Abstract This paper looks at the restrictions imposed by society that women must live under. Mores specifically, the paper discusses the restrictions placed on women in education, sexuality, the workplace and the home and explains how society imposes these restrictions because of longstanding societal rules about women's roles and their behavior. The paper also looks at how these restrictions have held women back from cultural advancement.
From the Paper "Today in US society, women are pressured to fit a certain ideal. We are expected to conform to a set of rules that have been in place in American society for decades. Even though times are changing and opportunities seem to be easier to come by for women today than in the early part of the century, women are still held down by the restrictions these perfect ideals place on them. Our role in the home and in the workplace is constrained to that which the patriarchy has for so long led us to believe is correct. These restrictions are very evident in our everyday lives, including violence against us, poor healthcare, forced sexuality, and even lower pay and less valued jobs. This evidence is what sustains the patriarchy, and thus what restricts women to remain in the positions that we have for so long fought against."
Abstract For many years nutritionists advised the general public about the cardiovascular implications of maintaining a diet regimen that restrictscalorie intake. Information has now surfaced that a dietary restriction (DR) regimen has neurogenic implications. A DR regimen involves calorierestriction or intermittent fasting with maintained vitamin and mineral intake. This paper focuses on the effects of a DR regimen on neurogenesis and neuroprotection in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus. The contributory effect of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on neurogenesis is also examined in conjunction with a DR regimen.
From the Paper "Further study in this field of neuroprotection involves establishing how the cellular stress induced by DR and the subsequent production of BDNF is able to increase the resistance of hippocampal neurons (2). In addition, it would be important for researchers to find applications of this neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease. Neurodegenerative disorders have been characterized as involving increased oxidative and metabolic stress, and overactivation of glutamate receptors (2). If DR results in the production of BDNF, which has been found to increase neuronal resistance, then the next logical progression of this research involves their use with neurodegenerative disorders."
Abstract This paper argues that it is the large portion size and calorie content of our meals, rather than eating health-foods versus fast/junk foods, that is the true causative agent of obesity and related health problems in America. The paper bases this proposition on research done in the field of anti-aging which shows extreme life-extension and health benefits in animal and molecular studies when calories are reduced by forty percent from normal. Furthermore, the paper proposes that Americans be educated from a portion-control perspective first and a healthy-foods perspective secondarily.
Tags: Fast Food, Nutrition, McDonald's, Obesity, Anti-Aging, Calorierestriction
Abstract This paper explores the working hypothesis that caloric restriction may prevent Alzheimer's disease. In addition, the paper explores the idea that individuals with the ApoE genotype and a higher intake of calories have a higher risk of AD than those who do not carry the apoE4 allele.
From the Paper "Alzheimer's Disease is a form of dementia that is marked by the loss of mental ability and various cognitive functions. The disease usually occurs in old age and is not detectable at birth. (Robinson) There is no consensus on the cause of AD but researchers have found a genetic link in the development of the disorder. The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine explains that there are various genes that are implicated in AD. One such gene is amyloid precursor protein (APP), which creates amlyloid. When there are mutations in this gene the result is often the early onset of Alzheimer's disease. It is also reported that most individuals that have Down syndrome also develop AD."
Abstract This paper examines the importance of nutrition in end stage renal failure disease versus non-diseased people. It begins by discussing the causes of end-stage renal disease and its recommended treatment. The paper then discusses nutrition in the pre-dialysis and dialysis patient. The paper specifically looks at the restrictions that must be placed on the diet of a patient undergoing dialysis.
Outline:
Causes
Treatment
Nutrition in the Pre-dialysis and Dialysis Patients
From the Paper "The definitive treatment of ESRD is the initiation of dialysis (peritoneal or hemodialysis) or renal transplantation with control or eradication of the cause of the kidney disease. However, nutritional support in the patient with end-stage renal disease must take into account the fragile electrolyte balance maintained by the remaining functional nephrons. Nutritional support in these patients most importantly takes into account the stage at which the patient is in. Protein restriction (0.6 g/kg/day) combined with a balanced, calorie-sufficient diet (35 kcal/kg/day) and phosphorus supplementation of up to 10 g/kg/day is the diet of choice for stage 3, 4 and 5CRD patients (Skorecki, Green & Brenner, 2005). Protein restriction is the most important component, which avoids the problem of urea nitrogen accumulation from the catabolism of the n-terminals of excess protein. Other organ system disorders are treated separately."
Abstract This paper analyzes the age restriction imposed on the eligiblity of future NBA athletes. The writer first examines how the NBA's revised age requirement could potentially help the NBA and then turns to the negative implications of this requirement that concern the marginalized African-American athlete. The paper contends that the age restriction does not reflect the true reason of developing athletes and making them more mature, but has an underlying racial component to it. The paper therefore argues that the age restriction should be lifted and the minimum age requirement should fall back to 18.
From the Paper "Lucrative contracts in professional sports coupled with the extravagant dollars spent on product endorsements and young athletes have finally taken its toll on the National Basketball Association [NBA]. With more high school athletes declaring eligibility for the NBA draft right out of high school, David Stern, NBA commissioner, has finally implemented an age restriction on the eligibility of future NBA athletes. Up until a year ago, the age restriction for declaring eligibility had been 18 years of age, or graduating seniors from high school. In the past year the rule has changed, which now states that an athlete wanting to declare for the NBA must have undergone at least one year at the collegiate level, or is 19 years of age or above. This has sparked great controversy across the nation and has opened the flood gates on issues concerning race and racism as well as a discussion around socio-economic issues."
Abstract This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes water restrictions in Lubbock Texas. Specifically, discusses local water restrictions and the block billing system that the city council designed. The paper criticizes Lubbock's introduction of block billing and raising water rates as a tool for water conservation. The paper explains that the billing is based on faulty calculations and will result in home and business owners paying more than their fair share of water costs. The paper suggests that to really gain the support of residents, the City Council should reconsider block billing and the time period used to set the rates, as it is faulty, unfair and results in water mismanagement rather than conservation.
From the Paper "Block billing is a system of averaging water (or other utility) usage, establishing guidelines, and billing according to an average of water consumption for residential and commercial enterprises. In Lubbock, block billing for water was proposed and adopted in 2006, and went into affect in April 2007. The block billing structure was built on an average from September 2006 through February 2007, but this is a time when consumption is lower than in the warmer summer months. Thus, consumers will be penalized for using normal amounts of water in the summer, because the average is faulty and does not take into consideration the warmer summer weather in Texas. Using a time that water consumption is lower may seem to be a way to ensure consumers conserve more water, but that has already been proved wrong, as the system was only in effect a little over two months when residents were placed on emergency water restrictions."
Abstract This paper analyzes the many different ways that the narrator of "The Yellow Wall-Paper" experiences imprisonment in her life. Both obvious and hidden forms are discussed, such as the restrictions placed on the narrator by her husband and physician as well as the remote area in which the country mansion is found.
From the Paper "It is understandable that the narrator feels uneasy in the room: the room and many of its features twist the common comforts of a home. For example, a window typically presents a view of possibilities. For the narrator, it represents a view of a world of which she cannot be part. The barred windows show that she is barred from the outside world both physically and mentally."
Tags: imprisonment, paranoia, restrictions, rights, schizophrenia, women
Abstract This paper examines why Temporary Fight Restrictions (TFR) are considered unconstitutional by many quarters and how they are seriously hurting economic conditions of the United States aviation. The paper also presents a legal point of view which states that we cannot declare any action taken for security reasons as unconstitutional. This is because the federal government has Congress's permission to take appropriate measures to ensure security of the country, its landmarks, general public and important public figures such as the president and vice president. The paper asks when these actions cross the limits of justice and start interfering with smooth operations of any industry, and explains that a petition can be filed against them in U.S. courts to determine the legality of those actions. No such action has so far been taken against TFRs, which were imposed in the wake of September 11. The paper studies the issue closely to find out why people feel that TFRs should be declared unconstitutional and how it is contributing towards bad economic conditions in the country.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Literature Review and Discussion
Condition of Airline Industry after Sept. 11
TFRs and General Aviation
TFRs without Information
TFRs and Business at Busy Airports
TFRs Circles
TFRs and Young Pilots
TFRs: an Ineffective Measure
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Temporary flight restrictions were imposed after September 11 in order to protect America public from terrorist attacks. These restrictions had a huge negative impact on the airline industry in specific and on economy in general. This is the reason why many felt that such restrictions should be declared unconstitutional even if the objective behind such measures is highly constitutional. TFR regulations have been in operation since 1971 but amendments that have taken place over the years have expanded the scope of this regulation. For example while formerly it could be invoked at certain given occasion or days, since September 11, they are being used whenever the government feels a certain site can become potential target for terrorist attacks. In order to understand why temporary flight restrictions were imposed and whether or not they are unconstitutional, we must first take a look at the economic conditions of the country after September 11. This will help us understand why any flight restrictions can further worsen the United States economic downturn. Temporary flights restrictions are issued by Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) to protect certain sites from any kind of threat. Before September 11, the main purpose of such restrictions was to protect government military sites from spy planes or to prevent possible collusion of non-participating planes during air shows. But since the tragic incident of September 11, things have changed dramatically for the airline industry as many commercial planes are now being forced to take new routes to reach destination because of FAA flight restrictions."
Abstract This paper sheds light on some important issues related to employment of HIV infected people. With dramatic increase in HIV patients worldwide, several problems have surfaced regarding the rights of this group in society and in the workplace. Corporations are still uncertain how an HIV infected employee should be covered by medical insurance when pre-existing conditions can be a huge burden on a company's financial resources. Discrimination based on valid concerns and social prejudice has made life difficult for the infected members of the American workforce. The paper shows how sufferers are not treated fairly in the workplace and how certain professions have imposed restrictions on the entry of infected people.
From the Paper "HIV/AIDS virus is an extremely dangerous and mysterious predator, that has infected some 22.6 million people around the world, and the number is continuously rising as no cure is in sight and no breakthrough in this field has yet been achieved. The disease that was discovered in 1981 posed a major threat to the human population when, within the first five years of its discovery, AIDS had attacked 24,000 Americans and it was believed that within a short period of time this disease would reach an epidemical stage. That period has expired and we are encountering a situation, which two decades ago was simply impossible to even imagine."
Tags: cost, employment, patient, restrictions, rights
Abstract This paper examines Article 28, while appearing relatively clear on first reading, has proved problematic and therefore produced a string of case law and discussion, which continues on today. It looks at how, in order to define the term ?measure equivalent to a quantitative restriction,? (MEQR) one needs to trace the problems and decisions arising from this issue and discusses it in three different sections. It begins with the definition of an MEQR as it stood in the cases prior to Keck and Directive 70/50 and then explores the changes created by the decision in Keck and other cases which followed this judgement. Finally, it examines decisions post Keck and the fact that they have largely regressed to the decisions taken before this case.
From the Paper "MEQR's can essentially be split into two categories; those that directly or indirectly discriminate against imported goods, and those that are "indistinctly applicable" to the sphere of Article 28. In the former category, one of the bigger decisions is that of Dassonville , which continued to be used in many subsequent cases. The case concerned a Belgian law stating goods bearing a designation of origin must be accompanied by a certificate from the government of the exporting country certifying their right to that designation. Dassonville were a French company who exported Scotch Whiskey and they appealed that it would be very difficult for third party exporters to obtain such a certificate in respect of goods already in free circulation in the third country. The ECJ upheld the Dassonville appeal, stating that the law would impose a greater burden on those seeking to import goods into Belgium, and would therefore hinder free movement, and is consequently a MEQR as prohibited by the Treaty."
Abstract This paper examines how obesity is a very common condition characterized by excessive deposition of fat in the adipose tissues. It looks at how there are many approaches to dieting and many claims about great success with various fad diets which include calorierestriction, low-fat/high-fiber, or high protein and fat/low carbohydrates. It also discusses the importance of exercise.
Outline:
Measurement of Obesity
How to Lose Weight?
CalorieRestriction Low-Fat and High-Fiber Diets
High-Protein Diets
Exercise
Changing Sedentary Habits
From the Paper "Calorie restriction has been the cornerstone of obesity treatment. One pound of fat equals about 3500 calories. Very-low calorie diets have also been associated with better success, but extreme diets can have some serious health consequences. Fat intake should be no more than 30% of total calories. Most fats should be in the form of monounsaturated fats (such as olive oil). Saturated fats (found in animal products) should be avoided. Severe dieting has unpleasant side effects, including fatigue, intolerance to cold, hair loss, gallstone formation and menstrual irregularities. Those whose diet includes high intake of fluids and much reduced protein and sodium are at risk for hyponatremia, causing fatigue, confusion, dizziness, and in extreme cases, coma. "
Abstract This paper examines the effects of a high fat/low-carbohydrate diet such as Atkins, on body weight and composition. This paper compares such a high fat diet to the effects of a calorie-reduced, fat-restricted diet in an attempt to answer the question of whether weight loss occurs because of a metabolic advantage. Metabolic advantage means that the body begins to use fat as energy due to a lowered carbohydrate intake.
From the Paper "One possible reason that the subjects in the Pogliaghi and Veicsteinas (1999) study did not appear to benefit from a low-carbohydrate/high fat diet might be that they have not been participating in endurance training. As an individual exercises, the resulting muscle contractions are done using ATP. How the body creates and uses this ATP is dependant upon the amount of the energy sources available, and the intensity and duration of the exercise. In all individuals, even those who are non-obese, glycogen is generally used for ATP and thus, during moderate exercise, the body creates ATP from available glycogen. As the intensity of exercise is increased, oxygen levels in the body decrease, which makes the creation of ATP difficult. The body, at this point, will begin to burn fat to substitute for this lack of ability. Since prolonged endurance training has the affect of conditioning the muscles to "crossover" to burn glycogen after longer time duration, trained individuals will burn more fat and less glycogen than untrained individuals will. This might explain why the study done by Pogliaghi and Veicsteinas (1999) yielded such results as it did, since the individuals in the study were not trained athletes."
Abstract This paper talks about the importance of proper nutrition in the physical fitness formula. The paper points out that the current and long-lasting trend in physical fitness, which places strong emphasis on what not to eat in order to achieve a desired weight, will not lead to true physical well-being. The paper talks about the importance of proper nutrition and how it relates to physical fitness and highlights the different components of good nutrition.
From the Paper "In today's cultural climate, especially in popular print and television media, most of the discourse on the topic of ?diet,? is focused on the concepts of ?exclusion.? In fact, some might argue that this narrow collective attention on "what must be eliminated" from diet, stems, not from the value of health and optimum physical performance, but from the specific and limited goal of weight loss to the exclusion of all else. Although there can be little doubt that the current national obesity epidemic is a serious problem, exclusive focus on negative diet discourse, i.e. ?Stop eating that!? causes considerable confusion about just what one should eat to ensure total physical fitness. After all, optimum weight is only one component of overall health and wellness."
Abstract This paper explains that proteins are called the building blocks of life because they are essential to the proper functioning of every organism known to man. It indicates that they are used for support, storage, transport of other substances, signaling from one part of the organism to another, movement and defense against foreign substances. The author points out that eating an appropriate amount of protein is important to everyone because ingesting too much or too little can both have adverse affects on the rest of the body. The paper reports that nutritionists have identified several categories of athletes who may require greater levels of protein to reach peak performance: Endurance athletes, athletes performing intense strength training programs, teenage athletes with growth as well as exercise requirements, exercisers and athletes following a calorie-restricted weight loss program.
From the Paper "Exercise intensity has been shown to alter the rates by which amino acids are oxidized-or converted to energy-by the body. This has not been found to be a linear progression of intensity to oxidation, but rather an exponential relationship. Therefore, an exercise routine that is just slightly more intense than another routine may trigger the oxidation of a significantly larger amount of amino acid. This fact needs to be accounted for when considering the protein needs of an athlete with a particularly intense type of workout."
