Abstract An argumentative paper about the negative effects of human cloning. The author discusses the moral, ethical and religious issues that he believes outweigh the medical advances of cloning. Included is an overview of what cloning is and how it could effect society in the future.
From the Paper "Human cloning is a controversial topic, the public regards it as inappropriate, while the leaders of certain scientific communities believe it is a sound practice that could be researched and used to benefit society. Human cloning is a form of genetic engineering, which most people consider morally wrong and, "Playing God". Through cloning an individual, you create an exact physical duplicate of that person, however, memories, personality and opinions are not recreated, and so differences do exist. Many pros and cons can be found when looking at cloning in depth, but it is my opinion that overall, it is not a beneficial procedure. There are just too many ethical issues that outweigh medical advances and prolonging life spans. A race has been started between scientists, everyone wants to be the first to clone an adult human, however with hopes of personal glorification and publicity, they have lost sight of the moral and religious issues at hand. Human cloning means creating a breed of people that have no flaws or imperfections, and since perfection does not exist, the clone could be nothing but a disappointment."
From the Paper "THC has a range of physiological and psychological effects on the body. Typically, it produces a mild euphoric intoxication, a sense of well-being, alterations in sense of space and time. Quite likely, THC reduces anxiety and relaxes your tension while it intensifies your sense of sound, touch ,or taste, which often stimulates your appetite. It is suspected that THC has something to do with the Lateral Hypothalamus that control the appetite. For this reason, marijuana is employed as an appetite stimulant for patients with serious illnesses such as AIDS or terminal cancer who need to eat in order to survive. In addition, marijuana is also medically beneficial for pain relief, control of nausea and the treatment of asthma and glaucoma."
Abstract In this paper the author takes an in-depth look at Ethanol. The author makes mention of the different ways that it can be produced, its various characteristics, chemical composition and uses. The paper concludes with various arguments as to why ethanol has so many benefits and is so useful and argues why it may well be the "fuel of the future".
From the paper:
?Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol) is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic, agreeable odor. In dilute aqueous solution, it has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in more concentrated solutions it has a burning taste. Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is an alcohol, a group of chemical compounds whose molecules contain a hydroxyl group, ? OH ? bonded to a carbon atom.?
Abstract Written in the style of a scientific review article for a journal, this paper compares the sanitation of wood versus plastic cutting boards. One of the main points emphasized is the ability of each material to prevent disease and bacteria.
From the Paper "Every home, restaurant, and commercial food processing area needs a cutting and chopping surface. The materials these surfaces are made of have been under scrutiny as possible sources of foodborne illness. Most cutting board safety issues relate to cross-contamination, which results from processing ready-to-eat, non-cooked items (such as a salad) on a board previously used to cut animal products (1,6). The residue from the animal product inoculates the non-cooked food with pathogenic microflora. This residue, called biofilm, can be made of any number of food products, but the most common sources of pathogenic bacteria result from a biofilm deposit of chicken or beef extract ("juice")."
Abstract This paper is a biography of Marie Curie's life, as well as her work and impact in the fields of physics and chemistry. It also pays particular notice to radioactivity. The paper is based on the strong theme that ?nothing in life is to be feared, only understood,? a quote attributed to Marie Curie herself.
From the Paper "Marie's childhood was not a perfect one by any means. She was the fifth child in her family, and soon after she was born, both of her parents lost their jobs as teachers. Despite losing their jobs, Marie's parents still managed to instill into their daughter the value of education, and had taught her to read by age 4. Her parents also instilled in Marie a sense of duty. This, combined with the family's economic circumstances lead Marie to lead ?the most Spartan of lives.? ["Marie Curie", Minist?re des Affaires "trang"res de la R"publique Fran"aise, 1.] Marie's childhood continued to be harsh, as she had to deal with the deaths of both her mother, and one of her sisters by age 11. This only served to create a sense of ?agnosticism that would later bolster her faith in science,? ["Marie Curie", Minist?re des Affaires "trang"res de la R"publique Fran"aise, 1.] however. Despite the many setbacks that seemed to litter her childhood, Marie persevered. In spite of the long hours she spent helping cook meals for the boarders that her family had taken in, at age 15, Marie won a medal for excellence at her high school, where the examinations where administered in Russian. She dreamed of someday becoming a scientist?something that was not socially-acceptable for women to do in Poland in the 1880?s."
Abstract This paper provides a definition of "acid rain" and how it is formed. It looks at the dangers of acid rain and the damage it is doing to the environment. It briefly examines options and programs that can be performed to reduce acid rain.
From the Paper "The term "acid rain" is a little misleading. Rain is naturally acidic, from both carbon dioxide in the air and absorption of chlorine from the ocean (Gordon, 2002). All compounds can be measured for acidity or alkalinity on a Ph scale ranging from 0 ? 14, with anything below 7 showing at least slight acidity. Rain is judged "acid" when its Ph falls below 5. (Gordon, 2002) Environmental scientists are concerned because in some parts of our country, the level of acidity in rain and snow has increased beyond its normal levels. This has had a serious impact in several areas, including our forests in the northeast and many of our most valued monuments."
Abstract Discusses benefits of ethanol as a renewable fuel & valuable resource. Fuel Cell technology. Internal combustion engine & exhaust problems of air pollution. Expansion of ethanol use. "Flex-fuel" vehicles. How fuel cells work. Effect on environment. Need to use ethanol as a fuel resource, not as a waste product.
From the Paper "Ethanol, once considered a hazardous waste product of many industrial processes is no longer viewed in that light. Now, it is a valuable resource, much sought after, particular in fuel cell technology (Ethanol as a renewable fuel, 2000). The internal combustion engine gains its energy from the heat released during the combustion of the non-reacted working fluids, the oxidizer-fuel mixer (Britannica, 2000). The process occurs within the engine, and is a part of the thermodynamic cycle of the device. Useful work generated by the internal combustion engine results from the hot, gaseous products of combustion acting on moving surfaces of the engine, such as the face of a piston, a turbine blade, or a nozzle.
The most common example of the internal combustion engine, the intermittent combustion engine, is characterized by periodic..."
Abstract This paper explains that, while many poisonous vapors may be present during a fire, carbon monoxide has characteristics that make it particularly dangerous because it causes oxygen deprivation. This author suggests that the solution for firefighters is a piece of equipment called a SCBA (self-contained breathing apparatus), which includes a face mask, bottled air supply, a regulator to control pressure, and a harness to carry the apparatus on the firefighter's back. The paper stresses that fire departments must replace all their breathing apparatus at once so they are standardized, and every firefighter has the same level of protection.
From the Paper "When SCBA devices were first developed, they were sold as units. Today, however, most departments buy each piece of apparatus separately. This means that each firefighter has his or her own face mask, which reduces the chance of contagious illnesses being spread because multiple users used the same mask while one of them was coming down with something. In addition, departments need to buy extra masks in case masks get damaged. They also need extra bottles, because one bottle per firefighter may not be enough air, making a bottle exchange necessary. This makes it even more important that components be compatible with one another."
Abstract This paper describes how greenhouse gases contribute to global warming. It begins by describing how greenhouse gases occur in the atmosphere. It discusses the importance of greenhouse gases and then describes what causes the harmful greenhouse effect. Finally, the paper describes the negative impact of the greenhouse effect on the Earth's environment.
From the Paper "Greenhouse gases are components of the atmosphere that contribute to the warming of the Earth. Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, such as: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Human activities have increased the concentrations of these gases over time. The burning of fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas as well as other activities like deforestation, has lead to higher concentrations of Carbon dioxide. Live stock, paddy rice farming and losses of pipelines have lead to higher concentration of methane in the atmosphere. Activities, such as the use of nitrogenous fertilizers for agricultural reasons, and the burning of vegetation, have increased the nitrous oxide concentrations. The only greenhouse gas that is not directly affected by human activity is water vapor (Greenhouse gas, 2007)."
From the Paper "Science can be broadly defined as the development of knowledge about the physical world. The history of science is the explanation of the development of this knowledge. Science is often viewed as cumulative and progressive by its nature. Such views, however, can have profound implications because not all scientists or theorists follow the cumulative view. Scientists use both deductive and inductive reasoning to hypothesize the possibility of a useful theory. They also seem to be able to decide or discover more easily which theories are false rather than which theories are true. While the proving or disproving of scientific theory plays a vital part in the growth of science and scientific inquiry, the way that the actual progress or creation and discovery of new ideas and paradigms of thought is at the center of scientific research. Does science move forward in a cumulative and progressive manner or does it move forward in leaps and bounds? "
From the Paper "Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder characterized by an inability of the body to utilize one of the constituents of a normal diet- phenylalanine (PHE), which is one of the essential amino acids. Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized within the body. It means that they have to be taken in from the foods. PHE is found in all protein foods such as meat, eggs, fish, milk, cheese, and so forth. "
Abstract This paper discusses the results and conclusions from a chemistry experiment about the preparation and reversible oxygenation of the Co(II)(salen) complex.
From the Paper "The tetradentate N,N'-bis(salicylaldehyde)ethylenediimine 3, SalenH2, was prepared by the Schiff's base condensation of salicylaldehyde 1 and ethylenediamine 2 via the elimination of water1. SalenH2 3, was then used to prepare the red inactive form of the complex N,N'-bis(salicylaldehyde)ethylenediimino)cobalt(II) 4, Co(salen).
The inactive form of Co(salen) 4, consists of dimeric units in which the cobalt atom of one molecule interacts with an oxygen atom lone pair of the second molecule1. The inactive form of Co(salen) was investigated in DMSO in which oxygen is rapidly absorbed. The binding of the oxygen to cobalt was measured and was found that one mole of oxygen bound to two moles of cobalt. Values of the ratio for oxygen to cobalt are dependent on the nature of the ligands, temperature and solvents."
From the Paper "The reaction of salicylaldehyde 1 with diethyl malonate 2 was reacted in a basic environment with piperidine 3. The reaction was a base catalysed condensation which also involved a transesterification step to produce 3-carbethoxycoumarin 4. The purification of 3-carbethoxycoumarin 4 was achieved through filtration. The experiment was successful with the product being identified as 3-carbethoxycioumarin 4; it was identified as such through its' melting point, IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR."
From the Paper "Cleaved and uncleaved solutions of PVOH were involved in viscosity measurements. These measurements were undertaken so as to determine the molecular weight of the PVOH solutions. The apparatus constant for the Ostwald viscometer was calculated to be 1.435 x 10-4. The specific viscosity was also determined and used to plot graphs of hsp/c vs. c, and 1/c ln h/ho vs. c. From these plots the intrinsic viscosity was extrapolated to a concentration of zero.
The values of the molecular weights were averaged and reported for both the uncleaved and cleaved product. The values obtained for Mv were 26,731.3 g/mol and 4615.4 g/mol, respectively. The values obtained for Mn were 14145.6 g/mol and 2442 g/mol, respectively. The values obtained for D for all the graphs was 5.89 x 10-3."
Abstract The paper defines types of ballistics and goes into depth on terminal ballistics, velocity, and one-stop shots. The author discusses the effects and actions of the projectile upon impact of a target specifically the human body. What happens when a bullet strikes human flesh? Dismisses several theories in the field using FBI research.
From the Paper "The study of the firing of projectiles, their flight and how they strike a target is called ballistics. There are several categories of ballistics including internal ballistics, external or exterior ballistics and terminal ballistics. Internal ballistics is concerned with the behavior of the bullet or projectile from the moment it is fired until it leaves the gun barrel. Exterior ballistics deals with the flight of a projectile after it leaves the barrel. One major effect of the bullet's flight is the pull of gravity, which causes the bullet to immediately drop after leaving the barrel and fly on a parabolic path. Terminal ballistics however, is concerned with when the bullet hits a target and the effects produced by that bullet."
