Abstract This paper relates that evaluating and comparing human personality theories requires an examination of the history of psychology and an appraisal of the most prominent theorists. The author points out that Sigmund Freud and CarlRogers have influenced psychology profoundly with distinctly different approaches to therapy. The paper explains that Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis and CarlRogers' humanistic therapy each have their strengths and weaknesses, but humanistic psychology seems to have much greater potential than Freudian analysis.
From the Paper "In evaluating personality theory, it is important to examine the professional history and experiences of the theorists themselves, for these factors inevitably influence the formulation of their theories. We are all products of our own distinctive life experiences, and famous psychologists are no exception. Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers were each influenced consciously and subconsciously by their own unique heredity, their respective professional environments, and a host of other personal, educational, and professional circumstances and events. The respective theories of personality they each constructed reflect all of these influences. Robbins (1999) notes that psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud more than a century ago."
Abstract This paper discusses CarlRogers as the founder of client-centered therapy. It first describes and examines his concept of client-centered therapy and how it needs to be applied by therapists during treatment sessions. The paper then looks at the ways that Rogers has influenced many psychological theories and therapies present today, especially positive psychology.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Client-Centered Therapy
Positive Psychology Movement
CarlRogers and Positive Psychology
Conclusion
From the Paper "Many of Carl Rogers's ideas have been influential on modern psychological practices, and specifically in the area of positive psychology. Client-centered therapy is humanistic in nature and is concerned with the quality of human experience. Froh (2004) posits that positive psychology mimics the ideas of Rogers's theory in that it emphasizes the importance of positive subjective experiences to achieve significant personal growth, even though many positive psychologists have attempted to distance themselves and the new theory from past models of therapy. Many positive psychology theorists believe that those in the humanistic realm did not use scientific methodologies as a foundation for their theories. However, "humanistic psychology has an extensive research base that uses both positivistic and phenomenological designs" (Misiak & Sexton, 1973; as cited in Froh, p. 19)."
Abstract This paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the psychology theories of CarlRogers. It also presents the characteristics of the fully functioning person, according to Rogers. The paper provides arguments in favor of and in opposition to Roger's therapy methods. Finally, the paper shows how his methods have the ability of assisting many individuals throughout society, particularly within Irish society.
From the Paper "This approach to counseling can be difficult because the therapist is not tasked with discovering a solution to the issues that pertain to the client's life, but is required to simple understand the person at that moment in time. Rogers (1946) contended that if the therapist were capable of accomplishing this task then the patient would complete the work needed to find resolutions to the issues surrounding him or her. In the process of understanding the individual, therefore, the therapist becomes open to accepting the situation at that point in time, rather than accumulating judgments that are the result of data gathered over the life span of the person. Furthermore, when the therapist focuses on only that moment, the therapist can empathize with the individual to a greater degree because the tendency to judge is erased. Only the situation is significant during the therapy session (Rogers, 1946, sec. 4)."
Abstract The paper discusses CarlRogers and person centered therapy. Rogers' theory is that an accurate and positive self-concept is critical for the development of self-growth. The paper examines person-centered therapy, a therapy involving a mirroring of the client's expressed experience back to them with an emphasis on the client's immediate conscious experience, the central aim of this therapy is to free the individual by removing obstacles so that the client can become independent and self-directed through normal growth and development. The paper concludes that this approach to therapy would be especially effective for detox counselors, who work to promote a change in behavior for individuals with substance abuse issues, the core of these problems is an inaccurate self-perception that prevents individuals from clearly seeing their true feelings and motivations. The paper suggests that person-centered therapy may enable these individuals to understand where their addiction issues are stemming from and to discover their potential for personal growth and change.
From the Paper "Rogers explained that there are three distinctive elements that characterize person centered therapy, including predictability, the discovery of the capacity of the client, and the person centered nature of the relationship between the client and the therapist (Rogers, 1946). With regards to predictability, Rogers (1946) described how there is a predictable chain of events that occurs in person-centered therapy that unfolds when certain conditions are met in the therapeutic environment."
Abstract This paper discusses CarlRogers, a prominent American psychologist who is best known for being one of the founding fathers of the humanist approach to psychology. The paper discusses Rogers' personal background and focuses on his achievements in the realm of psychology. The paper looks at the highlights of his career, including books that he wrote and studies that he conducted.
From the Paper "Rogers' person-centered approach focused on the development of the individual personality. According to Rogers, the personality is something that developed in principles rather than stages, with the main issue being the development of a self-concept and the progression from an undifferentiated self to being a completely differentiated individual. According to Rogers, a fully functioning individual would exhibit such characteristics as a growing openness to experience (or a move away from defensiveness), along with an increasingly existential lifestyle where the individual lives each moment fully and does not distort the moment in order to fit their personality or self concept but instead lets their personality emanate from their experiences."
This paper reviews psychological literature to discuss the philosophy, methods and effectiveness of humanist, non-directive therapy techniques; focus is on CarlRogers.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 18 sources, 1978, $ 111.95
From the Paper "The purpose of this paper is to review some of the literature dealing with client-centered therapy. Client-centered counseling and therapy was a radical departure from the field of therapy. It began in December 1940 when Carl R. Rogers, its leading exponent, presented a paper on the attitude and orientation of the counselor at the University of Minnesota. The paper later became a chapter in Rogers' controversial book, Counseling and Psychotherapy (1942). Basically Rogers proposed that therapy be nondirective rather than the current practice of directive techniques.
Counseling and Psychotherapy, unlike other writings, was almost entirely theory-free and empirical in tone. Controversy ensuing from the publication of Rogers' book has not yet subsided. The development of theory and research in all areas ... "
Abstract This paper discusses the similarities and differences between CarlRoger's phenomenal field Concept, the existentialist vision of Desein as applied by Martin Heidegger, and George Kelly's personal construct theory.
Tags: Phenomenal, Field, Dasein, (existentialist), Personal, Construct, Theory
Abstract This paper discusses the theories of Karen Horney, who was the first female psychologist of any note in a time when all of the great theorists were men. Her theories sought to uncover the causes of neuroses. The paper explores the theoretical basis of Horney's theories and then compares them to those of her contemporaries, particularly Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Erick Fromm and CarlRogers.
Table of Contents:
Theory of Neurotic Needs
Horney and Freud
Alfred Adler
Erick Fromm
CarlRogers Discussion
From the Paper "Horney, Freud and Adler focused on childhood as the source of experiences that lead to neuroses. However, there was not mention in any of the theories as to whether they felt that this was the only time when neuroses developed, or whether one could develop these differences between expectations and what one felt later in life. This was a major point that was left out of almost every major theory and represents a major flaw in Horney's theory as well. It is not known if she felt that the only time to develop neuroses was in childhood.
Horney, Rogers, and Fromm emphasized that each and every person has an idea of how and what they should be. However, this view may not be realistic or attainable. The difference between normalcy and neurosis is the ability to achieve the final goal. One example of this is the perfectionist that never feels that what they do is good enough. They will never achieve their expectations and there will always be inconsistency in what they believe they should be and what they are."
Abstract This review examines an autobiographical chapter of CarlRogers' book, which explains how he became a psychotherapist. The paper first discusses the reasons why CarlRogers wrote this chapter about himself. The review then focuses on his upbringing and explores his life experiences as described in the chapter. The paper discusses how these life experiences shaped him and led him to the career choice that he ultimately made.
From the Paper "The chapter commences to detail the account of Dr. Rogers's descriptions for his work and life's effort in psychotherapy. Several paragraphs are then dedicated to the account of his work with excerpts from his previous book, Client-Centered Therapy, which indicates his impressions of the field. The excerpts taken depict the measures of suffering, hope, anxiety and the satisfaction, with which each therapist's counseling room is filled. (Rogers, On Becoming a Person, p. 4) Further, the excerpts talk of his passionate and compelling explanation of how the position of a therapist feels in times of deep constitution."
Abstract This paper discusses CarlRogers' theoretical approach, which is sympathetic with phenomenology and existentialism. The author points out that the self and the "total organism" are the cornerstones of Rogerian theory. The author explains that Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs in comparison with Rogers' theory.
Abstract The theories of CarlRogers and Sigmund Freud are often used to address the role of the individual within society, where these two psychologists worked to assess the properties of human needs through investigating the factors that most greatly affected their inner psyches. Commercials, similarly, are believed to target the audience through addressing commonalities found within human nature and within society as a whole. This paper shall first present a brief summary of the commercial and then compare and contrast the symbols found within that commercial to the works of Rogers and Freud.
Abstract This ten-page paper discusses and compares the two humanistic ideals of CarlRogers and Abraham Maslow. Following the ideals and notions of Maslow's pyramid of needs and Rogers continuance along similar lines.
Abstract In Rogerian therapy, the therapist enters into the client's "phenomenological world" and, in mirroring this world, the therapist does not disagree, point out contradictions, or delve into the unconscious. This paper explains the key ideas of CarlRogers's theory of personality development. It examines a 1995 study, which hypothesized that empathy is positively related to creativity and expressiveness and links the findings of this study to Rogers's theory.
From the Paper "The results provided support for the hypotheses that empathy (affective sensitivity) is ?positively related to creativity and is inversely related to dogmatism,? but does not support the hypothesized positive relationship between empathy and expressiveness (Carlozzi, Bull 1995).The findings suggest that "more creative individuals are more empathic that less creative individuals"the sensitivity that creative people manifest toward environmental stimuli may include affect experienced by other people in their environment? (Carlozzi, Bull 1995). Moreover, it supported the hypothesis that less dogmatic or more open-minded individuals are more empathic than dogmatic or closed-minded persons, due to the fact that open-minded individuals are "less likely to distort incoming messages, their perceptions of affective messages communicated by others may be more accurate" (Carlozzi, Bull 1995)."
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses CarlRoger's client-centered theory. According to the paper, the most important characteristic a therapist can hold is one of empathy. The paper further discusses how Roger's approach is based on humanist theories in which the human must be considered first and foremost as a human and not as a scientific machine.
From the Paper "This practice of treating each person as an individual means that the therapist must respond to each and every individual based on the client's needs (Pollack, 1993). This does not mean, however, that each client should be treated different. In each case of therapy, self actualization is the goal, and there are different methods and different levels necessary to achieve this (Bozarth & Brodley, 1991). But there are three key factors which the therapist should use to and they are: "congruency (or genuineness), unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference" (Bozarth & Brodley, 1991). Already discussed, congruency is important because a client will notice if a therapist is not genuine. Positive regard is the notion that the client shall not be judged by the therapist, as humans are positive, and thus the therapist should be unconditional in the positive regard of the client. Lastly, the therapist must try to understand the emotions of the client, and help to bring forth the reasons those emotions exist. In the end, this means according to Rogers that the client is moved "forward in a constructive direction without intervening and assuming therapeutic expertise" (Bozarth & Brodley, 1991). In other words, the therapist should reflect and maintain a positive attitude, and let the client move towards self actualization. The therapist is responsible to treat each person as an individual within these guidelines in order to help the client."
Abstract This paper explains that CarlRogers' person-centered therapy emphasizes the attitudes and personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the client-therapist relationship as the prime determinants of the outcome of the therapeutic process. The author relates the concepts of Rogers and the advantage of the global presence of his therapy. The paper points out the goals, the role of the therapist and the equality relationship between the client and the therapist. The author feels that the empathetic understanding aspect of person-centered therapy would fall inline with what the Bible teaches.
From the Paper "The actualizing tendency is a directional process of striving toward realization, fulfillment, autonomy, self-determination, and perfection. This growth force within us provides an internal source of healing, but it does not imply a movement away from relationships, interdependence, connection, or socialization. This positive view of human nature has significant implications for the practice of therapy. Because of the belief that the individual has an inherent capacity to move away from maladjustment and toward psychological health, the therapist places the primary responsibility on the client."
