Abstract This paper examines MSG and its uses and takes a look at how it is made, including the fermentation process. The paper also discusses the technical details of the preparation process, the equipment commonly used, the use of enzymes and bacteria and examines the product packaging and quality control procedures. Finally, the paper includes a brief description of the market of MSG, and the socio-economic aspects of the product.
From the Paper "Monosodium glutamate, or MSG, is the sodium salt of glutamic acid. Glutamate is an amino acid that occurs naturally in many foods known for their flavor, such as tomatoes and mushrooms. Additionally, glutamate is found as a naturally occurring amino acid in foods such as meat, fish, and many vegetables. It can also be found in foods such as ice cream, yogurt, soda, canned soups, flavored crackers, and chips. Glutamate is also produced in the human body naturally, helping to regulate the body's metabolic rate (WHO, 1988)."
Abstract This paper briefly discusses the way that radium was discovered and first used. It explains how the awareness of the dangers of exposure were non-existent at the time and how many of the original workers with the substance died from poisoning. The paper looks at the precautions taken these days and how the use of the substance has developed.
From the Paper "Radium, a pure metal, was discovered by the Polish chemist Marie Sklodowska Curie and her husband Peter, a French chemist, in 1898 from unrefined pitchblende, a material containing uranium (Gagnon 2004), or urarinite, in Joachimsthal, North Bohemia (Chemistry Operations 2003). Marie Curie observed that radium was more radioactive than uranium when they were separated. In 1911, she and Debiene isolated the pure metal through an amalgam of pure radium chloride, distilled in an atmosphere of hydrogen (Chemistry Operations). Seven tons of pitchblende yields 1 gram of radium. It belongs to the alkaline-earth family of metals that loses 1% of its activity only every 25 years. Lead is its final by-product in the long disintegration process (Chemical Operations). It is recommended that radium and minerals and materials containing radium should be exposed to the air to prevent radon from building up."
Abstract This paper examines how identifying the irreducible representation associated with a given bond, atom or sets, is of great value for three reasons. It looks at how it is a convenient way of labeling orbitals for reference, for determining which sets of atomic orbitals can combine with each other to form molecular orbitals and thirdly, for determining the number and nature of vibrational motions for a given molecule to give the most common applications.
From the Paper "Improper rotation is a combination of rotation followed by reflection in the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation. As with the other symmetry operations, the motion of the atoms is the operation. The symmetry element associated with improper rotation is an axis, which is the same axis as that used for the rotation part of the improper rotation. While there is a plane of reflection involved, it does not need to be specified for the improper rotation axis because it is always perpendicular to the rotation axis. Improper rotations are designated with the letter S. Reflection across the xy plane, which is perpendicular to the z axis doesn't move any of the atoms for this planar molecule."
Abstract This paper begins by providing a background on UV radiation. It then explains what the UV index is and why it is an important factor in determining the level of protection against the harmful sun-rays. Active ingredients in sunscreen products are explained and discussed. The paper concludes with a comparison of sunscreen products and a recommendation for the most effective one.
From the Paper "It's important to check the active ingredients in sunscreens because the active ingredients are what tell you if it covers the entire UVA and/or UVB bands (9). The active ingredient doesn't have anything to do with the SPF rating of the sunscreen, the SPF rating is mainly used to tell you how long you can stay in the sun(9), the higher the number, the longer you can stay protected, although it doesn't make you immune to the sun, you still need to re-apply every few hours. The Sun Essentials article mentions that you multiply the number of minutes you can be in the sun before you turn pink by the number of the SPF you get the total minutes you are covered by the sunscreen(9). The SPF (Sun Protection Factor) doesn't tell you what UV bands it covers, you still need to use a product that contains Titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, or avobenzone, which are the only products that cover the entire UVA spectrum and are also the only ones approved for use in the US (9.)"
This paper explores whether nitric oxide is the same substance as an endothelium-derived relaxing factor, its use and its advantages and disadvantages.
Abstract This paper explains that nitric oxide is an endothelium-derived relaxing factor, a neurotransmitter and an euro modulator present in the central and peripheral nervous systems. When generated in surplus, a likely toxic molecule forms part of the resistance against diseases. The author points out that the primary problem involved in the detection of NO result from its short span of life and a very low rate of concentration. Nonetheless, the paper demonstrates several quantitative modes for measuring NO and indicates their limitations. The paper stresses that the endothelium performs a vital role in the determination of blood pressure; primary endothelial irregularities, in addition to irregularities secondarily influencing the endothelium, are all possible suppliers to the advances of hypertension. Many charts and graphs.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Nitric Oxide: Advantages and Disadvantages
Is Nitric Oxide the Same Substance as Endothelium Derived Relaxing Factor
Nitric Oxide's Interactions with the Vascular Endothelium
Ways Nitric Oxide is Measured and the Problems Associated with Measuring
Conclusion
From the Paper "The hydrogen peroxide has been projected to be a freely diffusible EDHF as agonist evoked relaxation in some arteries that are NO and autonomous prostanoid are inhibited by the enzyme catalyse that destroys this reactive oxygen species. Such findings have not been general and hence the role of hydrogen peroxide in EDHF responses is evoked by gap junction dependent and independent mechanisms. It is seen earlier that EDHF-type relaxations evoked by acetylcholine, ATP, substance P and cyclopiazonic acid depend on gap junctional communication. But the calcium ionophore A23187 irrespective of evoking EDHF-type relaxations was not vulnerable to gap junction inhibitors. Incubation with catalyse resulted in marked attenuation of A23187 induced EDHF-type relaxations but only inhibited reactions induced by high concentrations of acetylcholine. This indicated that EDHF-type relaxations induced A23187 may be arbitrated by hydrogen peroxide and would not associate with gap junctions."
Abstract This study examines the role ferrocene plays in the chemistry curriculum beginning with introductory chemistry through advanced studies in chemistry. The findings of the study indicate that ferrocene, when introduced in the basic concepts of chemistry and then continued as example and practice in analytical and advanced investigations, facilitates an overall understanding of chemical concepts while maximizing exposure to general, analytical, inorganic and organometallic concepts. Ferrocene becomes in essence a "one stop shop" for understanding.
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Review of Related Literature
Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data Analysis
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper "Consistency in learning methods is essential to cognitive retention. The utilization of similar compounds as example, practice and teaching aids can facilitate better understanding of material through familiar experiences while at the same time enhancing the teaching experience. The defacto method of chemical education is to utilize classic textbook teaching of building on foundation concepts throughout the curriculum. While this methodolgy works well, it can be improved. Selecting one or more compounds to use as a foundation, "keystone" compound, would benefit both student and teacher. Currently in literature, there are copious examples throughout the college career that equates to confusion. By defining compounds that embody general chemistry, organic, inorganic, physical and analytical properities throughout the levels of chemical education, students understanding would greatly improve. The universities would also benefit due to the consistency expected at each level. Identifying such compounds would also lend itself to saving funds by limiting the compounds students are exposed to."
Abstract The paper is written in NIH standard format style. It details a completely novel, potential experiment in determining prion protein pathogenesis by use of the Golgi. The paper outlines the specific aims, the materials and methods, expectations, and future work in a logical order. The purpose of this research is to determine whether or not the Golgi Apparatus is instrumental in facilitating the distribution of infectious prion proteins from infected neurons. It is hypothesized that constitutive exocytosis from the Trans end of the Golgi Apparatus is a vector through which infectious prions exit an infected neuron. It is also hypothesized that chemical inhibition of exocytosis may decrease formation of pathogenic PrPSc from healthy PrPc.
The paper includes figures.
From the Paper "Steps toward understanding the nature of these dreaded pathogens are extremely important. Many lives may depend on the development of a treatment, since it is unknown how many people may be carrying PrPSc. The death inflicted by prion illnesses is a slow, excruciating, unimaginably frightening ordeal. In addition, infectious prions are extremely resilient, able to withstand temperatures that carbonize meat, sterilizing doses of UV radiation, and standard autoclaving (4). The pathogenic PrPSc protein poses health risks to not only those who consume and work with beef, but also to physicians, nurses, and technicians who may be exposed to potentially-contaminated neurological tissue."
Abstract This paper explains that the implications and applications of Pasteur's work extend into differing areas including human health and medicine and the food industries. The author points out that Pasteur alone was responsible for boosting and saving many of France's most important and lucrative industrial sectors such as wine, silk and farm animals. The paper relates that Pasteur's findings on germs and vaccinations are still applied to human medical practices today; he was the first to demonstrate that injecting small amounts of a weakened strain of bacteria would render an organism immune from this bacteria's detrimental effects.
From the Paper "Pasteur's first major discoveries related directly to France's wine industry. Though yeast was already known to be the precursor for fermentation processes, Pasteur developed a deeper understanding of the process of fermentation. For example, he noted that while yeast causes the primary fermentation of a substance into alcohol, unwanted germs and bacteria can cause the product to sour. Applying his research to both the wine and beer industries in France, Pasteur discovered that heating the products kills the germs and therefore prevents the formation of souring agents like lactic acid. His process, called pasteurization after the esteemed scientist, was quickly applied to milk. Pasteurization works especially on substances like wine, beer, and milk, which contain large quantities of sugars: When microorganisms invade those substances, they interact with the sugars to cause souring."
Abstract Carbohydrates and fatty acids are major energy sources for muscle activity. Glycogen is stored in muscle tissue to allow quick conversion into glucose or pyruvate for use during times of exertion. However, these storage systems do not always function the way they should. Muscle glycogenoses is a group of glycogen storage diseases affecting muscle tissue. This paper details the various types of muscle glycogenoses, their respective pathways, and the physiological effects.
From the Paper "The blockage prevents patients from being able to adequately store properly packaged glycogen. The glycogen produced in the pathway lack adequate branching and results in liver and spleen symptoms. Further down the glycogenesis pathway, normally the resulting glycogen can be directly reprocessed into glucose through Acid Maltase. Glycogenosis Type II affects this Acid Maltase enzyme. Glycogen which enters the lysosome to be broken down to glucose never leaves the cell. Instead this metabolic error accumulates glycogen in the lysosomes critically affecting cellular functions."
Abstract This paper contains in-depth research and and statistical information on, tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by bacteria that can attack any part of the body but usually centers on the lungs. It is estimated that approximately 1/3 of the global population is infected with TB and that 7 to 8 million new cases are diagnosed each year. The writer details the symptoms of the disease and how it is spread. This paper also focuses on the current treatments available as well as the problem of drug resistant TB which is now increasing in prevalence in the U.S. and internationally.
From the Paper "In many countries infants and small children now receive a vaccine for TB known as BCG. It is not widely used in the U.S., but in countries where TB is common. However, BCG does not always protect people from TB. So, when taking a skin test, people who have been vaccinated with BCG may have a positive reaction. This may not mean the person has the disease. It could be due to the vaccination."
Tags: cdc, center, for, disease, control, drugs, vaccine
Abstract This paper provides a detailed overview of acids and bases in the pH scale, including the history, characteristics, types, and Ka values with chemistry and biology applications. The paper covers seven main parts: the history starting with the Romans; the definition of both an acid and a base; the characteristics of acids and bases; types of acids and bases; how to determine an acid number; the relationship between acids and bases to the pH scale; and aqueous and self-ionization solutions. I. Introduction A. What do acids and alkalines have in common? 1.To test whether temperature affected the acidity of different liquids. 2. The complexity and fascination of such project. 3. If different types of liquids were utilized, then temperature would certainly make a difference, however minimal. II. History A. The history of acids have dated back centuries. 1. The Romans first coined the term acidus. 2. Lavoisier's work with acids. 3. Predecessors, such as Arrhenius. III. Definition of acid A. The definition of acids have been controversial at times. 1. The Arrhenius definition 2. The Bronsted definition 3. The Lewis definition IV. Characterizing acids in general B. The nature of acids 1. Sourness 2. Dissolving in water V. Types of Acids A. Strong acids 1. Fundamental characteristics. 2. Dangerous 3. Larger Ka values B. Weak acids 1. Fundamental characteristics 2. Smaller Ka values 3. Equilibrium watch VI. Characterizing Bases. A. Bases are the opposite of acids 1. The Arrhenius definition 2. Characteristics B. Strong and weak bases VII. Acidity A. Acid number has a lot of relation to everything else 1. Determining acid number 2. Acid numbers importance B. pH is the epitome of research 1. Aqueous solution 2. Self- ionization 3. Definitions
From the Paper "What do acids and alkaline truly have in common? The history of the understanding of an acid is relatively old. Dating back to the Roman Empire days, came the word that we derived acid from, acidus, meaning sour. Around the 1800s, French chemists erroneously believed that all acids contained oxygen, including the famed Antoine Lavoisier. Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish scientist in the mid 1800s and a Nobel laureate, did a few experimentations with acids, and came up with concocting a definitive, chemically sound definition of an acid. Later on, in the 20th century, the partners Bronsted and Lowry initiated theories about acids using and published the acid-based concept. The most pragmatic research of acids and bases came from the American chemist Gilbert Lewis. Ever since then, the idea of acids and base has been widely recognized, although the definitions of such terms have been rather controversial."
Abstract This paper begins with a brief history of dyes, discussing both the origins and development of natural dyes as well as the development of synthetic dyes. Next, the paper describes the experiment the author of the paper conducted in an effort to scientifically discover which natural dyes work the best when dyeing plain cotton cloth. The description of the experiment includes a list of the materials used, an explanation of the procedure used in the experiment, a discussion of the results obtained, and a look at what can be concluded from the experiment.
Table of Contents
Introduction
History
Synthetic Dyes
Materials
Procedures
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "Color fascinates us! Different colors are being combined every day to add flavor to life. Today cloth can be made in any color of the rainbow. To dye something means to stain, or give new permanent color to. Natural dyes have existed for a long period of time in many different countries. Years ago, reds and browns were the most common colors used for clothing. They were mostly made from a variety of berries and barks. Blues and purples were the most difficult to make. Most dyes were obtained from animal, fruit, and vegetable extracts. The pigment of the substance used is taken out, and a cloth is submerged in the coloring solution. Finally, a dazzling new color is stained onto the cloth."
Abstract This paper describes the functions, structure and activity of pyruvate decarboxylase. The paper also explains that the enzyme is very stable, and extremely easy to purify as well as its kinetic property and the oxidation processes for the enzyme. Additionally, the paper describes the anaerobic conditions of pyruvate decarboxylase and the three stages of aerobic respiration. Numerous figures are provided throughout the paper to help explain the topic.
From the Paper "The curve for v[S], the same as pryuvate decarboxylase, shows that catalytic activity inside of the enzyme has to be regulated by a substrate. The inactive enzyme can only be activated by 2-oxo acids and 2-oxo acid amides. These cannot be a substrate inside of the enzyme. The actual dissociation constant completely depends on electrophilic nature of a carbonyl group, the structure of the activator molecules are completely independent from the saturation concentration of the catalytic activity."
Abstract The paper offers an extensive research on zeolites which are silicate minerals composed of silicon, aluminum and sodium. It gives a technical definition of zeolites, its uses and properties. The author also discusses catalysts and their importance. In conclusion, it discusses specific modifications of zeolites.
Introduction
Zeolites as Catalysts
Importance of Catalysts
Zeolites as Ion-exchangers
Zeolites as Adsorbents
Uses of zeolites
Properties of Zeolites
Modification of Zeolites
Conclusion
From the Paper "The unique channels and high surface area of zeolites provide these materials with a high adsorption capacity and shape-selective adsorption. Zeolites have been used to adsorb a variety of materials, which includes applications in drying, purification and separation. They can remove water to very low partial pressures and are very effective desiccants, with a capacity of up to more than 25% of their weight in water. They can also remove volatile organic chemicals from air streams, separate isomers and mixtures of gases."
Abstract This paper is a write-up of chemistry experiments exploring Boyle's Law. The paper looks at changes in pressure accompanying changes in volume of the gases propane and butane. Graphs are plotted of the results to see if the gases obey Boyle's Law of the volume being inversely proportional to the pressure when the temperature remains constant.
