Abstract The writer looks at how the concept of a camera and film has evolved and been transformed over the years. In this paper, the writer examines the workings of a digital camera. The article includes relevant illustrations. The writer also considers the benefits of digital cameras over film cameras.
From the Paper "Cameras of all kinds-still video film digital-have become so ubiquitous that Americans seemingly take them for granted. Once cumbersome to the point that taking a photograph required subjects to sit still for several minutes, today's cameras have progressed to the point that they exist in cellular phones. Despite the fact that digital and film cameras are both called cameras they use significantly different technology to capture images. This research considers how film cameras evolved into digital cameras and the advantages associated with the ... "
Tags: photography, technology, cameras, digital camera
Abstract The paper analyzes the radar cameras and red light cameras on the road. The paper relates how since the 1990s these technological methods for catching motorists in the act of speeding or running red lights has been touted by advocates as a powerful weapon for improving the safety of the roads. The paper explains, however, that critics call the technology Orwellian and they claim that the cameras have been employed primarily to increase revenue both for individual cities as well as the vendors who provide this technology. This paper researches the general pros and cons of the issue, examining some pertinent legislation.
From the Paper "The purpose of this paper is to examine the radar cameras and red light cameras. Since the 1990s these technological methods for catching motorists in the act of speeding or running red lights has been touted by advocates as a powerful weapon for improving the safety of the roads. However, critics call the technology Orwellian and claim that the cameras have been employed primarily to increase revenue both for individual cities as well as the vendors who provide this technology. This paper will research the general pros and cons of the issue, examining some pertinent legislation as well as the major claims of both sides of the matter. In the end, however, it is and will be my position that photo radar and red light cameras are effective only at lining the city coffers."
This paper examines the constitutionality of the Red Light Camera Program. Although the Supreme Court found the program constitutional, the controversy continues.
Abstract Red Light Cameras snap photos of speeders and red-light runners but they are also used to check and monitor traffic on selected roadways. The writer shows that the use of these cameras is growing as are motorists' fears of being watched. The paper traces the controversy showing both sides of the case that is reminiscent of a futuristic novel.
From the Paper "Red Light Cameras are new additions to a range of tools, which law enforcement officers use to catch motorists who run red lights at will. They snap photos of speeders and red light runners but they are also used to check and monitor traffic on selected roadways. Although they are fast becoming a favorite of traffic safety advocates, these techniques, if not conducted within set guidelines and communicated about effectively, can prompt strong negative reactions among a small but vocal minority who see them as "big brother" techniques designed to trample citizens' rights."
This paper compares the telescreen from George Orwell's book "Nineteen Eighty-Four" and the camera lucida, a primitive camera, from Roland Barthes? book ?Camera Lucida?.
Abstract This paper explains that the true nature of observation, whether through the lens of a camera or the "All Seeing Eye" of a telescreen, depends on the viewpoint of the voyeur, a situation that clearly plays a major role in both "Nineteen Eighty-Four" and ?Camera Lucida?. The paper points out that Barthes' camera lucida as a mechanical device also projects an image onto a flat surface, much like Orwell's electrical telescreens that project images through a monitor. The author feels that the telescreen and photography eliminate time and distance through its immediacy and "in-your-face" projections, just as, today, a video camera or internet "webcam" perform the same function.
From the Paper "For Barthes, photographs were triggers that brought out the inner light of thinking and interpretation. In his book, he discusses the intense debate about images, particularly those related to photography, and their role in the development of cultural theory and history. This is quite similar to Orwell's use of images on his telescreens which projected
not only the images associated with "Big Brother" but also those of the culture of Oceania and the government's efforts to supervise all the activities of its citizens. In Camera Lucida, Barthes offers the suggestion that photographs contain an "aura" which reflects lost memories. He mentions that while studying a photo of his mother as a young child, "standing a little back (and) facing the camera," he accidentally discovered the true essence of his long-dead mother. This photograph, as he put it, was a telescope that brought distance and time into reality while also doing the same for his mother."
Tags: observation, voyeur, projection, webcam, video
Abstract This paper presents an examination of the effectiveness of red light cameras at intersections. It explains how their purpose is to photograph errant drivers breaking the laws of the road so that the offender can be ticketed through the mail. It provides various statistics on the use of these cameras in different States and on accidents that are primarily caused by running a red light. It reviews various pieces of literaure on the topic and proposes a study to determine whether there is a direct correlation between the use of red light cameras and the reduction of incidences of major injury collisions at intersections.
From the Paper "Currently red light runners are on the increase. Recently the characteristics of a driver who will run a red light have been determined. Statistically they are younger in age than those who do not run red lights and they have a higher incidence of poor driver incidences. In addition the drivers who are prone to running red lights are more often than their non red light peers have a history of alcohol abuse in the past. Drivers who run red lights cause 260,000 crashes a year."
Abstract This paper explains that the press has long argued for the right to bring cameras into the courtroom arguing that (1) freedom of speech and the press is guaranteed by the First Amendment to the Constitution and that, (2) in a truly free society, the public has a right to know what goes on inside a courtroom. However, the courts claim that the use of cameras in a court room could influence public sentiment about a trial, which, in turn, might influence the jury. The author reviews court rulings of the Lindbergh kidnapping case, "Rideau vs. the State of Louisiana", "Billie Sol Estes vs. State of Texas", "Nixon vs. Warner Communications", "United States vs. Mitchell", O. J. Simpson cases and the Clinton-Lewinsky fiasco, regarding the use of cameras in these court rooms, the decisions strengthening these rulings and the current opinions of the courts. The paper concludes that the press and the courts are dependent upon each other; if there were no freedom of the press, there would be no one to make sure a defendant received a fair trial. Several long quotes.
From the Paper "The issue of cameras in the courtroom popped up again in the fiasco between President Clinton and Monica Lewinsky. The defense sought to use illegally tapped telephone conversations against the President. In this case, the Court ruled the public right to know outweighed the President's right to privacy. President Clinton's testimony was broadcast on TV in front of millions of viewers, but the President came out looking like the winner. The prosecutor Kenneth Starr wanted to expose Clinton on television, but failed, "Instead, the camera captured a controlled and confident Clinton telling his side of the story in detail for the first time. He rebutted much of the legal case against him and launched a counterattack on the four-year, $40-million prosecution as unfair and politically driven.""
Abstract Discusses whether cameras should be allowed during felony trials. State laws and judicial rulings on the topic. Defendant's interests. Constitutional issues (First and Sixth Amendments). Concerns over publicity in trials, and role of the major media. Cites several cases and opinions. Personal reaction to topic contends that cameras should be allowed.
From the Paper "Cameras in the Courtroom
Issue:
Should cameras be allowed in the courtroom during all felony trials?
There has been no final decision on this question on the part of the Supreme Court, leaving a patchwork of State laws and judicial rulings on the topic. In California, absent a claim by the defense that the defendant's interests will be prejudiced by the presence of a camera in the courtroom, and that claim upheld by the judge, the presumption is that cameras may be allowed in the courtroom if so requested by a news-gathering organization
(Wilson Conference, 1097).
There are two major constitutional areas that must be dealt with in deciding whether to allow a camera. These are the public's right to..."
Abstract This paper discusses how reflection and refraction produce an image in a camera. A camera depends completely on light to produce an image. The one reason objects can be seen at all is that light rays are reflected from their surfaces.
Abstract This paper provides a segmentation, targeting, and positioning study for the Kodak EasyShare camera line, including a review of the literature and an emphasis on two internal factors that can impact consumer purchasing for the product: motivation and learning. An explanation of how the concepts in the literature can be applied to Kodak's marketing for the EasyShare series is detailed, followed by recommendations on how the information can be put to use in Kodak's marketing.
From the Paper "One of today's hottest new markets is the digital camera market. A myriad of digital cameras with varying specifications have flooded the market making it difficult for consumers to choose. Kodak EasyShare camera..."
Tags: Kodak EasyShare, digital camera, camera dock, printer dock, marketing, target market, motivation, learning, internal factors, segmentation, positioning, literature review, recommendations, scrapbooking
Abstract This paper, broken down into five parts, describes the creation of a true experiment to examine the use of stationary cameras in crime prone areas. All elements are included, explained and discussed. The author also includes discussions related to data gathered, the test instrument itself and the validity and reliability of the results. The forth section discusses the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional, panel and trend designs and which is most effective. Finally, in the fifth section, the writer presents a discussion of the relationship among the various concepts explained in the text.
Outline:
Part 1 - Create a True Experiment for Stationary Cameras True Experiment Requirements
Design of the Experiment
Abstract
Comparison Groups
Variation in the Independent Variable
Random Assignment
Conclusion
Part 2 - Create a Test Instrument
Nominal Data
Ordinal Data
Interval Data
Ratio Data
Part 3 - Validity and Reliability of Survey
Validity
Reliability
Part 4 - Cross-Sectional, Panel and Trend Designs
From the Paper "One of the ways to determine the causal impact of certain conditions upon social groups it through the use of "True Experiments". True Experiments contain at least three elements, being: at least two comparison group, an experimental group and the control group; before the measuring of change in the dependent variable, a variation must be made in the independent variable; and, members of the comparison groups are randomly assigned (Schutt, 2006, p.201). These elements are important in determining the causal mechanism and controlling the experiment."
Abstract The paper investigates if red-light cameras reduce the prevalence of red-light running. The paper provides a literature review and explains the findings that showed that in the majority of cases, the installation of red-light cameras reduced red-light running among drivers in participating cities nationwide. The paper briefly outlines the method of research the study used.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Method
From the Paper "The US Department of Transportation reported that more than 92,000 crashes have resulted in 900 deaths every year by drivers beating red traffic lights (Harvey 2005). Red light running or beating the red light has been identified as a significant cause of accidents at signalized intersections (Hakkert 2004). Studies on accidents at such intersections in the Australian states of Victoria, Western Australia and Queensland from 1994 to 1998 were conducted. They found that 15-21% of accidents were related to red light running. The US General Estimates System, on the other hand, reported that of the 260,000 red light running accidents, 750 were fatal. The high-volume casualty required prompt attention and appropriate countermeasures to confront and solve the problem. A primary countermeasure has been the automatic enforcement with the help of red-light cameras or RLC (Hakkert)."
Abstract This paper reviews the 2006 film "Pan's labyrinth" and examines the camera techniques employed in this brilliant Spanish film. Through an explanation of director Guillermo del Toro's use of modern technology in special effects, the author discusses the unique film presentation of layering fantasy over reality.
Outline:
The Camera The Technology
The Simplicity
Works Cited
From the Paper "The director has demonstrated his expertise and skill through the use of modern technology in special effects, the motion picture camera, and the simplicity of mythology to blend the otherwise separate dimensions of reality and fantasy, layering the fantasy over the reality, to create a unique film presentation. Many filmmakers have moved from fantasy to reality, or vice a versa, but Pan's Labyrinth is a film where the technique of layering allows the blending of fantasy and reality in a seamless way, a layering of the two dimensions, and this is done in simple story way, but employing the complexity of special effects and the camera."
Abstract The paper describes how the Sony Cybershot digital camera exhibits a blend of form and function. The paper discusses the features of image stabilization, various modes, and a built-in microphone that allows the camera to perform the function of audio capture and a zoom lens. The paper also looks at several formal features that are directly related to their functions, for example, the battery and memory card storage spaces that hold those items.
From the Paper "The Sony Cybershot digital camera exhibits a blend of form and function. Formal elements convey function, and function is communicated via form. The features that the Sony Cybershot shares with pre-digital cameras include all the elements that make a camera what it is: a lens; some kind of viewfinder; and a trigger to take shots. However, the digital camera possess several features that demonstrate the different functions between a digital and film camera. The Sony Cybershot in particular offers user-friendly functions specific to the art, hobby, and science of photography. Moreover, many of the Sony Cybershot functions are hidden, embedded in the camera's hardware and firmware or simply invisible."
Abstract This paper describes how, while working within the most innovative period in Soviet cinema, before the coming of sound, Dziga Vertov created the film "Man with a Movie Camera", a tribute to the newly formed Communist State, urban environments and technological advancement. It analyzes how in order to create a variety of themes, including those comparing the bourgeois and working classes, man and machinery and the nature of film itself, Vertov uses editing to relate a series of seemingly unrelated shots. It looks at how these shots are comprised of five types of images: industrial construction, traffic, machinery, recreation and citizen-workers. It also shows how he constructs meaning through editing in the film to form an argument in favour of the newly formed soviet state by juxtaposing disjunctive images, but also linking the images through composition.
From the Paper "The main theme of Vertov's film is a cameraman performing his daily routine in an urban environment, and this meaning is produced through the films ability to show both the cameraman at work and the reaction he receives from the people he films. The entire film is reflexive in the sense that the audience is constantly reminded that film is a constructed environment, designed by the filmmaker. Mixing in shots of the camera, the cameraman, and the editing process maintain the idea that the film is just a part of Vertov's usual routine. The sequence opens with a shot of the cameraman reflected in the camera's lens, continues with a shot of the urban setting in which the events will unfold, and then returns to the filmmaker's "work" of filming traffic."
