The writer concludes that it has been more than 30 years since the use of these herbicides and that it was past the time for full and open disclosure of the hard facts in this regard.
From the Paper "Federal authorities first became aware of the condition in 1979 when the Veterans Affairs offered health care and medical examination to the veterans. The medical surveillance program was meant to review the veterans' health concerns. The VA examined 334,000 of the 3.4 million veterans and registered the findings in a computer database. The VA has an Advisory Committee on Health-Related Effects of the Herbicides, established in 1979 to record and evaluate the health effects of the herbicides used in Vietnam by the soldiers. The VA also set up the Veterans' Advisory Committee on Environmental Hazards, composed of non-VA experts on dioxin and radiation exposure. Its duty was to advise on the outcomes of activities surrounding the use of Agent Orange. A 1991 federal law directed the VA to ask the National Academy of Sciences to or NAS to review the diseases linked to herbicide exposure."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that in pre-industrial cultures, dating back to very ancient times and before the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century, the wine was far more practical than mere grape juice, simply because grape juice spoiled by itself if left in the open or unrefrigerated. The writer points out that it was easier to keep and store wine because after it was made, it did not spoil as much as compared to grape juice. The writer discusses that the overall character or taste of various types of wine can be determined by making and storing the wine in different types of containers. As to the types of fermentation processes which truly affect the taste of various wines, the writer notes that some include barrel fermentation, carbonic maceration, rose wine-making, fermentation in a bottle, malolactic fermentation and secondary fermentation.
From the Paper "As it applies to wine, fermentation is the process which converts sugar to ethanol (i.e., ethanol alcohol) and carbon dioxide effected by the anaerobic, oxygen-free metabolism of yeast. One of the main reasons why grape juice was not kept or made before the Industrial Revolution was that it tended to spoil rather rapidly. But by the middle of the 19th century, the nature of fermentation began to be clearly understood, due in part to the experiments of French scientist Louis Pasteur who determined that ferments and their agents yeast and bacteria as primarily responsible for alcoholic fermentation. Chemically speaking, these agents act through their internal enzymes which functioning as catalysts, govern and control the series of reactions involved in the conversion of sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide."
Abstract This paper explores the metallic element erbium. The paper describes this rare element as typically gray in color but also containing pink compounds, making it useful as an addition to glass or porcelain products aesthetically. The paper discusses the history of erbium, provides an overview of its physical properties and outlines its uses and functions.
Outline:
Introduction
Who Discovered/When
Physical Properties and Locations
Companies Involved In Preparation and Sale
Methods of Preparation & Uses
Commercial Compounds
Conclusions
From the Paper "Erbium is one of many elements listed in the periodic table, a metallic chemical element specifically (Columbia 15785). Symbolized by the abbreviation Er, most credit the discovery of this element to a scientist named Carl G. Mosander, who although did not isolate the element, located it and separated it from "three oxide fractions" (Columbia 15785). It was not until 1934 that pure erbium was isolated from it's fractions by other scientists (Columbia 15785) allowing for greater exploration into its uses for commercial purposes."
Abstract The paper describes sodium bicarbonate as a non-hazardous substance found in a number of household and industrial applications. The paper outlines the health and safety issues and medical uses of this compound.
Outline:
Health and Safety Issues
Medical Uses
From the Paper "Sodium bicarbonate is, in general, a non-hazardous substance found in a number of household and industrial applications. The formula for Sodium bicarbonate is NaHCO3. Its molecular weight is 81.01 (1). It is also known by the common names Sodium hydrogen carbonate; sodium acid carbonate; baking soda; and bicarbonate of soda (1). It appears as a white, solid crystalline form, but sometimes as a fine, white powder (1). It can be purchased from a number of scientific and general population sources."
Abstract The paper relates that bisphenol A (BPA), the industrial chemical used to make epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastic used in a wide variety of products in today's market, is generally accepted as safe by many governmental agencies. The paper further discusses recent studies involving human exposure to BPA and shows how these studies have indicated a wide range of possible detrimental effects to humans and fetuses. The paper discusses the response of San Francisco to this issue and shows that the banning of products using BPA is a viable solution.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Background
Literature Review
Community Responses to BPA Findings
Recommendations
Conclusion
From the Paper "By evaluating current research on the effects of BPA on cancer cells, fetuses, and the body, it was hoped such evidence would support the banning of BPA in specific products, and the use of alternative chemical compounds that are less dangerous to human populations. After examining several studies published in peer-reviewed medical and scientific journals, it was found that over 100 research studies show clearly a link between BPA exposure and possible detrimental effects on the body, including an increase in breast and prostate cancer growth, abnormalities of the hippocampus, and an increase in neurodegenerative disease. These findings suggest that the banning of BPA and the use of substitute chemicals would avoid possible irreversible effects of BPA exposure."
Tags: plastics, epoxy, resins, toxins, polycarbonate, exposure, San, Francisco
Abstract This paper explains that beer-making, which is a complex process involving the conversion of grains into usable sugars and requiring much skill and patience, has not changed fundamentally in centuries. The author points out that some people believe that beer-making originated about 10,000 years ago in Africa and was apparently made then, as it is now, from cereal grains. The paper relates that beer-making is captive to a sequential process, including a variety of essential ingredients, which must be closely adhered to if it is to achieve its full potential, at least in the eyes and palates of beer connoisseurs.
From the Paper "For their part, hops and yeast also play key roles in the creation of commendable beer. To wit, the former is a "twining vine" that grows in the summer months and is commonly eaten as a vegetable with the leaves "blanched" and used a soup. But most of all, hops serve to add "bitterness and aroma" to a beer - even if they are considered an integral part of every brewing operation. Finally, yeast is another significant ingredient in the "typical" beer and it serves to convert fermentable sugars into alcohol - and into beer flavors."
This paper is an article review of the research by Z. Xaio, X. Liu, YI Henis, and HF Lodish entitled 'A Distinct Nuclear Localization Signal in the N Terminus of Smad 3 Determines Its Ligand-Induced Nuclear Translocation'.
Abstract This paper explains that transforming growth factor TGFa is one member of a large family of proteins that are secreted from different types of cells and regulate growth, differentiation and development. The author points out that the binding of TGFa to its receptor on target cells initiates a series of events that result in changes in gene transcription of specific genes. The paper describes the reported experiment and concludes that its results provide added information to the current knowledge base on Smads, Growth Factor - signaling and the translocation process.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Aim of the Research Study
Experiments Performed
Results
Conclusions
From the Paper "Xaio et al. (2000) performed their experiments on Smad 3 and Smad 4 protein structures that they cloned in a laboratory. This was the beginning of a long chain of events that allowed for assessing the reaction of the proteins before and after transaction . A group of control/stable cell lines was also used to transect the various GFP Smad proteins and constructs. Smad3 and Smad 4 proteins were also exposed to site-directed mutagenesis in order to mimic Smad 4's variation of Lys to Glu. Florescent microscopy was utilized to photograph the cells throughout the process before and after transaction."
Abstract This paper discusses the various phytonutrients and their structures contained in the mangosteen, acai and goji berry. Following this, a detailed discussion is provided on how these various phytonutrients can be applied to health issues ranging from cardiovascular disorders to cancer.
Table of Contents:
Definition of Free-Radical/Oxidation and Antioxidant
Phytonutrient Examination
Mangosteen
Acai
Goji
How Antioxidants Work in Relation to Illness
Anti-Aging
Skin Disorders and Allergies
Immune System
Cancer
Cardiovascular
Diabetes
Weight Control
Cholesterol
Synergy
From the Paper "The primary antioxidants contained in mangosteen are referred to as xanthone that Rothstein (2006) claims are a new classification of antioxidants. Templeman (2003) describes them as stable "six carbon conjugated ring structures" that can be transported from cell to cell and bind to other xanthones. There are over 200 xanthones in nature, with over 37 having been identified within the mangosteen rind alone. Each xanthone has its own specific purpose. For example, gamma mangostin has anti-inflammatory properties and Garcinone E carries anti-tumor properties."
Abstract This paper is an examination of the mechanisms of colon tumorigenesis involving the mutation cluster region of the APC gene. There is an explanation of colon carcinogenesis including an analysis of the Wnt signaling pathway, the roles of the APC gene's different domains, "Knudon's two- hit hypothesis and the "just right" level of signaling theory. The paper also includes a critical discussion about the scientific arguments and research evidence that exists to challenge current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of colon tumorigenesis. One illustration is included which depicts the varying domains of the APC gene.
From the Paper "Colorectal cancer is the third most common form of cancer and the second leading cause of death in the western world. Nearly 34,900 people are diagnosed with it in the U.K each year and about 16,000 of these die. About 15% of colorectal cancers are hereditary. Hereditary conditions are divided into two categories: the polyposis and the non polyposis types. Two hereditary conditions that have been identified are Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (FAP) and Hereditary Non Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC). The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene is known to be mutated in all cases of FAP but this condition only accounts for less than 1% of colorectal cancer cases. The condition HNPCC results when mutation occurs in the DNA mismatch repair genes MSH2 and MLH-1 leading to microsatellite instability and defective DNA repair. Non inherited mutations of the APC gene have been detected in over 85% of the remaining sporadic colorectal cancers. "
Abstract This paper discusses what procedures and plans should be known to every elementary science school teacher. In particular, the paper looks at how teachers should "pre-plan" activities and why it is vital that the guidelines for classroom deportment be set down from the very beginning and rigorously maintained. The paper then discusses what safety protocols teachers should have in place when dealing with potentially hazardous chemicals, flammable elements and animals. The paper also briefly examines why it is essential that science teachers understand the limitations of the facilities within which they work.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
What Every Elementary Science Teacher Should Know
From the Paper "The matters of shoddy ventilation or over-crowding lead into a discussion of emergency procedures. Understandably, these should be brought to the attention of students prior to any science activity being performed. Beyond that, some emergency procedures appear to be more important - or more likely - than others. For instance, the Committee on Chemical Safety of the American Chemical Society (2001) reveals that emergency procedures should be put in place for emergency first aid, for poisoning, for burns, for evacuations, for chemical spills, and for animal bites. The same body also takes the position that experiments should be evaluated before-hand so that possible plans for potential contingencies can be arranged. Likewise, teachers who expect to be using Bunsen burners or chemicals which could be dangerous (especially if ingested by students) must have in place procedures for expeditiously contacting authorities in the event of an emergency (Committee on Chemical Safety of the American Chemical Society, 2001). All in all, it is hard to escape the conclusion that classroom safety begins with provisional plans being drawn up long before the first experiment is drawn up on a chalkboard or in a lesson plan."
Abstract In this article the writer discusses that, throughout time, the quest to dominate another is limited only to the imagination of one man poised against the other. The writer points out that sometimes common flu symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, coughing, and shortness of breath are the first signs of chemical and biological warfare (CBW). The writer maintains that for some reason, the more one searches for answers to counter the effects of CBW the worse it gets. In this essay, discussion centers upon the 1972 Biological Weapon's Convention and the Geneva Protocol. The writer focuses on scientific research in this regard and identifies several items that are being used to help detect biological and chemical agents.
Outline:
Abstract
Advantages
Disadvantages
Chemical Agents and their Effects
From the Paper "Throughout history, chemical and biological weapons (CBW), warriors and terrorists have used a wide range of tactics and techniques to help defeat their enemy on and off the battlefield. These weapons are used in war to gain the upper advantage against a more formidable adversary, to enhance the political status of a rogue terrorist group, or to cripple the economy of a nation from the simple mailing of a threatening letter with powder. Whatever the reason, the unknown effects of a release can be devastating. Law enforcement personnel who respond to the initial crisis of a release or assist with the aftermath have to know the difference between a chemical and a biological agent release. These weapons of war also have evolved from throwing rocks and sticks at each other to the unthinkable weapons of mass destruction called bioterrorism. You may ask yourself, what is bioterrorism? The Center for Disease Control defines bioterrorism as the intentional or threatened use of bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, or plants and involves intimidation of nations or people to accomplish political or social ends."
Abstract This paper examines the fluoridation of drinking water, specifically in the United States. It explains that fluoridation began in the early 20th century with the aim of improving dental health and with the introduction of fluoridated water into community supplies in some countries, reductions in the rates of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) among children occurred. The paper looks at how the World Health Organisation, the United States and the E.U. all advocate fluoridation as an effective method of reducing dental caries, and how only the USA, Britain, Australia and Ireland and a few other countries have fully adopted its use in spite of these world health guidelines. The paper also points out how the engineer plays a key role in implementing the use of fluorine and must act responsibly due to its toxic nature and potentially fatal consequences of incorrect use. The paper concludes that the safety and necessity of fluorine in the drinking water in America needs to be monitored with more studies and research by qualified, well-funded, scientific groups.
Table of Contents:
Introduction. What is Fluorine?
Fluoridation History
How Fluoridation Works
Why Fluoridate?
The Engineer and Fluoridation
Fluoridation And The Law
Some Interesting Quotes on the Subject of Fluoridation
Conclusions
From the Paper "Fluoride is usually added to water samples in solution form because in powder form (e.g. Sodium Fluoride, Sodium Fluorosilicate, etc.) it is toxic, dangerous to handle and must be stored in dust tight containers. Thus fluorine is often added as hydrofluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6).
This acid is safer because if it is spilt on the skin it can easily be washed off using cold water. This acid is stored in water treatment facilities in tanks. The tanks are lined with corrosion resistant rubber lining. Fluoridation usually takes place after all other treatments of the drinking water have been carried out. It must be done after water has been softened because ions in the water interfere with the fluoride content. The water must be mixed thoroughly before it leaves the facility, as fluoride is toxic in higher concentrations."
Abstract In this progress report, a student addresses the importance of learning to have patience with the difficult and time-consuming procedures of an advanced chemistry course. The paper points out that, in chemistry experiments and operations, it takes great lengths of time to separate various chemicals, such as acids and other various bonding agents and solvents. The paper recounts the student's attempt to speed up one such process, only to realize he had ruined it. Through this error, he realized that he had not been patient enough to effectively see the bonding procedure to its conclusion. The paper concludes with a list of helpful future strategies for dealing with impatience.
From the Paper "After the class, my professor asked me to have a meeting about the project. Although she was annoyed at the failure of my actions, she was extremely open to solutions to the problem. I had not even realized that I had rushed the project at first, but she had quickly understood what had gone wrong. Our discussion lasted for nearly an hour, and we both came to the conclusion that there needed to be exercises for me to solve my problem with patience. Although I had clearly understood how to accomplish the projects in class, there was another dimension of chemistry, which I needed to learn. The professor was telling me that chemistry was more than just tables, procedures and memorization, but had more to do with learning to manage one's time in an efficient manner. This discussion awakened me to the realization that I had to learn to properly evaluate my time, especially at this advanced stage of chemical studies."
Abstract The paper examines the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on the central nervous system and focuses on the body of research about the link between its interaction with serotonin receptors and the onset of hallucinations. The paper discusses how although one receptor in particular is believed to be the key, the lack of research on the subject in general precludes a definitive determination at this time.
From the Paper "Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) causes hallucinations and detachment from reality. Since neuro psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia present very similar symptoms, these profound if episodic perceptual distortions can be viewed as symptoms of temporary damage to the Central Nervous System. Serotonin receptor activation has long been thought be directly affected by LSD, yet after 30 plus years of research, the precise mechanism by which LSD bonds with which of several serotonin receptors, remains a matter of conjecture."
Abstract This paper examines why organic chemistry is important in the writer's life. Specifically, the paper looks at how organic chemistry can offer tips on how to better treat oneself. Further the paper also offers insight into why human beings act as they do and why the human brain occasionally malfunctions - sometimes with tragic consequences. More than that, the writer looks at what organic chemistry can teach us about the surrounding world - and what it can teach human beings about the past and future.
From the Paper "Organic Chemistry is important to each and every one of us in the sense that it reveals to students the myriad ways in which chemicals reacting and interacting within the body allow us to perform our daily activities - and shape the kinds of human beings we become. For instance, students need to know all about vitamins C and E and what these elements do within their bodies so that they can know all about why it is vital that certain fruits and vegetables be ingested by them on a daily basis. In my own case, it was not until I came to understand what I was doing to myself on an organic, physiological and biological level when I neglected certain foods that I began to see an improvement in my own health and in my vitality over the course of a long day."
