Abstract In this article, the writer offers a definition of the process of osmosis. The writer answers specific questions on the effect on cells of osmotic pressure. The writer then discusses the transport of large molecules into cells. In this paper, the writer examines thermodynamics and enzymes. The writer alos presents technical information in this regard.
From the Paper "Osmosis is the process of diffusion of water molecules across a membrane. The contents of cells are basically solutions of many different solutes and the more concentrated this solution is the more solute molecules there are in a given volume and the less water molecules. Water molecules can diffuse freely across a membrane but only down a concentration gradient so water always diffuses from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution. Osmosis can be quantified using water potential so it is possible to calculate ... "
Tags: osmotic pressure, thermodynamics, enzymes, transport into cells
Abstract This paper answers a number of questions on general biology dealing with glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport phosphorylation, respiration, mitosis, meiosis, crossing over, independent assortment and random fertilization.
From the Paper "Cellular respiration is the process of oxidizing food molecules such as glucose to carbon dioxide and water. Kimball Energy is released in the form of ATP which is used for all the energy consuming processes of the cell. There are two stages to the process, glycolysis which is the breakdown of glucose from the diet to pyruvic acid and the complete oxidation of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water. In eukaryotes glycolysis takes place ... "
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses the techniques of immunohistochemistry. The writer examines how these techniques are applied to the study of neuro chemical pathways in the mammalian brain. In this article, several studies using immunohistochemical methods to study brain neuro chemistry are examined.
From the Paper "An antibody is a protein produced by lymphocytes of the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign antigen in the system. It usually binds to the foreign antigen and causes it to precipitate from the circulation. Antibodies can be purified in the laboratory and conjugated chemically bonded to a variety of substances including a fluorescent dye such as fluoresce-in. This conjugated antibody can then be applied to sections of tissue that have been lightly fixed or frozen so that the location ... "
Abstract In this article, the writer examines the general structure of enzymes. The writer discusses how enzymes act to speed up chemical reactions. The writer details the six major groups of enzymes: oxidases, lysases, ligases, isomerases, transferases and hydrolases.
From the Paper "Enzymes are special proteins which act to speed up chemical reactions because many chemical reactions required for cells to function normally would not take place at the temperature and pH found in the body. The protein part of the enzyme without any co-factors or prosthetic groups attached is known as the apo-enzyme. Not all enzymes have co-factors or prosthetic groups. Co-factors are small inorganic or organic molecules which are required for enzymatic activity of the apo-enzyme such as the copper loosely bound to lysine oxidase ... "
Tags: enzymes, substrates, apoenzymes, haloenzymes, cofactors, prosthetic groups
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses the crime of arson. The writer examines how such a crime can be detected. The paper first examines the chemistry of a fire in detail and then looks at how fires spread. The writer discusses how to differentiate arson from an accidental fire, by detecting the presence of accelerants.
From the Paper "The crime of arson is the willful burning of someone else's property and the crime is more dangerous to human life than murder because statistically, murderers usually do not kill again but arsonists will continue to set fires until they are caught. Arson investigations are highly complex processes and unless conducted immediately valuable evidence may be lost forever. To determine whether a fire is accidental or a case of arson, it is necessary to understand the basics of the chemistry and behavior of fires. Fire is ... "
Tags: accelerants, ignition point, flashpoint, conduction, convection, radiation
This paper researches the implications of the 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Annex (VI) requirements on the sulfur content of fuel oil.
Abstract This paper explains that the MARPOL Annex VI protocol is concerned with the prevention of ship-source air pollution in the form of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx) and other air-borne pollutants, but a number of challenges remain in terms of its effectiveness and enforceability, which are the subject of this study. The author points out that the research showed that the maritime industry continues to be the largest unregulated source of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions and represents serious long-term challenges to providing viable ozone standards in coastal regions. The paper concludes that any option that involves extensive re-blending or refinery processing changes, which will almost certainly produce a marine fuel substantially different in quality than the industry standard for the past 50 years have, will be costly and therefore driven largely by economic forces. Tables.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of Problem
Research Questions
Research Methodology
Review of the Literature
Background and Overview
Operational Aspects of a Sulphur Limit on Marine Fuels
Analysis and Discussion
Implications, Effects, and Challenges Faced by Operators, Owners, Authorities on the Low Sulphur Cap
Invest in Residue Desulphurisation (RDS)
The Availability of Low-Sulphur Fuels in the Future
Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendations
From the Paper "Article 211 of the 1982 LOS Convention provides the general guidelines for vessel-source pollution; for example, Article 211(3) requires the port state to notify others, through the International Maritime Organization (IMO), of requirements to be met before a vessel is permitted to enter the port state's territorial waters. Today, the IMO has around 160 members and is headed by a secretary-general, who serves a four-year term and oversees a Secretariat staff of approximately 300--one of the smallest UN agency staffs. All members are represented in the Assembly, the IMO's primary policy-making body, which meets once every two years. The Council, originally consisting of 24 members but subsequently increased to 32 (a 1993 resolution suggested an increased membership of 40, but it remains unratified); the Council meets twice each year and is tasked with governing the organization between Assembly sessions."
Abstract This paper provides a descriptive general interest essay on severe acute respiratory syndrome and its effect on world wide affairs. The essay cites specific references to instances in Toronto, Hong Kong, and China among others. This paper delves into the causes of SARS from gene mutation to the spread of the disease. It also analyzes the impact on healthcare systems, the global economy, and impact on workplaces.
Contents:
Spread of the Disease
Pathogens Responsible
Signs / Symptoms
Effect of Pathogen on the Body/Disrupting Homeostasis & Problems related to Treating SARS Patients
Impact on Healthcare
Ethics of Dealing with SARS
Ethics of Dealing with SARS in the Workplace
From the Paper "A city in fear is no city at all. In November 2002 the disease known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) came to Toronto by way of China and set in motion a global fear of an epidemic. There was no cure, no background knowledge, and no available treatment. SARS was a sudden onset respiratory illness that scientists are still working on not only reliable testing for, but also a cure. This paper will discuss the rise and fall of SARS and its effects on the world community, and its impact on our lives in the greater Toronto Area. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a contagious and fatal form of pneumonia that originated in China in 2002 and quickly spread across the globe. When originally contracted no available treatments offered any relief to the sever symptoms that took over a victim. The swift worldwide spread of the disease combined with its fatal nature prompted the World Health Organization (W.H.O.) to issue a worldwide alert, designating SARS as a world wide health threat, a virtual modern plague. This onset of fear motivated governments to establish never before seen procedures for infection control to prevent an epidemic. Despite these procedures approximately 8,000 cases of SARS were reported and caused 800 deaths in 32 countries."
Abstract The paper describes how metals exist in the form of minerals in the earth's crust, a metal ore being a highly concentrated mineral form of the metal. The paper explains how extraction of metals from its ore depends upon the quality of the ore and that the ores obtained from the ground contain unwanted impurities called gangue. The paper discusses the various methods of extracting these impurities from the metal.
Table of Contents:
Concentration
a. Gravity Separation or Hydraulic Washing
b. Froth Flotation
c. Magnetic Separation
d. Chemical Separation
Roasting or Calcination
Reduction of Mineral to the Metal
a. Electrolytic Reduction
b. Chemical Reduction (Smelting)
c. Auto-reduction(Smelting)
Refining
From the Paper In this method, a Wilfley table is used .It is a sloping table and its top is corrugated or riffled in the direction of the slope. The crushed ore is then placed on the top of this table, which is always kept vibrating. "Then water is made to flow across the table at right angles to the top. The lighter gangue particles are thrown upwards at every jerk and carried across the table by the stream of water, while the heavier ore particles move towards the bottom of the table. Thus separation takes place when the ore reaches the bottom. This method is useful for dense ores like Cassiterite (SnO2).
Hydraulic classifier."
Abstract The paper introduces the research by explaining that with a greater understanding of biochemistry comes greater knowledge about the interactions between living cells and abiotic elements, especially metals. The paper examines the current movement in the field of medicine to link the fields of biochemistry and inorganic chemistry in order to achieve a greater understanding of abiotic stress. This increases our level of knowledge about the effects of chemical exposures. The paper details the goals of medicine to find out if there is a real connection between heavy metal exposure/toxicity and disease beyond that which has been traditionally believed. The paper quotes research that links cancer and even children's risk factor scores to high levels of toxic metals.
From the Paper "In recent years there has also been a stress in alternative medicine to assess and treat heavy metal toxicity in patients with generalized symptoms and the allopathic medicine has made strides to find out if there is a real connection between heavy metal exposure/toxicity and disease beyond that which has been traditionally believed. Another goal in medicine is to create a better understanding of the importance of diagnostic tools currently used to assess heavy metal levels, one of which in the midst of great controversy being hair analysis, which according to modern medicine is an ineffective way to screen for heavy metal toxicity in the manner it is being performed in the alternative medical arena. (Frisch, and Schwartz) The most important stress has then been to create better ways to ensure reliability of diagnostic procedures among patients with known exposure to heavy metals so chelation therapies can be created that actually reduce the blood load for heavy metals."
Abstract This paper explains that the impact of bioterrorism upon the United States of America is difficult to exaggerate. The author points out that bioterrorism has led to a more massive and unwieldy state apparatus, to unprecedented integration between various appendages of the state, to heightened fears and insecurities and to a new approach to immigration. The paper suggests that continued vigilance is essential to continued safety.
From the Paper "Bioterrorism has emerged as one of the catch-phrases of the new millennium. Without question, how America grapples with this frightening reality of twentieth century warfare will go a long way towards determining the safety of everyday Americans in the years to come. This paper will outline how the persistent threat of bio-terrorism has changed the everyday lives of Americans, what steps are being taken by authorities to lessen the prospect of calamitous attacks on American civilians, and the manner in which disparate government agencies are working together to ensure that the biological or chemical equivalent of September 11 , 2001, never takes place. The effect of bioterrorism upon Americans has been significant."
Abstract This paper explains that Carol Krenz' research explores the way sugar and carbohydrates stimulate differing parts of the brain. The author points out that, by realizing the soothing powers of both sugar and carbohydrates, there can be little doubt that both offer a solution to depression in the winter. The paper relates that, by keeping a balance of both of these necessary dietary factors, relief from depression can be found without hazardous health problems, which each one may provide singularly.
From the Paper "The article "Food for Sloth" by Carol Krenz begins with an argument that presents the similarities between comfort' foods and hibernation foods. This manner of food related analysis present the dietary and psychological process that leads to excessive sugar and carbohydrates in the winter months. The beginning pars of the article tell how human beings have a tendency to eat more sugars due to the normative depressive states that occur between December and March. The article then begins to discuss the indifference between comfort foods and hibernation that exist, but not without the 'poisoning' that sugar and carbohydrates can impart on the human body in a singular manner."
Abstract This paper discusses the theory of matrices, how it was developed, how it changed, some of the applications for which it has been used, and other aspects of the issue. The writer notes how the underlying ideas are ancient and began with the Babylonians and Chinese and then resurfaced in the seventeenth century with the world of Cayley and others. Further the writer points out that the theory of matrices has led to uses in physics, chemistry, and economics as well as mathematics.
From the Paper "Matrices are a means of visualizing mathematical concepts and relationships in graphic form. A matrix is a rectangular set of elements viewed as a single entity, identified by the number of rows and columns of which it is made. Matrices can be added or multiplied on the basis of an algebra of matrices, and one application of this sort of operation is seen in vector analysis and in the solving of systems of linear equations. The basis for the matrix is found in the Cartesian system of Rene Descartes, whose contribution to mathematics was in the development of analytical geometry, closely tied with the development of the Cartesian system of mapping on a grid or graph, for Descartes saw that a function or polynomial can be represented graphically by points."
Abstract This paper briefly explores the xanthine oxidase enzyme, its impact upon the body, and the research which has explored how and why this enzyme functions. The writer discusses that due to the easy accessibility of xanthine oxidase in cow's milk, this enzyme has been the subject of numerous studies for more than a century. However, the writer points out that despite this heavy level of scrutiny, xanthine oxidase is still not fully understood. This paper explores the literature which reflects upon past studies into xanthine oxidase and current research and potential applications for this substance.
From the Paper "The basic construction of xanthine oxidase has been extensively documented and is understood: This enzyme functions as a dehydrogenase which converts hypoxanthine to xanthine, and converts xanthine into uric acid. The conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine alters the hypoxanthine, a purine, into a degraded purine, which then is further degraded into uric acid which is then passed from the system. Granell et al stress that: Under [normal] physiologic conditions, the enzyme exists mainly as xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), a form that uses NAD^+ as electron acceptor. Nevertheless, under certain circumstances, XDH can be converted to xanthine oxidase (XOD) by limited proteolytic cleavage. XOD uses molecular oxygen as electron acceptor and consequently generates the superoxide anion, a molecule that participates in the generation of other reactive oxygen species including hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite."
Abstract This paper focuses on a study that was conducted regarding the browning agents in mei liquor. It looks at how the study was the first in the research regarding fruit related liquors and was begun to determine the cause of discoloration in mei liquor after shelf life.
From the Paper "Shih-Chuan Liu, Hung-Min Chang, and James Swi-Bea Wu completed their research article, "A Study of the Mechanism of Browning in Mei Liqueur Using Model Solutions" for National Taiwan University in December 2002. The study focuses on the components of the browning agents in mei liqueur, and expands to consider discoloring in fruit liqueurs. The research is of scientific important because it aids in clarifying the elements in some acidic fruit products that cause the liqueur to become discolored over time. Determining whether this discoloration is caused by the preparation process, the elements within the main ingredients, or from contamination of the product is essential for food safety. Furthermore, the research benefits science in that it provides answers to inquiries relating to browning causes in liquor products for public knowledge, and product information."
Abstract This paper answers three questions. The first question deals with deregulation and its effects on Air Canada The second question looks at the history of the industry and the future. The last question looks at interest groups.
From the Paper "Regulation is defined as, "an order issued by an executive authority of a government and having the force of law" (Anonymous 1999: 441). Deregulation is simply the process of removing regulations within an industry. Both regulation and deregulation have been and continue to be very important in Canadian industries. Traditionally the Canadian government has favoured regulating certain industries in order to protect them from competition from more competitive foreign competitors. This is the entire idea behind a Crown Corporation. "
