Abstract This paper presents a review of legal issues surrounding a chemical castration law for the state of California. It looks at the design of the law as a measure to protect children from sexual offenders. The paper looks at current methods of chemical castration, the vagueness of the law and the question of whether chemical castration is a treatment or punishment.
From the Paper "Today as it tries to deal with the reality of the sexual abuse of children within its borders the state of California is faced with a quandary. On the one hand the sexual abuse of children is an appalling fact that devastates thousands ..."
Abstract This paper shows that one of the main concerns in Chemical Mechanical Planarization processing is the material removal rate (MRR). The paper also critically reviews the existing MRR models of CMP and compares the assumptions, application aspects and limitations of the two groups? models.
From the Paper "Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) is the process of surface smoothing and planing by a combination of mechanical action and chemical dissolution. This process is achieved by rubbing a work piece against a polishing pad under load in the presence of chemically active slurry containing an abrasive. CMP is one of the most effective planarization technologies for achieving smaller feature size for the integrated circuit (IC) industry. "
Abstract This paper looks at the harrowing effects of chemical warfare and how it changed the face of war during WWI. It gives examples of the types of weaponry used, their side effects and how these have developed to become the destructive arms of today.
From the Paper "According to many of the period's experts, WWI was supposed to be fought by large numbers of men, in a heroic fashion, with the other technologically advanced weapons such as planes, machine-guns and tanks. Instead of the 'normal' war of the attacker winning and the defender put on the run, this war was interrupted by trench warfare and battles of attrition. Trenches were the norm, and to help get battles back to 'natural' means, gas was put into practice to help each side get back into (in their eyes at the time) a more modern conflict. So what were these chemical weapons? How and when were they used? What role did they play in the soldier's day-to-day life both physically and psychologically? "
Tags: bombs, chemicals, france, gas, germany, hague, history, military, trench, war, warfare, wwi
Abstract Mosquitoes are insects that have been around for approximately 30 million years. Mosquitoes can sense carbon dioxide and lactic acid up to 100 feet away. If a person wears light or white clothing, mosquitoes can see him/her and zero in on him/her. Mosquitoes can detect heat. One way to stop mosquitoes is to confuse their chemical receptors.
Tags: NURSING, HEALTHCARE / HEALTH AND HEALTHCARE ISSUES, chemical mosquito pesticides
Abstract This paper describes chemical warfare in insects. The paper begins by offering a definition of the chemistry of vision. Next the paper discusses the role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cancer. Then the paper explains the effect of chlorfluorocarbons on the ozone layer, nature, chemistry and sources of petroleum.
Tags:chemical warfare among insects, chemistry of vision, polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons and cancer, chlorofluorocarbons and the ozone hole, petroleum
This paper explores some of the leading theories that attempt to explain why people use recreational chemicals and why they might become addicted to these drugs.
Abstract This paper reviews several factors that help to modify individual's substance-use pattern including the physical reinforcement value of the drugs being abused, the social reinforcement value, cultural rules that govern recreational chemical use and the individuals life goals. The author points out that the medical or disease model of addiction plays an important role in the treatment of substance abuse. The paper relates that most recently, drawing on medicine's growing understanding of human genetics, scientists have attempted to identify the genetic basis for alcoholism and the other forms of drug addiction.
Table of Contents:
Factors That Influence Recreational Drug Use
The Process of Becoming a Drug Abuser
Biological/Physiological Theories of Substance Abuse
The Medical Model of Drug Addiction
The Biological Differences Theories
The Physical Reward Potential
Sociological/Cultural Theories of Substance Abuse
The Social Learning Components of Drug Use
Cultural/Social Influences on Chemical Use Patterns
Relationship between Different Social Groups and the Parent Culture
Social Feedback Mechanisms and Drug Use
Personality/ Individual Theories of Substance Abuse
Individual Expectations as a Component of Drug Use
Individuals' Life Goals as Helping to Shape Chemical Use
The Chemical Use of Decision-Making Process
The Personality Predisposition Theories of Substance Abuse
Ego State and Drug of Choice
Conclusion
From the Paper "In support of the psychoanalytic model of addictions, an impressive body of evidence suggests that certain personality traits do seem to predispose the individual to specific forms of drug abuse. When forces conspired to limit the amount and quality of heroin available in Australia's capital territory, heroin addicts did not appear to switch their drug of choice in large numbers, suggesting that the particular drug played a specific role in their lives that could not be fulfilled by other chemicals. ... found that heroin-dependent people demonstrated higher scores for the traits of novelty-seeking and self-directedness on the Cloninger TCI personality test than did alcohol-dependent people..."
Tags: recreational, scores, withdrawal, alcoholism, medical
Abstract This paper examines chemical and biological weapons, by defining them, defining their use in past wars and their use today. It illustrates the repetition of history in the correlation between historical use of mass destruction weapons and today. The paper uses Vonnegut's novel "Cat's Cradle" as an example to poses a scenario in which an ultimate chemical weapon (ice-nine) is used on soldiers. The paper shows that the greed in the novel results from the creation of chemical and biological weapons, which threaten to tear apart the world, which it eventually does, leaving a barren frosty wasteland.
From the Paper "For the last century, the use of chemical and biological weapons has stood in the back of people's minds as an impersonal and distant horror. This is especially true in the United States, which did not see the poisonous clouds over its battlefields or the sight of businessmen choking to death on its subways like Europe and Japan did. This has changed in recent times, with cases of anthrax continuing to arise from within the bounds of America. Though this danger of chemical and biological weapons is not anywhere near the proportions seen in the novel Cat's Cradle, by Kurt Vonnegut, it has shown Americans that the threat and destructive power of chemical and biological weapons is valid. Now more than ever it seems that more measures need to be taken to stop the production and use of deadly chemical and biological weapons."
Abstract In this report the writer explains chemical warfare and list the types of agents which can be used. It describes how a person is affected and the great potential hazards and dangers. The writer provides an overview of historical cases when chemical warfare has been used and explains how it's transmitted. The paper gives specific examples of certain types, and lastly, looks at how a person can be protected from chemical warfare.
From the Paper "On April 22 in 1915, six thousand pressurized cylinders full of chlorine gas were released into the wind near the Belgian village of Ypres. The chlorine floated in huge clouds slowly being carried by the wind until it reached an ally army to Germany, then killing 10,000 soldiers. Because of the amount of gas released the chlorine caused large amounts of yellowish fluid to form in the lungs of the soldiers causing them to choke to death. Germany attacked again another two days later killing another 5,000 soldiers with chlorine gas. This was the first chemical weapon attack in history and chlorine was the first chemical agent. Since then there have been a handful more times when chemicals have been used to attack other people and with the terrorist attacks on 9-11 Americans know the fear of chemicals being used against us. In this report I will explain chemical warfare, list the types, describe how a person is affected, explain when they’ve been used, explain how it’s transmitted, give specific examples of certain types, and lastly, how a person is protected from chemical warfare."
Abstract The paper first assesses the potential risk to the environment of these chemicals that are industrial dischargers. The writer describes the governmental regulations that have attempted to halt the production and discharge of these chemicals into the water supply. The paper then explains the ways in which the ingestion of these chemicals can harm individuals who unfortunately encounter polluted water supplies.
From the Paper "Centrifugation or filtration is necessary to remove particulate or suspended matter prior to analysis. This method has the advantage of separating and analyzing two or more substances in the event of a mixed spill. Again this method should be combined with mass spectrometry to positively identify the sample. Another method involves the use of infrared spectroscopy for concentrations of 4 to 40 ppm toluene in water. The sample is acidified, extracted, and then scanned in the spectrophotometer. There is minimal sample loss due to volatilization, however, one must know the identity of the compound being analyzed (Norris and Dowd, 1994, 458-462)."
Abstract This paper argues that chemical castration is a viable, cost-effective option that ought to be given more consideration in dealing with sex offenders in our society. Chemical castration is a treatment-based approach and is most suitable for convicted sex offenders who also receive receive psychotherapy and behavior modification treatment. Various chemical methods are described in this paper, such as CPAs, MPAs and SSRIs.
From the Paper "Chemical castration is a relatively new treatment method for altering the deviant behaviors of convicted sex offenders. In the United States, this method has been employed since the 1960s and has been enshrouded with controversy since its inception. Many Americans remain divided on this issue for a variety of reasons, a few of which include its effectiveness, potential side effects stemming from the use of pharmacological agents, humane concerns, lack of research and conclusive findings, and disapproval for releasing sex offenders back into society. However, chemical castration shows potential as being a very viable option to be used in conjunction with other treatment methods (e.g.- psychotherapy and behavior modification), and deserves to not be discounted prematurely. As with any new treatment approach, longitudinal research and findings require ample time and funding to produce conclusive results, and in the least, chemical castration appears promising enough to warrant further studies before being excluded."
Abstract This paper looks at the prevalence of chemical dependence and mental illness in adolescents and some its causes. The paper discusses primary and secondary causes as well as the most common chemicals abused. It also looks at the brain chemistry involved, and examines the genetic basis of chemical dependencies.
From the Paper "Substance abuse by adolescents is a pattern of substance, drug or alcohol use leading to significant problems e.g., absence from school, interference with family or friend relationships or legal problems. Substance dependence is the continued use of drugs or alcohol even when significant problems related to their use have developed. There may be an increased tolerance to the drug of choice, a need for increased amounts of the drug to attain the same desired effect, withdrawal symptoms with decreased use difficulty stopping..."
Abstract In this article the writer discusses that, throughout time, the quest to dominate another is limited only to the imagination of one man poised against the other. The writer points out that sometimes common flu symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, coughing, and shortness of breath are the first signs of chemical and biological warfare (CBW). The writer maintains that for some reason, the more one searches for answers to counter the effects of CBW the worse it gets. In this essay, discussion centers upon the 1972 Biological Weapon's Convention and the Geneva Protocol. The writer focuses on scientific research in this regard and identifies several items that are being used to help detect biological and chemical agents.
Outline:
Abstract
Advantages
Disadvantages
Chemical Agents and their Effects
From the Paper "Throughout history, chemical and biological weapons (CBW), warriors and terrorists have used a wide range of tactics and techniques to help defeat their enemy on and off the battlefield. These weapons are used in war to gain the upper advantage against a more formidable adversary, to enhance the political status of a rogue terrorist group, or to cripple the economy of a nation from the simple mailing of a threatening letter with powder. Whatever the reason, the unknown effects of a release can be devastating. Law enforcement personnel who respond to the initial crisis of a release or assist with the aftermath have to know the difference between a chemical and a biological agent release. These weapons of war also have evolved from throwing rocks and sticks at each other to the unthinkable weapons of mass destruction called bioterrorism. You may ask yourself, what is bioterrorism? The Center for Disease Control defines bioterrorism as the intentional or threatened use of bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, or plants and involves intimidation of nations or people to accomplish political or social ends."
Abstract In this paper the author takes an in-depth look at Ethanol. The author makes mention of the different ways that it can be produced, its various characteristics, chemical composition and uses. The paper concludes with various arguments as to why ethanol has so many benefits and is so useful and argues why it may well be the "fuel of the future".
From the paper:
?Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol) is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic, agreeable odor. In dilute aqueous solution, it has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in more concentrated solutions it has a burning taste. Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is an alcohol, a group of chemical compounds whose molecules contain a hydroxyl group, ? OH ? bonded to a carbon atom.?
Abstract This paper examines the use of chemical and biological weapons during World War II. It uses many academic sources with eyewitness accounts of the horrors of this type of warfare. It discusses the types of chemical weapons used, such as mustard gas and liquid chlorine. The author discusses the attempts of the international community to abstain from this type of inhumane warfare since World War II.
From the Paper "All weapons cause damage, but what makes many chemical and biological materials so dangerous is the extent of the damage they can produce. These are weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Chemical and biological weapons are two of the three kinds of WMD, and nuclear weapons are the third type. Chemical warfare is the intentional use of toxic (poisonous) substances resulting in death or injury. World War I is universally considered the beginning of the era of "significant" use of chemical warfare due to the unique "confluence of chemical science and military technology" at the time. "
Tags: wmd, warfare, mass, destruction, german, britsh, french, mustard, gas, liquid, chlorine, world, war, i, wwii
Abstract This paper discusses how Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) is one of the most effective methods in achieving adequate local and global surface planarization and how chemical mechanical polishing of copper attracts a lot of interest. It examines the effects of different factors including the slurry, polishing pads and down force etc. on the quality of planarized copper layer in CMP Cu. It also presents, a new CMP copper technique with the name of ?Abrasive-free polishing (AFP)?.
Outline
Introduction to CMP and CMP Copper(Cu)
Techniques of CMP copper
Removal Mechanism
Slurry-- Chemistry
Slurry?Abrasives Particles
Processing Factors
Polishing Pads
Abrasive-Free Polishing of Copper-a New Technique
Conclusions
From the Paper "Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of using copper (Cu) for low resistivity electrical connections in microelectronic devices.1,2 In fact, copper is one of most commonly used pure metals in the electrical industry because of its low conduct resistivity of about 6?10-8W-m and excellent mechanical properties as well. There are various methods to deposit Cu thin films, for example, electroplating, electroless plating, sputtering and thermal evaporation can be used.3.4 The copper thin films achieved by these techniques, especially those from the electrochemical techniques, are not planar enough to promise a successful multilevel interconnection. However, in fabrication of a logic device with five or more layers, at least one layer should be perfectly planar. Lack of layer planarity may lead to severe problems for photo-lithography (such as insufficient focus depth) and dry etching in sub 0.5 mm 5. Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) is one of the most effective methods in achieving adequate local and global surface planarization.6 Therefore, chemical mechanical polishing of copper attracts a lot of interests in recent years."
