Abstract This paper explains that the main organ responsible for gas exchange, the lungs, are efficient not only in their anatomic and histological structure but also are physiologically efficient to provide oxygen to tissues and cells such that oxygen extraction can be increased in altered, demanding physiologic states within the bounds of physical laws. The author points out that the oxygen cascade, essentially described as the "diminishing returns" phenomenon, represents a natural barrier to the limits of mammalian and human cellular respiration. The paper concludes that, from uptake of oxygen, to transport of oxygen to the periphery to its delivery to tissues at the cellular level, at the different steps, oxygen tension decreases pathologies at the tissue level, which are heavily dependent on perfusion and are the most vulnerable to hypoxia.
Table of Contents:
Lung Anatomy and Physiology
Oxygen Cascade Uptake in the Lungs
Carrying Capacity of Blood
Global Delivery from Lungs to Tissue
Regional Distribution of Oxygen Delivery
Diffusion from Capillary to Cell
Cellular Use of Oxygen
Lung Pathophysiology
Oxygen Cascade Pathophysiology and Relevant Disease States
Uptake in the Lungs
Carrying Capacity of Blood
Global Delivery from Lungs to Tissue
Conclusion
From the Paper "Delivery of oxygen to the tissues is heavily dependent on the heart and the vascular system associated with it. This branching, closed-circuit system perfuses all organ systems. In normal individuals, global delivery of oxygen (Do2) is often more than adequate to ensure that all tissues receive enough oxygen to meet their aerobic respiratory needs (Vo2). Do2 is the product of cardiac output (Qt) and oxygen content of blood (Cao2). Cao2 is similarly the product of oxygen saturation (Sao2), hemoglobin content (Hgb), and a constant K (the coefficient for hemoglobin-oxygen binding capacity)."
Tags: hypoxia, natural barrier, uptake closed-circuit, critical care
Abstract The paper reveals that the merger of the two companies Boise-Cascade and OfficeMax improved the images and stock prices of both companies. The paper also explains that by possessing the name and the brand loyalty of OfficeMax, Boise-Cascade acquired new consumer capital and expanded its distribution arm. The paper explains further that for OfficeMax, being acquired by a company of the size and purchasing power of Boise-Cascade gave it the revenue, platform and impetus to improve its image and rival other fierce competitors.
From the Paper "Boise Cascade or OfficeMax? What name is more resonant to your consumer-savvy ears? Very likely, the latter, brand name of the famous office supply retailer is more familiar, even though it is a relatively smaller company. In fact, OfficeMax was acquired by a giant paper manufacturing and timber milling corporation in 2001, according to the Idaho Business Review. According to the homepage of the behemoth, acquiring entity, "Boise manufactures engineered wood products, plywood, lumber, and particleboard and distributes a broad line of building materials. The company also manufactures specialty and premium paper products, printing and converting papers, containerboard and corrugated boxes, newsprint, and market pulp" (Boise Cascade, Homepage, 2007). On the eve of the acquisition, Boise Cascade's stock price was strong for a company of its size and type. It was trading in the $24-to-$25 range, but there were fears that the company was slowly faltering."
Abstract Background
Washington attained statehood on November 11, 1889, making it the 42nd state in the Union. The state is intersected by the Cascade Mountain range, dividing the it geographically into the semi-arid Eastern Plateau centered around Spokane, and the fertile lowlands of the Western state, centered around Puget Sound and the city of Seattle.
From the Paper "Electoral Politics in Washington State
Background
Washington attained statehood on November 11, 1889, making it the 42nd state in the Union. The state is intersected by the Cascade Mountain range, dividing the it geographically into the semi-arid Eastern Plateau centered around Spokane, and the fertile lowlands of the Western state, centered around Puget Sound and the city of Seattle. According to the 1990 census, Washington is the 18th most populous state, with just under 5 million residents (1). Current estimates put Washington's population at about 5.5 million. Washington is one of the least ethnically diverse states. 84.4% of the population is white, 5.3% Asian, 5.2% Latino, 3.3% black, and 1.8% Native American (2)."
Abstract This paper examines how the causes of World War I and World War II were not one cataclysmic event but were a multitude of causes that basically derived from Nationalism and Imperialism. It shows how these two factors led to the turmoil in Europe and growing tensions and how the outbreak of World War II is an indirect link to the ending of World War I, which led to many years of chaos in Europe. It analyzes how the resulting economic depressions were a cascade of many more economic issues that Europe and America still face today and how the most radical affect was the Cold War, a war that plagued fear upon the American population for forty five years.
From the Paper "The first cause of World War II was the intense anger over the Versailles Treaty. This Treaty was signed on June 28, 1919 and basically held Germany responsible for creating this world war. The Versailles Treaty ordered that Germany pay for all the damages that the Allies and their governments endured as a result of this war. Germany was then ordered to cut their army down to 100,000 soldiers, as well as their navy, and do away with their air-force. Germany was also angry that their territory had to be reduced as well. The territory of Alsace and Lorraine was ceded by France and certain sections of Prussia went to present day Poland. Germany felt that this treaty was "dictated peace" and they proceeded to refuse this treaty. In doing so, the future affects would be another war. "
Tags: cold, war, versailles, treaty, germany, economic, depression
Abstract There are approximately 500 active volcanoes world wide and a couple dozen of those erupt every year. Humans have learned to live around volcanoes, for the most part. They have been avoided, feared and even worshipped for millennia. However, that by no means guarantees that humans and the environments that humans depend on, will not come into harm's way. The paper shows that as the eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 proves, even with advanced warning and strict security measures, nature can take its toll. The paper describes the aftermath of the explosion, where about 60 people and countless plants and animals died and it would be almost two decades before the surrounding area returned to a stable and comparative ecosystem. The paper shows that if two decades sounds like a long time, one need only keep in mind that scientists were actually pleasantly surprised with the rate of recovery.
From the Paper "It would be a while before the people could breathe freely after this natural disaster. It would be even longer before the world healed itself. Contrary to what one might expect, conservation efforts to help nature along were often doomed to failure. No duplicated ecosystem could replace a lost one. However, scientists eventually learned that the ecosystem was self-correcting. Some things had survived the lava, like small fungi too small to be thoroughly trapped and destroyed. Small animals often survived as well. Over time, when left to its own devices, it seemed that nature worked to preserve itself intact. For example, insects that conservations might think would be harmful killed many surviving trees, but the fallen trees provided prime shelter and a budding environment for other survivors."
Abstract This paper examines how coronary heart disease is a killer and how it is predominantly affected by the chronic inflammatory reaction occurring in the subendothelium of the artery. It builds a picture of the cascade of events that occur to form a fatal atheroma in the coronary arteries, illustrated with experimental evidence obtained from experiments with transgenic mice.
From the Paper "The blood supply to the heart is referred to as the coronary blood supply. This is provided by the left and right coronary arteries, which are subdivisions pf the coronary artery that joins the aorta just above the mitral valve. The right coronary artery supplies the right atrial and ventricular myocardium, whereas the left coronary artery splits into the left circumflex artery supplying the left atrial and ventricular myocardium, and the left anterior descending artery which supplies the left ventricular and right ventricular myocardium. Most notably there are no anatomises in the coronary circulation. Therefore, occlusion of any of the arteries will result in severely reduced perfusion to the area usually supplied by that artery. This leads to ischemia, and eventual cell death, fibrosis and loss of function. Therefore the coronary blood supply is particularly venerable to arterial disease that causes arterial occlusion."
Abstract This paper begins with an articulation of origins and developments of transformational leadership theory and while supporting the assertion that charisma is an important component of transformational leadership behaviour argues that it is not in itself a defining feature. The cascading effect of transformational leadership is explored in relation to contemporary research both within the U.S. and U.K. and is utilised to articulate the relationship between transactional and transformational behaviours within health care settings which constitute an optimum change profile. The nature of vision and charisma within the health care setting are critically evaluated along with the relationship between transformational leadership and key outcomes such as felt autonomy, job satisfaction, low staff turnover, service quality and the achievement of organisational (cultural) change.
Outline
Abstract
Transformational Leadership
Explanation of Transformational Leadership Behaviours
A Full Range Model of Transformational Leadership
Criticisms of Transformational Leadership Theory
Charismatic Leadership
Personal Identification
Social Identification
Internalisation
Self-Efficacy
Facilitating Conditions
Criticisms of Charismatic Leadership Theory
Summary
From the Paper "Bass (1985, 1998) provides a more expanded and refined theory of transformational leadership which develops the work of Burns (1978) and House (1977), by giving far more attention to the behaviour and needs of followers than had previously been given. Bass (1985, 1998) argued that the principles of transformational leadership could be equally applied to situations where the outcomes were not positive than those where the opposite was true and describing transactional and transformational leadership as a singe continuum rather than mutually independent continua. Bass (1985, 1998) identifies the main characteristics of transformational leadership as; charisma idealised influence, intellectual stimulation and consideration of the emotional needs of each follower, (Hunt, 1996)."
Abstract California, located in the western part of the United States, is the third largest state in the nation. This paper looks at the geography of California and the diversity of the region.
Paper Outline
Introduction
Regions
Klamath Mountains
Coastal Ranges
The Sierra Nevada
Central Valley
Cascade Mountains
Basin and Range Region
The Los Angeles Ranges
The San Diego Ranges
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Cascade Range stretches over 700 miles across Northern California, Oregon, Washington, and Southern British Columbia, running parallel to the Pacific, about 100-150 miles inland. Although often described as a northern continuation of the Sierra, Nevada Mountains, "the Cascades are not an extension of the Sierra Nevadas. They are a completely separate range with different origins. The Cascades are largely volcanic; the Sierras are fault block mountains." (Cletheroe). In California, there is still one active volcano called Lassen Peak located in the southern Cascades. In California, Mount Shasta is also part of the Cascade Range."
Abstract This paper examines how Dante's "Inferno" can be considered a giant cascading journey whose movements are continuous and on a constant downward pull. It contends that the entrance to the City of Dis is a climactic clash between heaven and hell that changes the course of Dante's journey and of the poem itself and follows the decent into hell and the battle that ensues.
From the Paper "Beginning in Canto VIII, Dante's entrance into Dis is heralded by Virgil, "See, my son! It now draws nigh"(67). From a distance Dante could see the mosques arise from a "red shell" that looked like glowing furnaces. It is here that the unquenchable fires of Hell are first seen. Torture by fire is only found in nether Hell. Dis is comprised of the entire nether Hell, moated by the river Styx; its ramparts form a complete circle around the pit. Dis contains all the souls of those who have wilfully chosen Satan as their King (Ralphs 14)."
Abstract The paper explains that volcanoes are not just a distant phenomenon; they are common in the American Northwest, too. The writer finds the author's explanations of technical geoscience topics lucid and understandable, and is impressed with the overall tone of the book. In conclusion, the paper shows the book by Harris to be one that lives up to its promise.
From the Paper "Contrary to popular and widespread belief, volcanoes have erupted practically everywhere in the world, including America. What is even more disturbing is that there are several areas in the U.S. Pacific Coast where volcanoes have the potential to violently erupt and trigger widespread devastation throughout the region. "In his book, Harris provides readers with a powerful and persuasive argument that the entire Cascade Range and other parts of the U.S. Pacific Coast are vulnerable to volcanic eruptions that besides unspeakable destruction, could result in darkened and polluted skies wreaking havoc on our respiratory systems - and much more."
Tags: eruption, St., Helen's, Pacific, Washington, Oregon, California
Abstract The paper examines an article about the phonological and conceptual activation in speech comprehension and an article about the activation of offset-embedded words. The paper also examines an article about the role of prosodic boundaries in the resolution of lexical embedding in speech comprehension and an article about electro-physiological evidence for early contextual influences during spoken-word recognition. The last article is about the cascaded nature of lexical selection and integration in auditory sentence processing.
From the Paper "This article focuses on the process of understanding as it relates to separate lexical representations of sound and meaning. The phonological and conceptual representations in language have been separated, as comprehension are connected to these different concepts separately. In explaining these concepts, the article distinguishes between word representation in the mental lexicon and the lexical candidates for recognizing utterances. When the hearer is the presented with running speech with few clear cues to word boundaries, a mechanism is needed to determine the best sequence in terms of the input. In this way the correct utterance is determined by competition."
