Theories of Motivation

Paper Summary:

This paper discusses some key theories of motivation, beginning with Robert E. Franken's theory of adaptive and maladaptive hostility in his work "Human Motivation,". The paper describes two cases that illustrate his model and then goes on to review theories about the variable of psychological control in the parent-child relationship when maladaptive hostility is involved. The paper also examines theories regarding the relationship of stress and fear with physical and emotional health. In addition, the writer presents definitions of motivation and gives three examples to explain Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory.

Outline:
Two Cases Examined
Numerous Roles of Fear in Positive and Negative Situations
The Role of Learning in Human Motivation
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3

From the Paper:

"Psychological control is often a variable in the relationship of parents and children in which maladaptive hostility is the path which has been followed. The work of Soenens et al (2005) relates that psychological control "refers to parental behaviors that intrude upon children's thoughts and feelings, and has been characterized as typical of parents who excessively use manipulative parenting techniques such as guilt-induction and love withdrawal." Psychological control is believed to "control adolescent's development towards autonomy, infers with the acquisition of a secure sense of self and leads to disturbances in psychosocial functioning.""

Sample of Sources Used:

• Soenens, Bart et al (2005) Maladaptive Perfectionist Self-representation: The mediational link between psychological control and adjustment. Personality and Individual Differences 38 (2005). Online available at Science Direct: http://www.psych.rochester.edu/SDT/documents/2005_SoenensVansteenkisteLuytenDuriezGossens_PAID.pdf
• Michalik, Nicole M. et al (2007) Longitudinal Relations among Parental Emotional Expressivity and Sympathy and Prosocial Behavior in Adolescence. Social Development May 2007 Vol. 16 No.2. Online available at: ttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1949391
• Experience Alters How We Perceive Emotion (2002) Science Daily - Science News. 18 Jun 2002. Online available at: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/06/020618072601.htm
• Humans Perceive Other's Fear Faster Than Other Emotions (2007) Science Daily - Science News 15 October 2007. Online available at: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071014081055.htm

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