Abstract This paper explores the criminaljustice system in Argentina. It looks at the historical development of the criminaljustice system and examines the series of transformations of the criminaljustice system over the decades, resulting in corruption, military uprisings, injustice and a culture of impunity. The paper looks at the junta and human rights oppression and violence.
From the Paper "The criminal justice system in Argentina like Argentina itself has endured a series of transformations overhauls purges and coups. At present it is impossible to evaluate Argentina's criminal justice system without simultaneously plumbing the murky depths of ..."
Tags:criminaljustice, argentina, junta, dictatorship, due process
Abstract The paper proposes the perfect criminaljustice system, one that focuses on networking and collaboration among policing agencies, communities, legal representatives and those accused of or prosecuted for criminal activity. The paper states that the perfect criminaljustice system will also concentrate on rehabilitative measures for criminals incarcerated younger than age 40, as research suggests that individuals receiving counseling are less likely to become repeat offenders than those who are simply punished and then released. The paper concludes that the perfect system is not a system that focuses on hostility or punishment for non-malevolent crimes; rather one where communities actively collaborate with legal authorities to build better communities and social networks.
Outline:
Introduction
The System Theory
Reform and Community Collaboration in the Perfect System
Conclusion
From the Paper "The perfect criminal justice system begins with theory. The theories underlying the perfect system should rely on positive reinforcement and authentic repentance and reform among criminals (Goold, 2004). This system is modeled somewhat after the idealized Japanese policy system, where the policeman encourages during the initial point of contact, or interrogation, the offender to fell "tearful relief" as like "a child when confession of wrongdoing to his parents results in a gentle laugh and warm hug" (Goold, 2004, p.14). Typically the American criminal justice system has focused on retaliation and retribution; this opposes the system introduced here, where policemen should focus on being known for warm, supportive yet just and effective care, not simple strictness (Johnson, 2003) which is more likely to lead to less reform and increasing crime."
Abstract This paper surveys the way negative race perceptions affect minorities in the criminaljustice system in the United States, a system administered almost exclusively by white to protect whites. It discusses the issue of racial profiling. The lack of opportunity for racial and ethnic minorities to work in the criminaljustice system are explored. The author argues for a more culturally diverse law enforcement system to ensure the fair treatment of minorities.
From the Paper "The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) argues that racial inequities in the criminal justice system arise because the system is administered almost exclusively by whites and ..."
Abstract The paper contends that any solution that hopes to revise the American criminaljustice system must address five issues. The paper details these issues: A lack of racial parity in criminaljustice, a lack of socio-economic parity, overcrowding in the courts, overcrowding in the prisons and the rehabilitation of the thousands of prisoners when they are released.
From the Paper "That the criminal justice system in the United States is biased is beyond dispute. Statistics abound that all confirm the same thing; if you are white and wealthy in the US, the odds that you will end up in jail are remarkably slim. Felony convictions send a disproportionately high number of African American and Hispanic men to prison, while their Caucasian counterparts remain free. The reasons behind this phenomenon are many - too many to be listed in this brief overview."
Tags:criminaljustice system, crime and punishment, recidivism, racial profiling, selective policing
Abstract The paper contends that the criminaljustice system in the United States, despite incredible investments of time and money, has ultimately turned into a failure. This paper charts some of the major failures of the criminaljustice system, including racism, ideological changes, prosecutorial abuse, legislative interference, erosion of Constitutional rights and inhumane treatment.
From the Paper "Fifteen years ago, some social critics envisioned that the American justice system would have undergone a fundamental ideological shift by this time, a movement away from punishing criminals for crimes and towards reconciling conflicts between various parties (Stephens, 1989). This position recognized that the adversarial basis for the American justice system was ultimately flawed and fails to account for the complicity or responsibility that might exist across the lines of prosecution and defense. Stephens (1989) argued that the court system in the United States is far too impersonal and ineffective at preventing the future occurrence of crime."
Abstract This paper examines the significant changes in the treatment of young people in the criminaljustice process in recent years in England and Wales. The author highlights these changes and evaluates whether these have been changes for the better or the worse.
Tags: SOCIOLOGY / CRIMINALJUSTICE, SOCIAL WELFARE, youth offenders system
Abstract This paper reviews the evolution of the criminaljustice system in the last ten years in light of technological advances such as DNA gathering at crime scenes. It discusses the national response to such technology whilst addressing many social as well as legal implications.
From the Paper "Advances in evidentiary technology have in the past ten years revolutionized the criminal justice system in the United States and to some extent the world. The process of integrating DNA technology into the criminal justice system has been laborious and time ..."
Tags:criminaljustice, United States, forensics, DNA testing, CODIS, crime scene investigation, evidentiary technology
Abstract This paper looks at the problems in the youth criminaljustice system. It discusses the lack of representation in court, lack of adequate facilities, lack of adequate programs in facilities (particularly education and special education), lack of adequate staffing, and sentencing juveniles as adults.
From the Paper "The purpose was that youthful offenders could be rehabilitated before they became lifelong criminals. Today there are still separate justice systems for adults and juveniles in state and federal systems but the juvenile system is not equipped for the shift to increasingly violent crime among juveniles. Recently a Michigan case involved a juvenile convicted of second-degree murder he committed when ..."
Abstract This paper answers questions about crime and the criminaljustice system. This paper also discusses the effects on social policy, different ways of administering the law, the social cost of arresting someone who is not convicted, elements of being an accomplice and being an accessory after the fact, and questions about racial and other types of profiling and their effectiveness.
From the Paper "The presumption of innocence is a central premise in the American criminal justice system, forcing the prosecution to prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt. This should also make the prosecution more cautious about bringing a charge and trying a case because there are social costs to arresting a person and not convicting him or her in court. The rate at which prosecutions succeed or fail differs from one jurisdiction to another. In federal court in 2002, the cases for 80,424 defendants were completed, and most (89%) defendants were convicted ("Federal Justice Statistics" "Adjudication"). State statistics for large districts show similar results with a conviction rate of 85% ("Prosecution Statistics" "State Court Prosecutors in Large Districts")."
A discussion of the growing social, political and economic threat that illegal immigration poses to the United States and how ineptly the US criminaljustice system is managing the problem.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 6 sources, 2006, $ 151.95
Abstract This paper reviews the illegal immigration problem facing the United States. Specifically, the paper takes a look at how sloppy criminaljustice management within the judiciary and the poor work of the bureaucratic apparatus has made illegal immigration an ever-growing threat to Americans. The paper takes the time to outline the failing processes within both systems (with most of the emphasis falling upon the judiciary) and the paper also provides recommendations which might serve both well in the near future. As an addendum, it should be added that the paper contains a brief literature review.
From the Paper "For all its shortcomings, the American justice system is still among the best in the world. That being said, there are certain undeniable concerns about the manner in which the system is being managed which will not go away until the problems which provoked those concerns in the first place finally go away. In recent years, one of the more pressing concerns facing the American justice system has been illegal immigration. In particular, Americans have been inundated with stories enumerating not only the growth of illegal immigration but the growth also of crimes committed by illegal immigrants. Needless to say, rampant illegal entry into America constitutes a legitimate threat to US sovereignty and it also constitutes a threat to the physical and material well-being of law-abiding American citizens."
Abstract This paper examines the content of peer reviewed articles published within a ten-year period, from 1996 to 2006. It focuses on the criminaljustice system and its experiences with restorative justice. The paper looks at the values that researchers have that drive investigation during any given period, as seen in the examined articles. The paper also identifies gaps and trends in research during the specified period.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Purpose
Hypothesis
Strengths/Weaknesses
Methods
Data Collections
Results
Method
Variables - Independent and Dependent
Statistical Analysis/Means/Mode/Median
Conclusion
From the Paper "Given the evidence provided from this study the researcher finds the following true. Hypothesis (1) - proven true, given restorative justices seems to be the more commonly used tool for rehabilitating criminals in the population specified. Other data collected from the content analysis however suggests hypotheses (2), suggesting less relapse is likely among participants engaged in this form of justice remains questionable. Further research is needed to establish or refute this hypothesis, given changing trends in criminal justice and criminal behaviors in the future. Overall, the researcher argues despite some comments to the contrary, restorative justice, which aims to involve victims in the rehabilitation process and encourages convicted criminals at a young age to rehabilitate and participate in their community, remains an effective form of justice."
Abstract This research is an investigation into the way DNA technology has affected America's criminaljustice system by detailing its uses, as well as the challenges that still lay ahead. Utilizing secondary resources, including the testimonies of several experts in the field such as the director of the Virginia Division of Forensic Science, the executive director of the National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence and the assistant director for the Laboratory Division of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, as well as published resources from other experts, the author of the paper attempts to answer the question of how DNA has impacted America's criminaljustice system.
Preface Statement
Statement of the Problem
Background
Overview of DNA
DNA as an Investigative Tool
Inception of the National DNA Index
Literature Review
Research Methodology
Anticipated Results and Conclusions
From the Paper "DNA is organized as two complementary strands that are linked together with bonds that can be separated. Each strand of DNA is a chemically linked chain of nucleotides, which are made up of a sugar, a phosphate and one of four kinds of nucleobases, often simply referred to as bases. These bases are: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, abbreviated as A, T, C, and G. Furthermore, these bases only pair up properly with one other base, A with T, C with G, and vice versa, on their complementary strand ("DNA")."
Abstract In this article the author examines the roots of the criminaljustice system, highlighting the civil rights movement as synonymous with the African-American and Hispanic freedom struggles .He discusses the vision of the United States held by most Americans as a democratic and egalitarian nation which sets the framework for the civil rights struggle and the modern day criminaljustice system.
From the Paper "While it definitely cannot be said that the United States has achieved complete equality in employment, education, voting, and housing, we persist to make slow but steady progress towards that goal. Nevertheless, in one critical arena criminal justice racial inequality appears to be growing, not receding. America's criminal laws, while facially neutral, are too often enforced in a biased manner. Certainly, the injustices of the criminal justice system intimidate to render immaterial fifty years of hard-fought civil rights progress in other areas."
Tags: punishment, judicial, criminal, discrimination, crimes, capital
Abstract The following issues along with the statistical facts and figures are discussed in this paper: Women Working In Law Enforcement, Women Working in the Courts, Women Employed in Adult Corrections, Women Working in Juvenile Corrections, Gender Bias: The Glass Ceiling and Organizational Culture, Organizational Culture Survey, Gender-Neutral Employment, Females as Correctional Officers, Proven affects of Female Employment in CriminalJustice.
From the Paper "For more than 80 years, in the United States, women have been engaged in police work, where their concerns of considering the participation in law enforcement and career advancement had remained stable for almost sixty years. However, it was not until the 1960s, when legislation and judicial participation started in backing women's demands for equality, perform their duties and the responsibilities then began to expand (exhibit 4-2). It was since then, that the opportunities for women in policing improved. However, female police officers still continue to make slow progress in regard to their ranks."
Abstract This paper addresses the issue that it is believed that there is no racism in the criminaljustice system. This is a debate paper taking the opposing side of the issue. As evidence the paper offers research regarding the juvenile justice system, the drug arrests in the United States, the death penalty, and the rate of juvenile transfers to adult court.
From the Paper "The theory exists that the United States criminal justice system is one in which offenders can be tried with absolute impartiality in regard to race. Most Americans attest that the strength of our laws will protect each individual, and that racial discrimination in the courts and jails is a thing of the past. However, this concern within our criminal justice system does exist, and it begins when juveniles are tried in criminal courts as adults. Juveniles A current legislative battle exists with regard to juveniles who are tried and convicted as adults in the United States (Males & Macallair, 2005, p.1). This issue has gained in importance throughout the criminal justice system because while this legislation has a direct affect on minors, it also has created a surge of discriminatory practices within the courts, (Males & Macallair, 2005, p.1)."
