Abstract This paper deals with the impetus behind the European Union's (EU) policies towards Russia since the end of the Cold War. It looks at how it has been twofold with institutional reform to promote democracy and economic aid to assist in the integration of the former communist countries into the global sphere.
Outline
The End of Empire?
EU/Russia Policies in the 1990s: Institutional Reform and Economic Aid
The EU, NATO and Russia
Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
EU Enlargement 2004 - New Borders, New Neighbours
Four Common Spaces
Kaliningrad and the Schengen Regime
Conclusion
From the Paper "The impetus behind the EU's policies towards Russia since the end of the Cold War has been twofold: institutional reform to promote democracy and economic aid to assist in the integration of the former communist countries into the global sphere. Behind these policies there is fear: an apprehension regarding the mere size of the Eastern countries and the potential threat of a reawakening of Soviet economic and military might; a concern for the possible exodus of immigrants into the EU and the social and economic ramifications for the EU as a whole and individual member states near the borders; an unease at the possibility of an almost never-ending enlargement of the EU and the consequences for the existing community; and the unpleasant notion that without assistance, the former countries of the USSR will fail to develop into in a democratically and economically acceptable way - i.e. following the orthodox neo-liberal capitalist ideal of the West - and the possibility that this may lead to a more confrontational, antagonistic division once again. "
Tags:cfsp, commonwealth, enlargement, pca, regime, schengen, states
Abstract This paper discusses the make up of the European Union. The paper explains that the structure of the European Union (EU) is based on 'pillars'. The central pillar of the European Community (EC) is at the heart of the system that contains the EU's governing institutions and performs the supranational functions. The paper claims that the EC pillar is flanked by two other pillars that perform the function of intergovernmental cooperation, Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and Justice and Home Affairs (JHA). A coordinating body called the European Council, which is the forum for the leaders of EU member governments, oversees all the three pillars.
From the Paper "The EU institutions listed above are part of the European Community (EC) pillar. As stated in the introduction, there are two other "pillars" of the EU- Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and Justice and Home Affairs (JHA). The CFSP is a forum for discussing the foreign policy and security issues, while the JHA tackles issues such as combating crime, drug trafficking, and immigration policies. Over these three pillars stands the European Council that consists of heads of member states and governments and the President of the Commission, supported by the foreign ministers and one member of the Commission. It links the three pillars together and provides the central leadership role. ("Institutional Structure..." 2004) "
Abstract This study attempts to illustrate how Greece has influenced the European Union by examining specific major events and structural guidelines that are not just regional considerations but have world wide implications. This examination takes place in the light of how the Greeks, in particular, have seen their presence in the union shape and sway the both the look and direction of the body. The specific areas of analysis include the enlargement processes of 1995 and 2004, the Greek influence on European Monetary Union (EMU) and an examination of how Greece has affected the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) specifically during the U.S. war in Iraq and the resulting differences that occurred amongst the EU member states. In addition, the study analyzes the specific impact of the term of the Greek presidency within the EU briefly and as it related to the U.S. war in Iraq in 2003. As the facts are presented and examined, the paper makes it clear how the Greek nation has had a measurable influence on the membership, policy and direction of the EU and provide an insight into what lasting impact has been left by the Children of Hellas.
Table of Contents
Problem Statement and Goal
Relevance and Significance
Barriers and Issues
Limitations
Research Questions
Summary
Introduction
Brief Historical Background
The Maastricht Treaty
The Creation of the Euro
The Three-Pillar Structure
Enlargement Process of 1995
Enlargement Process of 2004
Greek Influence in the European Monetary Union
The EU Presidency
Report on the Findings of the Research
Implications of the Findings
Recommendations
From the Paper "The first setting that must be provided is a short history. This is done to properly contextualize the role played by Greece since the signing of the Maastricht Treaty and provides some basic information about the history and development of the EU. This brief historical look at the evolution of the European Union is not meant to be exhaustive instead the information is simply included to provide the reader with a feel for the methodology by which the union has taken shape. It is helpful to note at this point that the formation of the European Union is dramatically different than the formation of the United States but references are made to the so-called 'United States of Europe.' Where applicable, this statement will be elaborated upon and clarified as necessary."
Abstract The European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) is one of the most important, yet also one of the most difficult geo-strategical elements of the European Union. Nevertheless, the ESDP has made some remarkable development jumps since the late Nineties. The paper shows that one of the reasons for this has been the Kosovo crisis, where the EU had to act as one to be able to intervene successfully. Another aspect has been the initiatives of France and Great Britain at the Saint Malo Summit. The paper shows that since then, the ESPD has made it through the Nice Contract and has been institutionalised into the EU Charter. The paper includes tables.
Table of Contents:
List of Abbreviations
1 Introduction 6
2 The Theoretical and Historical Context
3 Towards a European Security Strategy
3.1 New Threats, New Challenges
3.1.1 The New Security Dilemma
3.1.2 European Geo-strategic Objectives
3.2 The ESS
4 Genesis and Evolution of the ESDP
4.1 A Tour through Europe: From Maastricht to Seville
4.2 Evolving Objectives of the ESDP
4.3 Missions to date
4.4 What Kind of Power is the EU?
5 Aspects of Power Distribution and International Relations
5.1 A Special Relationship: Partners Across the Atlantic
5.2 The ESDP and International Organisations
5.2.1 NATO
5.2.2 UN
5.2.3 OSCE
6 Enlargement and the Consequences
6.1 The Enlargement Process
6.2 A View from the East: the approach of eight New Members
towards ESDP
6.2.1 Estonia
6.2.2 Latvia
6.2.3 Lithuania
6.2.4 Poland
6.2.5 Czech Republic
6.2.6 Slovakia
6.2.7 Hungary
6.2.8 Slovenia
6.3 Implications for ESDP
7 Enlargement, ESDP and the Balance of Power:
7.1 ESDP: An Assessment
7.2 Intra-EU Aspects
7.2.1 Germany
7.2.2 United Kingdom
7.2.3 France
7.2.4 Italy
7.3 Extra-EU Aspects
8 Conclusion and Outlook for the Future
9 Bibliography
From the Paper "The development of the ESDP has been seen by some as critical to the EU's international influence. If Europe integrated its security and defense efforts, it could not only defend itself but also export security to others. Others have viewed the ESDP as a threat to the EU's strengths as a civilian power. For the ESDP to develop in a manner that does not usurp Europe's civil power, there needs to be solid, sustained political and military dialogue at all levels-institutional, national, and personal-between ESDP/CFSP and NATO, and between individual national governments and parliaments, not least the U.S. Congress. A successful European Security and Defense Policy will change the European Union's position in the international realm relative to security, including restoration and/or maintenance of the economies of the region."
Abstract Generally speaking, the EU does not have foreign policy priorities among its objectives, primarily because they can conflict with one another. This paper determines how the European Union's foreign policy differs from the foreign policy of a single nation state such as Australia or a global power such as the U.S.A. The paper also examines whether the EU has a consistent set of objectives in relations with its non-members.
From the Paper "It is difficult for the EU to speak with one voice on foreign policy as there are many obstacles to a unified EU foreign policy. A foreign policy that is formulated at the EU level will often be insignificant as it will be based on the lowest common denominator, or basically what the most reluctant complying member can accept. The goals of EU foreign policy will be limited by member state sensitivities designed to not offend their interests. This was evident in the EU policy towards Iraq in 2003 as EU states were divided and could only agree on inconsequential declarations based around the sensitivities of competing members".
This paper is an extensive literature review of the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) of the European Union, especially with regard to the inclusion of Georgia.
Abstract This paper explains that European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) was developed to combat some of the European security issues that exist in Europe. Authorities believe that the ENP would enhance the European Union's ability to secure the region against terrorism and would help promote the economy and overall quality of life of the region. The author points out that originally the ENP applied to its direct neighbors: Algeria, Belarus, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Moldova, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority, Syria, Tunisia and Ukraine. Later, however, it was extended to include the countries of the Southern Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia) with whom the present candidate countries, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey, share either a maritime or land border. The paper concludes that by eradicating terrorists or criminal activities and by strengthening the political and justice systems in the country, the ENP will be helpful to Georgia. The paper includes many quotations.
Table of Contents:
Introduction to Study
Introduction
Background/ History
Theoretical Framework
European Integration Theory
Social Theory and International Negotiation Theory
Literature Review
Purpose of the EU
EU Pursues Two Main Types of Policies towards the Rest of the World
Economic Policies
Foreign and Security Policies through the Common Foreign and Security Policy and Defense Policy Cooperation
Enlargement
Development of ENP
ENP Framework: Objectives, Principles and Instrument
European Security Strategy as a Foundation of ENP
The European Neighborhood Policy
Trade and Competitiveness
Development
Strategic Relations, Political Dialogue and CFSP EU-Georgia Relations
From Partnership to Neighborhood and beyond Neighborhood Policy
EU-Georgia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
Analysis
Looking at the Neighborhood from Georgian Perspective
Why is ENP Important for EU and for Georgia?
The Military Sector
The Economic Sector
The Education Sector
The Environmental Sector
The Society Sector
The Political Sector
How Sectors are Synthesized
EU Interests towards Black Sea Region: Why Georgia Matters?
Conclusion
From the Paper "According to the commission's report these agreements permit the expansion of cooperation and economic amalgamation across a variety of domains. The effects of these agreements have not been realized at the current time. In any case, the ENP provides a foundation for improved cooperation in many distinct domains so that the EU and its partners can realize the full benefit of the structures that are in place (European Neighborhood Policy). To this end, the Action Plans will establish key priorities to be tackled in the years to come."
Abstract This paper examines the foreign policy established by the European Union during 1993. The paper explains that the aims of the policy include issues such as safeguarding common values and fundamental interests shared by all Member States as well as strengthening the security and co-operation between Member States. The paper points out that the European Union functions as part of a larger conglomerate of countries that foster relationships to the advantage of all partners involved. The paper also looks at how the EU is exemplary of the amiable collaboration between countries to find common ground rather than points of conflict. In conclusion, the paper shows that the relationship between Russia and the EU promotes the mutual trust and respect necessary for countries to function well together. By collaborating, these countries then become more than the sum of their parts, and become beacons of excellence and an example for the rest of the world to follow.
Outline:
Introduction: Foreign Policy
History of EU/Russia Relations
The Way Forward: Common Spaces
- The Common Economic Space
- The Common Space of Freedom, Security and Justice
- The Common Space of External Security
- The Common Space on Research, Education, and Culture
From the Paper "A common European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) was established in 1999 in order to streamline security operations such as peacekeeping and conflict prevention. This has been applied successfully in locations such as Bosnia and the Republic of Congo. On the domestic front security and peace are two issues that enjoy top priority in the European Union. Indeed securing peace in Europe as a whole is one of the reasons behind the integration of the continent into a single entity. As such the EU has followed a paradigm of expansion inviting all to share in its collective paradigms of democracy and peace across the European continent. Countries are invited to join the Union under its European Neighborhood Policy. Under this policy, the EU is also collaborating with countries such as Russia in order to create mutually beneficial paradigms that will eventually extend beyond the borders of these alliances in order to benefit the earth as a whole."
