This paper discusses the Supreme Court case, "Planned Parenthood v. Casey" (1992), which upheld the rights of women to have an abortion as guaranteed by "Roe vs. Wade".
Abstract This paper explains the events leading to "Planned Parenthood vs. Casey": the State of Pennsylvania amended its Abortion Control Act to require women seeking abortion to 1) give "informed consent" and the doctors to provide information about the health risks of having the abortion prior to the abortion; 2) a "spousal notification"; 3) "parental notification" from parents of minors; and 4) a 24-hour waiting period before obtaining an abortion. The author points out that "Roe vs. Wade." one of the most controversial rulings in the history of U.S. Supreme Court, which generated heated criticism from anti-abortion groups and gave rise to a pro-life movement, predated "Planned Parenthood vs. Casey". The paper concludes that "Casey" is still relevant because the present U.S. administration is clearly in favor of making abortion illegal, the Congress is dominated by Republicans, and there is a possibility of replacement of more than one Justice on the Court during the second Bush term, who most likely will be anti-abortion.
Table of Contents
Background of the Casey Supreme Court
William Rehnquist
Harry Blackmun
Sandra O'Connor
Anthony Kennedy
John Stevens
Antonin Scalia
Byron White
David Souter
Clarence Thomas
Important Pre-Casey Cases
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Doe v. Bolton (1973)
Harris v. MCrae
Webster vs. Reproductive Health Services (1989)
Historical, Social and Legal Background of Casey Arguments from both Sides
Essentials of the Plurality Decision
Contemporary Reaction to the Case
Legal Reaction to the Case
Historical Impact
Current Relevance
From the Paper "Several states enacted laws limiting the right of abortion, including laws requiring parental and spousal consent, restricting abortions in clinics, and laws barring state funding for abortions. The Hyde Amendment was passed by the US Congress banning state funds for abortions. In a long series of cases from the mid-1970s to the late 1980s, the Supreme Court consistently struck down several state restrictions on abortions, but upheld restrictions on funding."
Abstract This paper looks at how, in 1968, a group of professional golfers established the PGA Tour, Inc., a nonprofit association, which sponsors events for professional golfers. It examines the lawsuit against the organization in January of 1998 under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, which was bought against them by golfer Casey Martin, who is disabled with Klippel-Trenaunay-Webber syndrome (KTW), a rare congenital, degenerative circulatory disorder and whose request for a waiver to use a golf cart, usually against PGA Tour rules. was denied.
Outline
Introduction
Cases
Opinions on the Outcome
Conclusion
From the Paper "After the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the decision of the District Court of Oregon the petitioner, PGA Tour, Inc., filed for certiorari, because the day after the Ninth Circuit Court Of Appeals decision the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals ruled opposite on a similar case, Olinger v. United States Golf Assn. (2000)(Davis, 2002). The United States Supreme Court accepted the case, because of the conflicting decision between the two Circuit Courts. Again the case brought forth to the Supreme Court would be if Title III of the ADA (1990) would apply to the petitioner and if allowing the plaintiff to use a golf cart would "fundamentally alter the nature" of the game."
Abstract A look at the writings of William Butler Yeats and Sean O?Casey, contemporaries of the Easter Rising leaders in Ireland and literary figures. The author analyzes the two writers perspectives of the event.
From the Paper ?After the rising, nothing in Ireland was ever the same. Easter week became the central point of modern Irish history, and events were dated according to whether they had happened before or after that event,? says Michael Costigan in A History of Modern Ireland (Costigan 333). Two of Ireland's most significant literary figures, William Butler Yeats and Sean O?Casey who were both contemporaries of the Easter Rising's leaders, treat the subject differently in their writings both before and after the event, but there is no doubt they were both powerfully affected by it."
Tags: uprising, war, religion, tradition, culture, history, leaders, society
A discussion of how playwrights criticize society by having characters who represent some social class or ideological position through an analysis of various literary works all linked by a protagonist called Nora.
Abstract This paper discusses how dramatists often criticize society through the characters and situations they depict on stage. In particular it looks at the way these characters are shaped by the society in which they live and how they behave because of the conflict that develops between their psychology and their personality as well as the demands of society. It evaluates how the same is true of novelists and fiction writers and how the process can be seen by reference to several women coincidentally named Nora, in three in plays by J.M. Synge, George Bernard Shaw and Sean O'Casey and a real-life Nora who served as model for the character of Gretta Conroy in James Joyce's "The Dead." It also analyzes how they can all be compared to the prototypical middle-class woman emerging from her cocoon, Nora in "A Doll's House" by Henrik Ibsen.
From the Paper "Sean O'Casey wanted to be a voice for a new Ireland, but after The Plough and the Stars was rejected by the very audience for which it was written because of its unsympathetic portrayal of those involved in the Easter Rebellion, O'Casey left Ireland for Britain. Interestingly, the play has become one of those most performed in Ireland since that time. The 1916 rebellion is the background for the play, and it was a period of disturbance in Irish history. The play begins in 1915 and prepares for the tragedy to come in 1916. Nora and Clitheroe are introduced by Fluther Good and Mrs. Gogan. This Nora has not been married long, and she and her husband are beginning to quarrel. She is unhappy living in a tenement house and would also like to dress in better clothing than Jack can afford."
Abstract This paper presents a discussion and explanation about the parts three men played in the evolvement of British theater. The author of this paper takes on a tour of the lives and works of George Bernard Shaw, Sean O'Casey and John Millington. As the reader unveils these lives and works it become self evident in what influence and how each man influenced the British theater.
Abstract This paper discusses the recurring theme, in poetry, music and film, of isolation, loneliness and of being marginalized by society because a person is different. The paper discusses the song-poem "Vincent" by Don McLean, which looks at a portrait of Vincent Van Gogh. It then discusses the song, "Cry" by Casey Scott, which shows another form of marginalization of someone who is suffering from depression. Finally, the paper looks at the series "Six Feet Under" by Alan Ball and discusses the character of Billy, who is schizophrenic.
From the Paper "While almost all the regular characters on the show are on the fringes of societal norms and it is well known that this series highlights dysfunctional people and families. I think Billy is the saddest. He is diagnosed as schizophrenic and he is also a photo artist. Poor Billy lives the dreaded life of the life long mental patient. (Remember that this illness also has chemical and physical causes.) Billy on medication is likable and productive. He teaches photography and earns a good living. However, he has no edge to make his own photo essays unique. He is creatively dead. Billy off medication is sometimes wildly wonderful or violently insane and dangerous to himself and others. Billy constantly struggles with his desire to feel strong passion, which he cannot do while medicated. However, when he goes off medication, his life becomes a ruin."
Abstract This paper discusses how the line between nationalistic and anti-nationalistic themes is often blurred in J.M. Synge's "Playboy of the Western World" and Sean O'Casey's "Juno and the Paycock" and how both plays propose a very different approach to the Irish nationalist cause. The paper also looks at how both plays were written at a time when Irish people were evaluating themselves and how they were questioning their faith, loyalty and their ability to win their revolution and, in the case of "Juno", if they actually won. The paper also examines how this struggle and the consistent deliberation of ideas, which are accurately embraced, in the sometimes-skewed nationalistic messages are found in both pieces.
From the Paper "It is necessary to understand that at the times both plays were set in, there was extreme violence throughout Ireland. Playboy was set during the Land War, a time when troops both British and Irish were everywhere. In Juno, there is still much violence in Dublin, whether from the IRA or from the English, it didn't matter. Ireland was beginning to deal with its questionable independence and wounds from the urban war were just starting to heal however, at the cost of great poverty and lack of employment. Both plays demonstrate a sense of sympathy for this reconstructing Ireland. "
Abstract This paper explore the role of the tragic hero in drama especially in the case of the heroism of two mothers. The paper describes the stories of Henrik Ibsen's play "Ghosts" and its tragic hero Helene Alving and of Sean O'Casey's drama "Juno and the Paycock and its tragic hero Juno Boyle". Juno and Mrs. Alving, the paper indicates, are important examples of tragic motherhood because they represent the realization of the roles of wives and mothers from opposite ends of the spectrum.
From the Paper "Instead, as Joan Templeton argues, Ibsen lays responsibility for Oswald's death at Mrs. Alving's feet. Her husband had no outlet for his "excess of vitality", and she admits herself that she "didn't bring any sunshine into his home." (Of course, Mrs. Alving is referring to her husband's sex drive and her refusal to submit to his sexual desire.) This is not necessarily to say that wives have a "duty" to become intimate with their husbands; however, Templeton notes that this claim is "the time-worn principle of the 'marriage debt' masquerading as sexual liberalism."
Abstract This paper examines the fifteenth century English play "Everyman" by Casey. It describes the theatrical guilds of the medieval England and their types of productions: miracle (faith and bible) and morality (life) plays. The paper discusses the play's theme of death and what happens to an individual's soul.
From the Paper ""Everyman" is one of the classic examples of a medieval morality play. Morality plays evolved in conjunction with the medieval mystery plays. Both were acted out by trade guilds and often traveled around the land, although morality plays were composed individually and not in cycles. (Knapp "Everyman Lecture") Unlike the miracle plays of the period, which usually depicted scenes from the Old or New Testament, medieval morality plays primarily focused upon illustrating the difficulties of ordinary men and women in making their lives complimentary with the morality of such Biblical characters, as depicted in the Bible."
Abstract Examines behavior of female characters, all named Nora, in diffeent plays. Conflict between their psychology & personality and the demands & strictures of their society. Plays discussed are Isben's A DOLL'S HOUSE, Sean O'Casey's THE PLOUGH AND THE STARS, John Synge's IN THE SHADOW OF THE GLEN & George Bernard Shaw's JOHN BULL'S OTHER IRELAND.
From the Paper "Dramatists often criticize society through the characters and situations they depict on stage. When the playwrights do so, they may approach the subject by looking through the world in which they live to what they believe the world should be. They may be writing at a turning point, an era in which social change is in the offing but which is being resisted by the dominant order. They may merely be commenting on aspects of the human condition, which persist into their age and which they see as detrimental to society. Whatever their particular situation may be, playwrights criticize society by having characters who represent some social class or ideological position and by using symbolism as well as direct statement to make the audience see something they believe to be wrong. The characters are shaped by the society in which they live and then behave in certain..."
Abstract "The Grapes of Wrath,? by John Steinbeck, tells the story of the fictional Joad family and their journey from Oklahoma to California during the 1930s. Though the family is fictitious, Steinbeck utilizes the characters to create a startling and very real simulation of the life of the average family during the Depression. The paper compares the occurrences and economical conditions of the novel to those which truly existed during the 1930s. The paper explains that Steinbeck created "The Grapes of Wrath" not merely as a story, but as a historical and social document of the lives of migrant workers during the Depression as well.
From the Paper "John Steinbeck chose to keep his novel "The Grapes of Wrath" as historically accurate as possible. According to John Steinbeck's Biography by Donne E. Florence, Steinbeck wrote the novel to express his disapproval for America's social ills during the 1930?s, sympathizing with the plights of the migrant workers and their families. His goal was to condemn the treatment of America's migrant workers and to show everyone how though their lives were because of corporations. He also wanted to show that the migrant workers were just as humane as any other person, and that all they were trying to do was survive in a society dead-set against them. Another reason for Steinbeck's accuracy in his novel was the result of his experience as a newspaper reporter, which allowed him to see first-hand the difficult lives of the migrants during his visits to labor camps. Accuracy was also important to Steinbeck because he wanted his book to be more than a story; he wanted it to be a social document as well."
Analyzes the themes of four plays "Absence of War" (David Hare), "Indian Ink" (Tom Stoppard), "The Caretaker" (Harold Pinter) and "Shadow of a Gunman" (Sean O'Cassey).
2,074 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 4 sources, 2002, $ 65.95
Abstract This paper examines four plays from around the globe and analyzes their central themes. The paper shows how David Hare's "Absence of War" introduces audiences to the British political system and the total lack of personality in its leaders. In "Indian Ink", by Tom Stoppard, the paper discusses the play's emphasis on the colonial era in India and power relations in the world. The paper looks at the psychological state of the characters in Harold Pinter's "The Caretaker" and the way their attire contributes to this state. Finally, the paper shows how Sean O'Casey, in his play "Shadow of a Gunman", shapes his material the distinction between illusion and reality.
From the Paper "The play involves an ongoing series of interactions among these three. Davies and Aston conflict almost from the moment they arrive in this room, for they are very unlike and react differently to everything that happens. Mick, on the other hand, serves the role of goad, seeming to come from nowhere and to place demands. In the First Act, Mick is only seen twice, both times in his leather jacket, signaling a certain fascist mentality in his dress. His behavior confirms this as he enters silently, twists Davies's arm, and searches through Davies clothing, all as if he had the right to do so and should never be questioned."
Tags: George, Jones, Whitehall, Cenotaph, Flora, Crewes, Nirad, Das
Abstract This paper explains that many of the writers of the Irish Renaissance often memorialized the new nationalist sentiments arising in Ireland and the increased tensions between Ireland and Britain in their writings. The paper notes that the Irish Renaissance was both a renaissance of Irish themes and a reminder that Ireland was not a full country with full autonomy, creating a tension that many of the writers would explore in their works.
From the Paper "For example, William Butler Yeats is identified with the mythology of early Ireland, and his works feature the stories of the Irish hero Cuchulain in particular. This mythic background is part of what gives the poet his distinctive voice. At the same time, the poet often chafes against the mythology, as if the truths it shapes for him were false. Yeats made reference to other mythologies as well, notably those of the ancient Greeks and Romans, but he seemed less concerned with those references, perhaps because he knew that those mythic stories were better known to the world at large. He may have feared that his poetry was understandable only to the Irish and not to the world at large. Yeats expresses his love for his country and its people and does so in poetry that elevates nature while finding the other-worldly in that nature at the same time, which is often where the mythology enters as well."
Abstract The premise of this paper is that the program of welfare reform has done more harm than good in the Dallas, Texas area. The purpose of welfare reform is to reduce the number of people in the United States that receive public assistance. The paper focuses on the effects that welfare reform has had on the children in the Dallas, Texas area and supports the hypothesis that a more comprehensive approach is more effective than programs in the past that only concentrated on one aspect of the problem. The paper concludes that addressing one aspect of the poverty problem does not represent long-term solutions. The culture of the neighborhood has to be changed before the problem can be effectively addressed.
Outline:
Scope of the Problem
Solutions for the Children
The problem of Housing
Welfare to Wwork
Conclusion
Works cited
From the Paper "After the implementation welfare reform, poverty in the Dallas area grew to almost 2% of the nearly 632,676 families living in the Dallas area (Appleton, 1A). One must remember that this number only reflects the number of families, and does not tell us anything about the number of children and its effects on them. Over the past ten years and the number of persons living below the poverty line in the Dallas area has grown by over 17% (Appleton, 1A). Welfare reform did have an effect of reducing the number of households on public assistance from 4% in 1990 to 2% in 2002 (Appleton, 1A). However, it did nothing to reduce the number of persons actually living below the poverty line. For some it made this situation worse because they were still below the poverty line, only now they had fewer means of support."
Tags: gautreaux, pta, annie, e., casey, foundation, distressed, neighborhoods, poverty, ocbf, lower, income
Abstract This paper argues against abortion, supporting the belief in upholding an unborn child's inalienable right to life. This paper examines the unlawful nature of selling or prescribing medication that would terminate a pregnancy, as well as the fact that a licensed physician is not permitted to perform an act to terminate a pregnancy unless the life of the mother is at risk. This paper examines Roe v. Wade, the U.S. Constitution, Planned Parenthood v. Casey and Griswold v. Connecticut.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Recent Abortion Legislation
Abortion Statistics from the CDC
A Historical View of Abortion in the United States
Discussion and Conclusion
From the Paper "Governor Mike Rounds of South Dakota signed bill HB1215 into law on March 6, 2006. This Bill which is effective July 1, 2006 makes it illegal for a doctor to perform an abortion at any time between conception and childbirth. At the time the bill was signed Governor Rounds stated: "In the history of the world, the true test of a civilization is how well people treat the most vulnerable and most helpless in their society. The sponsors and supporters of this bill believe that abortion is wrong because unborn children are the most vulnerable and most helpless persons in our society. I agree with them." This view is held by many Americans who have been completely mortified by the approximate amount of 48 million abortions that have occurred over the past 30 years in this country. "
