Abstract Until recently, the federal government's education policies for natives involved shipping them to residential schools whose purpose was the elimination of native language and culture and the imposition of English and assimilation. This discussion examines the impact of this policy. It focuses on individual injury, social disruption, and long-term consequences.
Abstract Upon the enactment of the Charter, courts have assumed the role of "guardians of the Constitution", which is of great concern to Canadian politics as judges have neither the necessary training or expertise to decide on political issues that affect the entire nation. The objective of this paper is to evaluate what type of impact judicial review has had on Canada's representative democracy. Although it is tempting to focus closely on the more controversial and obvious relationship between judicial review and the Charter, this paper will endeavor to highlight the implications of binding adjudication on issues dealing with the distribution of legislative power since 1867.
Abstract This paper shows how the FTA and the NAFTA help the Canadian economy export and import into the United States's economy. It also discusses how essential the American economy is for Canada to succeed in the international business arena.
From the Paper "The Canadian economy is largely affected by the United States economy through the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The North American Free Trade Agreement was an agreement that came into effect on January 1,1995 which involves Mexico, Canada and the United States of America. This agreement has been said to produce 1 billion to 3 billion dollar gains in each country. NAFTA ensures that a certain amount of goods produced and traded between the three countries has to have a minimum percentage of its parts produced in North America."
Abstract This essay argues that among the inherent tensions between liberal democracy and multiculturalism, the most problematic is the conflict between equality of political rights, which is fundamental to liberal democracy, and the notion of collective rights, which is fundamental to multiculturalism. Nonetheless, this tension can be overcome and it is argued that multiculturalism in fact supports some elements of liberal democracy such as political participation. In order to clarify this argument, the writer begins with defining multiculturalism, liberal democracy and basic principles of liberal democracy.
From the Paper "A policy of multiculturalism within a bilingual framework commends itself to the Government as the most suitable means of assuring the cultural freedom of Canadians?"A vigorous policy of multiculturalism will help form"?the base of a society which is based on fair play for all.?? (Pierre Trudeau, 1971 qtd in Multiculturalism and the Government of Canada 1) It has been thirty years since Prime Minister Trudeau announced this multiculturalism policy. During these twenty years, not only Canada, but also other nations that have adopted the policy of multiculturalism have experienced both challenges to and support of multiculturalism from diverse groups. Social issues emerging from multiculturalism have become more and more complex. In nations like Canada, Switzerland, Belgium and Spain, liberal democracy coexists with multiculturalism and questions arise concerning these two principles: how does multiculturalism fit into liberal democratic society? Does the principle of multiculturalism support liberal democracy or undermine it? More specifically, what aspects of multiculturalism affect liberal democracy and how? This essay will argue that among the inherent tensions between liberal democracy and multiculturalism, the most problematic is the conflict between equality of political rights, which is fundamental to liberal democracy, and the notion of collective rights, which is fundamental to multiculturalism. Nonetheless, this tension can be overcome and it will be argued that multiculturalism in fact supports some elements of liberal democracy such as political participation. In order to clarify this argument, I will begin with defining multiculturalism, liberal democracy and basic principles of liberal democracy."
Abstract Discusses the mistakes made by French military commander-in-chief, the Marquis de Montcalm. Describes his initial blunder in attacking the British forces, his error in judgment, and the background to the battle.
From the Paper "This essay discusses whether and to what extent the military defeat of French forces during the Battle of Quebec was attributable to mistakes made by its Commander-in-Chief, General Louis-Joseph, the Marquis de Montcalm (1712-1759)."
Abstract This paper looks at the idea that the conversion of Canada's First Nations to Christianity and the disenfranchisement of native spiritual religious practices were and continue to be an essential part of nation building in Canada. The paper is presented in a three-point argument: Missionaries provided valuable information on the native populations to the colonizing government; missionaries undermined native religious and political structures and banned native practices and values that were in conflict with Western ideals, and finally, today, much of the disregard for native customs and religions continue as the government fails to enact legislation to protect Aboriginal religion.
From the Paper "Furthermore, the missionaries were the first Europeans to study and learn the languages of the native populations. For example, Recollect Father Chrestien LeClercq, who was stationed in Quebec in 1675, learned the spoken and symbolic language of the Micmacs, allowing for an accelerated process of missionary conversion (Krieger). This knowledge of language and familiarity with the native ways made the missionaries a valuable source of information during the later military conflicts with native populations."
Tags: Roman, Catholic, Huron, Potlatch, Salish, Indian
Abstract This paper explains that, of all the ethnic groups to migrate to British North America, the Irish are perhaps the most neglected and ignored in Atlantic-Canadian history. This paper discusses the history of their arrival and their absorption into Canadian culture and society. It also examines where they lived and why these areas were chosen.
From the Paper "The Scottish settlers are widely acknowledged, after all Nova Scotia means New Scotland, and the French identity is strong from when the area was united under the title of Acadia. The English have a long Maritimes history basing most of the colonial war with the French, and the Aboriginal Canadians existed in the area at least one thousand years before any of the others. However, since European colonization began, the Irish have always been present, with the largest concentration in Saint John, New Brunswick, a primary immigration port in the New World, and a city with stronger connections to Ireland than Boston, Massachusetts. In fact Saint John was the destination for more than thirty thousand Irish fleeing the Potato Famine in Ireland between 1845 and 1854, with roughly sixteen thousand of them arriving during 1847, called Black 47 due to the fact that it was the worst year of the famine."
Abstract This paper examines how during 2003, Toronto's tourism and hospitality industry was significantly hampered by four major crises: An outbreak of SARS, West Nile Virus, Mad Cow disease and an electrical blackout. It discusses how although every individual within the Greater Toronto area (GTA) was affected in some manner, the tourism industry was the most radically influenced and how the cumulative onslaught of the aforementioned events drastically reduced the number of visitors to the once thriving metropolis and threatened the livelihood of the city. It details the issues encountered by Toronto's tourism industry during 2003 and the recovery methods that were instituted in order to endorse the city as an attractive tourism destination.
From the Paper "In order to regain the trust of travellers, positive advertising campaigns were initiated through mass mediums to the general public to highlight the positive elements that Toronto had to offer. The majority of the campaigns launched throughout the city were aimed at promoting Toronto through two key marketing concepts. These included (1) product bundling - offering a complete package to consumers at a reduced rate, and (2) reduced pricing - discounts placed upon specific offerings of the tourism sector. These concepts were based upon a loss-leader marketing strategy, whereby a very low price is charged for a product or service to entice customers into subsequently purchasing higher cost items. Mirvish Productions initiated one of the first examples of product bundling."
Abstract This paper observes the changing role of women in society, specifically in Canada, as a result of World War I. It explains that women's roles as military nurses in The Great War were quite contradictory to conventional women's roles. The paper details the way that this specific duty in the war helped open doors to other advances for women in Canadian society, in particular, and the world, in general.
From the Paper "As military nurses in The Great War, Canadian women took on many tasks and roles, some familiar, some new; however, all of these tasks and roles would be carried out in a distinctively non - traditional setting. These passages from the diaries of Ella Mae Bongard and Clare Gass, two Canadian nurses whom served overseas in The Great War, serve the purpose of bringing forth the general role of the nurses in World War one. Nurses were generally responsible for hundreds of patients each day, each one a totally unique case. Nurses were responsible for keeping the soldier's spirits up, repairing the soldier physically, repairing enemy prisoners of war, and essentially, watching young men die, among other various lesser tasks. As is obvious, the nurses were faced with the grim, grotesque realities of war and the realization that their countrymen were being killed and wounded in epic proportions. Upon undertaking such a multitude of tasks one would assume that these nurses were quite competent, strong individuals, broken free of all societal gender barriers but historians tend to disagree over the issue of whether or not gender stereotypes were effectively challenged or actually solidified during the war. According to Linda Quiney, women nurses cared not about breaking gender stereotypes but rather ?they came to serve the men and they were proud of their service,?3 in reference to the attitudes of young women nurses in The Great War. This comment would seem to suggest that the nurses themselves viewed their experiences in the war as simply a way to support the male population, the same way it has traditionally been. The soldiers who were brought into the hospitals and nursing stations during the war were quite often very sick, mortally wounded, demoralized, and even quite lonely as one might expect. According to Mann, the nurses ?displayed a female version of esprit-de-corps. Friendship, humorous escapades - whether in work or play the nurses combined seriousness of purpose with sheer delight.?4 In saying this, Mann intends to stress the fact that the nurses not only served to repair the ailing soldiers physically, but mentally as well. Also according to Mann, soldiers still viewed the nurses overseas as "the protected"5 and in return for physical protection the army expects quick repairs of all its soldiers.6 From this perspective, one would be led to believe that women were, indeed, supporting the traditional stereotypes of a gender distinct society in which women carried out "maternal" tasks such as healing and nourishing and the men took upon the duties of providing for and defending his family. In Mann's intro to Clare Gass? diary she specifically states several duties that Gass is responsible for in the hospital: making beds, stocking the kitchen, changing bandages/gauzes, entertaining patients, etc. In short, the nurses were responsible for sustaining the spirit of the men ?with a smile, a pat, a cig., treat, or chat.? "
Tags: canadian, change, female, rights, role, social, war, woman, workd
Abstract One of the key players in the establishment of fur trade routes linking the Atlantic ocean with the Pacific and Arctic oceans via a quite complex route through various lakes and rivers of the Canadian shield was Scottish explorer, Alexander Mackenzie. This paper explains how Mackenzie's voyages to the Arctic ocean in 1789 and the Pacific coast in 1792-93 proved to be paramount for the continuation of Westward expansion, and perhaps even more pertinent for the expansion of the fur trade, the major economic means of pre-confederation Canada and a major contributor to Britain's economy. By analysing Mackenzie's own account of his journeys, as well as other supplementary sources, the paper defines exactly how crucial his two voyages were to all elements of the fur trade and just how extraordinary his journeys were in historical perspective. It explains that the establishment of trade routes to the North and Northwest, establishment of relations with the native tribes along the various waterways, and the discovery of a vast, relatively unexplored territory (unexplored by whites), with much in the way of wildlife and the potential for great wealth and economic prosperity, were all positive aspects in regard to Mackenzie's voyages.
From the Paper "Alexander Mackenzie was once described, in his younger years, as a man who would take second place to no one whether it be as an explorer or as a fur trader.1 Mackenzie's voyages of 1789 and 1792-93 are conveyed in his journal entries as ?strangely unspectacular,?2 quite odd considering the importance of his travels to the well being of the fur trade industry, the chief economic means of British North America at this point in history. In the years prior to his exploration of Northern and Northwestern Canada, Alexander Mackenzie served as an employer to the Northwest fur trading company. Mackenzie, who was young and ambitious at the time, declared his certainty that greater successes for the Northwest company lay in the far West and North of the Canadian territory.3 Mackenzie's only problem lied in company kingpin Simon McTavish whom had a particular dislike for Mackenzie for one reason or another; fuelled by his dislike for Mackenzie, McTavish refused to support the young explorer in his wishes to explore the far North and West of Canada. After continuous unsuccessful harbouring with McTavish, Mackenzie defected from the Northwest company and found himself employed with rival company, the XY company, with whom Mackenzie expanded with in order to challenge the Northwest company.4 Eventually, after the death of Simon McTavish, the Northwest Company and the XY Company merged in 1787;5 Alexander Mackenzie was stationed at Lake Athabasca, the Company's westernmost post, with fellow explorer and trader, Peter Pond. Both men were determined that great wealth lied in the lands to the North and to the West.6 This determination drove the men to curiosity as to where the Great Slave River running North from Lake Athabasca would lead to. Mackenzie and Pond were also determined to create a continuous trade route linking all three oceans which contained Canada: the Atlantic, the Arctic, and the Pacific.7 Mackenzie's first voyage would be to the Arctic, where he hoped to find a link to the ?frozen sea.? "
Abstract Vancouver, British Columbia, is a location that is steeped in tradition and a rich history. This paper examines Vancouver within the larger context of western Canadian development. It presents a short history of Vancouver and discusses the changes that have taken place over time. In addition, the research focuses on the community's political history as a local register of reaction to outside or distant forces. The paper concludes by assessing regional geographic factors and reflecting upon the broad sweep of Vancouver's history over the decades.
From the Paper "The author also explains that the governor was instructed by the company to consult the local chiefs about the rights of the natives. (Tenant 1990) The company also asserted that the natives only had rights to land which they themselves had cultivated or had built houses upon. (Tenant 1990) The natives would also retain the right to hunt and fish. Furthermore, any land that was not being used was described as waste and subject to colonization. (Tenant 1990) The Company also asserted that if the natives wanted access to the wasted land they must properly register with the colony. (Tenant 1990)"
Tags: Oregon, Treaty, Hudson, Bay, company, Natives
Abstract This paper examines the Kyoto Accord, an international treaty among signatory countries to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by their industries if their neighboring countries do likewise. In particular, it looks at how, in 1997, the federal government of Canada signed the Kyoto Accord, which committed it to cutting emissions of greenhouse gases to six percent by 2012 and how the province of Alberta, which produces the majority of Canada's oil and gas, opposed the Treaty, as it would significantly cripple its energy industry and deprive it of billions of dollars.
From the Paper "Global warming has disturbed nature at an alarming rate and ways. It has already reduced the depth of winter polar ice cap since the 1970s by 40% (Green), which threatens to render polar bears to become extinct if the condition continues. Almost all glaciers are fast retreating, and this accelerates the heating effect. With more heat, there is more energy in the atmosphere, and, therefore, more bad weather. More heat will also redistribute rains. There have been many disasters throughout the world due to inclement weather. Droughts are another consequence of disturbed weather, and droughts have occurred in Canada. Monsoon rains, on which depends Asian agriculture, no longer come regularly because of this imbalance."
Abstract A brief biography of Rizzuto is presented, Rizzuto's current legal situation is described, and the involvement of national and international law enforcement groups in Rizzuto's arrest is investigated. Canadian and American legislation used to charge Rizzuto is outlined. In addition, the expected result of Rizzuto's legal problems is described, and the impact of his potential extradition on organized crime in Canada is discussed.
From the Paper "Vito Rizzuto was born in the town of Cattolica Eraclea in Sicily in 1946 (Humphreys, The Man They Call). He immigrated to Montr"al with his family in 1954 (CBC News Online, INDEPTH). During Vito's high school years, his father was known to be associated with individuals involved in organized crime. When members of the Caruana-Cuntrera clan moved to Canada to avoid prosecution elsewhere, they soon became involved with Vito Rizzuto and his father. Vito Rizzuto married Sicilian Giovanna Cammalleni, and they had three children: sons Nicolo and Leonardo, and a daughter, Libertina. The Rizzuto family is extremely close, with several members living on the same street on Montr"al Island. Known as the Teflon Don, Vito Rizzuto is thought to be a leader of organized crime within Canada. He has known associations with organized crime leaders in Calgary, Vancouver, and New York, and is credited with helping bring a truce between known motorcycle gangs the Hell's Angels and the Rock Machine in Qu?bec. In the mid-1980s, Rizzuto fled to Venezuela for some time due to increased tensions with the Caruana-Cuntrera organization."
Abstract This paper takes a look at the constant growth and development of residential and commercial structures in Canada and the measures that have been undertaken to control this growth, as well as transform it so as to create healthy and sustainable communities. The paper focuses on the effort called "Smart Growth" and outlines the basic concept of this method.
From the Paper "Canadians have spent a lot of time, effort and money in developing our urban environment. Through constant growth and development of new residential or commercial structures, we have transformed the landscape of our country. Growth and development have expanded so rapidly that we now classify it as sprawl. There have been many debates on how to contain this sprawl that is occurring. Efforts such as Smart Growth and New Urbanism are just two of the ideas conceived to contain our sprawl. In order to understand how to contain sprawl, we must first understand what sprawl is. The Canadian Urban Institute identifies sprawl as ?the way in which new development consumes land at a faster rate than the rate at which the population is growing.? (Canadian Urban Institute 2001:5) Sprawl as we know it is low-density land development with high dependency on automobiles."
Abstract This paper discusses the topic of acculturation among the Cree of the Subarctic. It demonstrates that the fur trade had less of an impact on the Cree than other groups who were exposed to more direct contact with the Europeans. In the area of James Bay, acculturative processes appear to have been gradual rather than sudden and dramatic.
From the Paper "The accounts of early missionaries and traders cannot be trusted, especially on the subject of subsistence, as they are often ambiguous and ethnocentric. Fur traders' journals overuse words such as "starve", creating misleading impressions (Black-Rogers, 1986). Analysis of these journals soon makes obvious that starving came in a number of different varieties. It is necessary to consider the context in which they were written as the intended meaning could be either literal, technical, or manipulative. In many cases, natives and their families were not starving at all. Meaning could be further confused if a trader was reporting what was actually said by a native as opposed to what he observed. It was sometimes customary in native culture to claim to be starving, in an effort to portray humbleness."
