Abstract This paper discusses how race has been a consideration in sentencing guidelines for quite some time and how there is a concern that perhaps the sentencing guidelines and the entire criminal justice system are racially biased. It attempts to show that there is disparity between the sentencing guidelines given to Caucasians and non-Caucasians and looks at the extent race plays a part in the prosecution for different crimes. In an effort to be fair, opposing views are discussed, and the problems and proposed solutions are discussed as well. It also shows how it can be seen that individuals who are of minority races often meet with harsher punishments than others who come into the criminal justice system.
Outline
Introduction
Is it Discrimination?
Courts, Judges and the Real World
The Burden of Proof and Suspicion
Minorities and the Law
Drug Laws and Minorities
Minorities, the Death Penalty and the Community
From the Paper "There are Caucasian individuals in this country that would argue that minority races have more crime and that they are not as good of individuals as those of Caucasian ancestry. However, this does not necessarily mean that this observation is accurate. One must consider the possibility that those that are of minority race in this country are not committing crimes at a higher rate, but that they are being targeted at a higher rate and therefore the crimes that they do commit are being discovered more than the crimes that are committed by Caucasian individuals . Many of these crimes relate to drugs and so the main focus of this paper will be on the issue of drug crimes. However, other crimes will be considered in order to show that this is something that travels across the entire criminal spectrum and is not limited to one area of crime. This is important to understand because it indicates the racial biases that individuals in this country hold are not related to the particular type of crime and are tied only to the race of the individual in question."
Abstract This paper attempts to show that there is disparity between the sentencing guidelines that are given to Caucasians and to non-Caucasians and to look at the extent race plays a part in the prosecution for different crimes. In an effort to be fair, opposing views on this subject are discussed and the problems and proposed solutions are discussed as well. By examining all of these issues, the paper attempts to show that individuals who are of minority races often meet with harsher punishments than others who come into the criminal justice system.
Outline:
Introduction
Review of Literature
Hypotheses
Research Design
Analysis of Data
Implications of Proposed Research
From the Paper "There are many more minorities in the prison system and on death row than there are Caucasian individuals, and there are more men than women. For the purposes of this paper the gender differences will not be an issue. Whether they are male or female will be irrelevant; the only concern will be with what race they belong to. According to the Supreme Court, there should be equal treatment for all individuals who are found to the guilty of an infraction of the law (Saltzburg, 2003). This should be true regardless of the race of the individuals but sadly there seems to be loopholes in the criminal justice system which cause many of these individuals to fall into difficulty with the law and then to have trouble getting out of this cycle of scrutiny and arrest (Thompson, 1999). "
Abstract This paper explains that the discovery of the Urumchi mummies in the Uyghur Autonomous Region, in the Xianjiang province of China raised a furor in the West because not only were there mummies in China but also they were created more than 500 years before either Ramses II or Tutankhamen ruled Egypt. These mummies appeared to be Caucasian rather than Asian in appearance probably Celtics who wandered eastward 2,000-4,000 years ago. The author relates that the case of the Urumchi mummies and the other mummies of the Xianjiang region of China has created a controversy in recent years because the ethnic Uyghur Chinese separatists claim that they are descended from these Caucasians and therefore Xianjiang should not be considered a part of China but rather of Europe instead.
From the Paper "The mummies, displayed in the Urumchi Museum, have proven to be some of the most magnificent specimens of any of the Silk Road mummies. They range from a man that was buried with ten different hats amongst his burial goods, to a group known as Three Women and a Child. They are attired in brightly colored textiles, exhibit hairstyles, and fabric patterns that are traditional for the Celtic Tribes of the Bronze Age. From what Wayland Barber has been able to hypothesize from their clothing, and the other goods that were buried with them, they led a nomadic lifestyle that was common at the time, in, many parts of Europe, and Asia."
Abstract This paper examines the difficulties in creating a multi-denominational and multicultural congregation. The author lists the major factors for creating such a congregation and provides an historical overview of Pentecostal, Christian, Caucasian and African-American, Roman Catholic, and Messianic congregation to support his opinion.
From the Paper "Creating a truly multi-denominational, multicultural, congregation from the ground up is a difficult challenge. Part of this has to do with the fact that historically, a cultures identity gets lost in the loss of ritual and community. A charismatic congregation seems to have the most open forum for spiritual expression it allows for a good foundation for which to build a healthy non-restrictive congregation due to the fact that its doctrines and practices allow for the individual take part in an individual's own representation of worship. Thirdly, some of its philosophies are very widely excepted, and easily translatable between denominations, religions, and cultures. However, charismatic congregations alone do not foster multicultural fortitude.
Along with the good foundation of charismatic ideals, there needs to be an active and dynamic set of standards to foster and nurture this sense of multicultural congruency within the congregation. In defining some of these ideas, as well as exploring the history of effective multicultural denominations and observing some the culture in these congregations, in particular Roman Catholicism, Pentecostal, in particular congregations with primarily Baltic Russian and African-American background, and Messianic Judaism, correlations can be made as to effective ideals, practices and doctrines for a charismatic multicultural congregation."
Abstract This paper provides an in-depth analysis regarding intercultural communication between African Americans and Caucasians. This paper will attempt to explore the root of intercultural miscommunication as well as provide examples of its effect on interpersonal relationships.
Abstract This paper contends that members of the native culture themselves benefit most from their assimilation into the mainstream, and the mainstream society also benefits. The author bases his argument on his first-hand experience with the assimilation of a Navajo family living on a New Mexico Reservation. The paper points out that, for the Caucasian cultures in America, true and complete assimilation takes at least several generations and may not even be entirely possible.
From the Paper "What constitutes a benefit? Admittedly, there is some room for subjectivity here, but something obtained by an individual or group that advances its progress toward whatever goals it has or the removal of an obstruction to those goals could be considered benefits. Some of these benefits could be characterized as availability of food, healthcare, education, wealth, influence, status, artistic achievement, freedom from prejudice, etc. How these things endure from one generation to the next could also be considered a benefit. Benefits can also be prioritized according to a scale of needs and wants, i.e., acquisition of food and shelter are higher priority than say acquiring a country club membership or a famous set of Kachina dolls."
Abstract This paper contains a report on the book, including the author's thesis, evidence she uses to prove her thesis, and how convincing a case she makes. It explains how the author analyzes how ancient civilizations of Asia and Europe expanded from common places of origin. It also questions where these Caucasians came from. It explains that Elizabeth Wayland Barber, an archaeologist at Occidental College, asks herself those questions and begins a fascinating journey along the Silk Road into prehistoric time.
From the Paper "Barber's book chronicles the mummies found in and around the Urumchi area of Eurasia. The mummies are quite interesting for several reasons, including the vivid and beautiful clothing they wore, and the fact that they appeared to be distinctly Caucasian, rather than Asian or Mongoloid, which one would expect from the area they were found. Early in the book she raises many questions about these fascinating mummies, including where they came from, why they were entombed where they were, and even speculatively, what language they may have spoken. While Barber's archeological specialty is textiles, which she does cover extensively, she takes the study of the mummies much further in this book, as one reviewer noted. "In the process, she takes us through the entire process of modern archeology -- comparative linguistics, tracking down ancient original sources, studying the climate of the time, carbon dating, following artifacts as they move through different cultures..." (St. Philip). Clearly, Barber hopes to solve the mystery of these tantalizing mummies, and take the reader along with her as she makes her own voyage of discovery. What she finds is both fascinating and amazing."
Tags: prehistoric, archeologist, mummy, civilization, caucasian, europe, asia
Abstract In this article, the writer looks at the Reconstruction period and examines how the African-Americans were treated. The writer also discusses that there were issues that Caucasian individuals had to deal with as well, and many of these issues also affected the African-American population. The writer concludes that African-Americans have never completely gained their freedom, but things are working toward more freedom for African-Americans. The writer maintains that when they are no longer judged by the color of their skin, they will truly be free.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
African-Americans and Bias
Violence and Significance
Problems with Reconstruction
The Emancipation Proclamation
Land Grants and Job Opportunities
Masters and Freedmen
The Freedom of African-Americans
Conclusion
From the Paper "Originally, the Reconstruction was hailed as a terribly boring time in U.S. history, but much of it is rich with interesting information and recently some credibility has come back to it, designating it a part of history that deserves further study. Many believed that everything that was learned and accomplished throughout the Reconstruction had been lost before it was actually over and that the idea of social improvement that it carried ended up being a failure. However, some of the things that were accomplished during the reconstruction and a great deal of what was learned remained with the country after it was over and built the foundations for many of the things that go on today.
The Reconstruction period was very valuable for many reasons and not all of these had to do with the emancipation of African-American individuals. Examples such as the slaves who took care of Jefferson Davis's plantation after he died indicated that African-Americans were very much interested in the reconstruction and found it very valuable."
Abstract This paper discusses the achievement gap between African-American and Caucasian students as it relates to education. It discusses the gap from a historical and cultural perspective. It then explores the context of this issue as it relates to standards of education and analyzes the findings of several articles regarding the impact of this issue on pre-service teachers.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Context With Link To Standards Of Education
Summary And Analysis Of Several Articles
Impact Of This Issue Of Pre-Service Teachers
From the Paper "The segregation of African American and Caucasian children prior to 1964 continues to have a profound effect on the achievement levels of students. In addition, there are issues of socioeconomic class that play a significant role in achievement levels. In recent years this gap has increased significantly as the disparities between the rich and the poor have also widened. Because there are such differences between the wealthy and the poor in this country there are also substantial differences in the standard of education from place to place. There have been various attempts over the years to close this gap. Under the Bush administration the No Child Left Behind Act was developed to address the Achievement gap. Since the implementation of this Act there has been a great deal of conflict concerning both its implementation and the impact that the act has actually had on the achievement gap as it relates to Black and White students. Setting specific standards as it relates to expectations for achievement and curriculum is critical to closing the achievement gap between black and white students."
Abstract The paper explains that hereditary hemochromatosis is a disease that leads to an abnormal increase in the amount of dietary iron that is absorbed in the blood. The paper looks at the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment and points out that following successful treatment, patients can be expected to lead a normal life. The paper notes, however, that without treatment, organ failure may at times lead to death. The paper reveals that more than ten percent of Caucasians are carriers and one in three hundred are afflicted with this disease. The paper contends that more needs to be done to educate both the public and healthcare providers about this disease.
Outline:
Introduction
Overview
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusion
From the Paper "When an individual is asked to name the most prevalent hereditary disease, most would think of diseases such as sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, or even hemophilia. Most, however, have never even heard of the most prevalent - hereditary hemochromatosis, a disease which inflicts one in every three hundred Caucasians, and demonstrates that one in every nine Caucasian is a carrier (Mercola). It is this continued need for information distribution to the general public that is an inspiration in the human biology field."
Abstract This paper discusses the dynamics of race relations in contemporary Las Vegas, from the viewpoint of a Caucasian middle-aged male. The author describes the demographic and political makeup of Las Vegas, and the way in which local media has embraced racial and cultural diversity. The author explains, giving specific examples, that from his personal experience, factors such as income and social class appear to racialize human interactions in Vegas more strongly than race alone. Age is also perceived as playing an important part in determining whether the author experiences racial reactions. The paper concludes with the author's belief that within racial minorities, different individuals enter into social interactions with different degrees of preconceived expectations and racialized perspective in Las Vegas.
Outline:
Racial Relations in Society
Unique Cultural Elements of Las Vegas
Personal Experiences and Observations
From the Paper "Conversely, members of racial minorities are likely much more conscious of the degree to which the predominant social culture embraces cultural diversity, both in its formal policies as well as prevailing informal attitudes. This is an issue that affects me more because, to a certain extent, the perceptions among minority cultures about their relationship to society shape their expectations of individual members of the predominant majority in social situations. Likewise, it may very well play a role in the outward attitude of many members of racial minorities expressed to me in personal interactions, although it is sometimes difficult to know the underlying source of substantial variations that likely mean more than many aspects of outward behavior."
Abstract This paper provides a brief look at racism towards African Americans in the United States. It first discusses what should and could be done to improve relations between African Americans and Caucasian Americans (of European heritage). The paper then looks at some of the known strategies that may very well be helpful in at least reducing the tension between Blacks and Whites.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
A Brief Look at Racism in History
Assimilation Theories
Systemic Racism
Recent Institutional Systemic Racism
Death Penalty Racism
Improving Race Relations Through Education: Problems Facing Schools
Improving Race Relations Through Education: Teaching Children Diversity
From the Paper "An article published in the journal Social Work by authors Paula T. Tanemura Morelli and Michael S. Spencer emphasizes research into multicultural education (MCE) and antiracist education (ARE). The article (published in 2000) explains that there are signs that MCE is helping to shift away from old-style thinking in education (assimilation by all cultures into how white people live and think) and into a style of teaching that reflects the "experiences, history, cultures and perspectives of our pluralistic society." This shift must continue, if society is to become a place where all cultures are contributors and participants, the authors suggest; and in order to reach that goal the shift in classroom strategies must include "content integration, participation by the student's family and community in the knowledge construction process" and also, equality in the teaching process and a school culture that can be empowered."
Abstract This paper explains that, even though a disproportionate number of non-Caucasian individuals live in poverty, many Caucasian families face this problem as well; this poverty effects children and adults at all levels of education. The author points out that the main focus for this study is the fact that there are definite correlations between poverty and low educational expectations or outcome; therefore, the central research statement is that children who attend school on a regular basis and do not fall into the 'poverty' category have better educational outcomes than those who live in poverty. The paper outlines that the research, will analyze quantitative data from the "Reading First" results, a test printed by the State Department, using two years of this information.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Importance of the Study
Scope of the Study
Definition of Terms
Limitations of the Study
Rationale for the Study
Overview of the Study
From the Paper "Those that find themselves in poverty deal not only with issues such as a lack of money, but they often also find that they have a great lack of time because they must work so hard simply to provide food, clothing, and shelter for their families. These individuals often are not able to pursue an education, and their children may have many of the same problems. These children do not have parents that can afford to send them to college but their ability to get grants and loans may be reduced by the amount of money that their parents do make. They are stuck somewhere between having too much and not having enough, and they have fallen through the cracks in a system that is, theoretically, designed to help them and to ensure that all people in this country can get a higher education."
Abstract This research paper attempts to show through a survey that Caucasians are more likely to support homosexual's right to marry. It discusses how this tendency of Caucasians to favor laws protecting homosexuals more than African-Americans is most likely to because they have never suffered discrimination to the same extent as African-Americans themselves, and therefore do not feel as threatened by extending such rights as marriage to homosexuals. It analyzes how this relationship is clearly evident again when control variables are introduced.
Outline
Introduction
Literature Review
Data and Methods
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper "Darren W Davis approaches the subject of civil liberties differently. In his article "Exploring Black Political Intolerance" Davis states "racial differences in political tolerance are primarily viewed as a function of racial differences in education and the perceived level of threat passed by various groups" ( Davis (1995) 3) Davis asserts that African Americans do not merit the protection of civil liberties as much as Caucasians not only as a consequence of a lesser education, but also as a combined result of low self esteem and because they feel threatened and fear impugnation. In an ill fated attempt to preserve their own rights, African Americans are willing to deny civil liberties to organizations or people who they perceive to be a threat. "
