Abstract This paper provides a management analysis of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It discusses the background of the CDC and their mission and goals. The paper then looks at the leadership and human resource management for the CDC and how these groups further the success of the organization. Finally, the paper discusses the CDC systems design and strategies.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Analysis of the CDC Management of CDC Leadership
Human Resource Management
System Design
Strategies of CDC Partnerships
Discussion of CDC Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper "Given that it is a not for profit organization, the employees at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention receive a slightly different treatment than other company employees. As such, common to other organizations is the fact that the CDC recognizes the true importance of its staff in achieving organizational goals and sees them as the compulsory tool in achieving the stated objectives. As such, the organization strives to unify employees' individual goals with the overall objectives of the CDC. Opposite to for profit corporations, where employees are requested to increase their performances to satisfy customers needs and through this increase company revenues, the staff at CDC is requested to increase their performances in order to achieve a grater non-financial goal. This goal is to help people be and live healthy."
Abstract The paper discusses the Center for Disease Control (CDC), a health related governmental agency which has a governing role in healthcare and in the healthcare industry. The paper looks at how the CDC carries out its duties as a federal agency concerned with mitigating epidemic diseases and in controlling public health factors.
Outline:
Abstract
History and Mission
Authority and Operations
Structure
CDC In Action
Impact
From the Paper "One of the 13 major operating components of what is now the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the Communicable Disease Center officially began operations in a modest building in Atlanta, Georgia. A descendent of the Roosevelt administration's Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) agency, the CDC's initial mandate was to win the fight against malarial mosquitoes. With an initial budget of under $10 million, the CDC waged its war against malaria with fewer than 400 employees, millions of gallons of DDT, and a paucity of trucks, sprayers and shovels (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDCweb], 2007)."
Abstract This paper describes the structure, mission, change and employee problems of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and its National Center for Health Marketing (NCHM). The paper points out that, to motivate employees, it is essential to develop systems, which create environments where individuals can look at the many tasks ahead of them and be engaged and empowered, which is the clear key to motivation of the workforce, in and out of the public sector. The paper also points out that allowing government employees a stake in decisions by employing techniques, which stress employee engagement, enablement and integrity, is crucial.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of Problem
Review of Literature
Analysis
Solutions
Reflection
Appendix 1: CDC NCHM Leadership
Appendix 2: Key NCHM Activities
From the Paper "Lastly, Trahant stresses the importance of fostering integrity, especially in the public sector, where much of the public opinion, with regard to bureaucratic integrity has waned as popular media frequently emphasizes integrity failings within the existing and past systems, marking it as the reason for countless misappropriation of funds, as well as in other failings to the public. Without this aspect of motivation, and the existence of high levels of integrity within the system there is a clear sense that the government will continue to be curtailed in efforts to provide public services."
Tags: change, Y generation, enablement stake standards
Abstract The paper begins with a description on how antibiotics have proven useful to the eradication of certain diseases. It then turns to address the problem of antibiotic resistance, and states the two areas that need to be effectively managed in order to solve this problem ? public awareness and the development of new research. The two areas are explored in more depth. The issue of misuse of antibiotics is discussed and the goal of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) is explained. The paper concludes with an explanation on how a combination of the two areas involved can help improve the situation of antibiotic resistance.
From the Paper "The discovery of antibiotics in the 1920's changed the future of medicine and meant that deadly diseases, including plagues, could be easily controlled. Prior to the introduction of penicillin, diseases like smallpox, tuberculosis and the bubonic plague were major problems. In modern society, these diseases are almost non-existent. In modern times though, the problem of antibiotic resistance has arisen. If organisms and diseases become resistant to antibiotics then the situation returns to one like the pre 1920?s, where there is no defense against these diseases. To prevent this from happening, the problem of antibiotic resistance needs to be managed. The problem can be effectively managed by concentrating on two areas."
This paper discusses the profession of epidemiologists, who study the frequency and distribution of diseases within human populations and environments.
Abstract This paper explains that epidemiologists are associated with government bodies that are charged with the responsibilities of public health, such as the Center for Disease Control, or the CDC. The author points out that epidemiologists also work with large organizations that study the effects of single diseases, such as AIDS, and for large research and university hospitals. The paper relates that epidemiologists are highly skilled professionals with a minimum of a Master's degree, usually in public health, and are required to update continuously their education.
From the Paper "Additionally, the importance of technology and especially database technology cannot be ignored as the system change and are updated with new software and hardware the epidemiologist will be required to formalize his or her experience with the new data forms. Also, the relatively new database systems associated with GIS or Global Information Systems are a dream come true for many data driven and relativity/population researchers, including epidemiologists."
Abstract This paper looks at the Communicable Disease Center(CDC), renamed Center for Disease Control and Prevention to reflect its broader scope. CDC history, budget, staffing, scope and activities. It looks at problems it has faced, and problems it has solved.
Tags: Centers, for, Disease, Control, and, Prevention
Abstract This paper describes the categories of biological agents that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has identified as posing a significant bioterrorism risk. The paper points out that botulinum toxin produced by the bacteria clostridium botulinum has been tagged by the CDC as being in the highest risk category because it is easily transmitted from one person to another, possess high morbidity rates and has the potential for widespread panic and public chaos. The paper relates that there is a great challenge to health authorities in distinguishing a naturally-occurring botulism outbreak and one that is the result of a terrorist attack because the botulism symptoms from either scenario are the same.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Clostridium Botulinum and the Botulinum Toxin
Botulism: Background, Pathogenesis and Treatment
Botulism and Bioterrorism
Challenges to Preventing a Botulinum Bioterrorist Attack
Conclusion
From the Paper "Biological agents used in bioterrorism attacks are commonly found in nature but are often scientifically manipulated in order to increase their potency, their antimicrobial resistance and their dispersal factor. In their campaign to sow their seeds of terror, terrorists have increasingly turned to biological warfare because unlike traditional tactics such as nuclear warfare, biological weapons are inconspicuous and often invisible to the human eye. They remain undetected by authorities during their latent or incubation periods as they slowly infect the majority of the population."
Tags: category, clostridium botulinum, nature, dispersal rate, incubation periods
Abstract This paper discusses the history, causes, and effects of AIDS, including treatments and infection statistics. The paper includes heavily detailed scientific descriptions of diseases that come with AIDS.
From the Paper "This means that the chances are very likely that the lives of almost every American has been touched by AIDS, either because they themselves have the disease or because they know someone who has it. But even though so many people have been affected in some way, it is fair to say that AIDS is misunderstood by a majority of the population. Individuals as different as homosexual men, elderly transfusion recipients, heterosexual women, drug-using heterosexual men and infants have all developed AIDS with only one common denominator: infection with HIV."
Tags: lyphendanopathy, HIV, tuberculosis, heterosexual, CDC, immunology, AZT
Abstract This paper looks at William Shakespeare's "Sonnet III". It examines the rhythm, vocabulary and verbal images. The author uses several examples to demonstrate the patterns he used in his poetry. The inspiration for this type of poetry is examined, including his upbringing and early influences.
From the Paper "In line two, "form another" means to reproduce. Shakespeare continues to make the point throughout the poem that the young man should have children because he is so handsome and his children would be attractive. He says that this is the way for the young man to preserve ("repair") his good looks ? by passing them on to another generation. In this poem, "beguile" means to cheat or deprive someone of their rights. So to "beguile the world" is to cheat the world. This must have been a very handsome young man."
Abstract The writer discusses the real threat of biological terror attacks against the United States against the background of September 11th. The paper explores various kinds of weapons, including anthrax, the risks they pose and what can be done to prevent them being used against America.
From the Paper "Both common sense and our government tell us that our country is still at grave risk for both further physical attacks and further incidents of biological terrorist attacks. The fact is that under the right circumstances, a variety of biological weapons can be transported and released. (Atlas, 1999) Because of the wide variety of materials and methods of distribution that could be used, it will take considerable effort to protect us even partially from bioterrist attacks, so may not be possible to protect us completely. However, our government can examine the issues, consider the risks and plan protective actions."
Abstract Approximately 12 percent of the American population is without any formal health care insurance coverage. The research problem investigated in this paper concerns minority access to health care. The central issue is the determination of the best approach to improve such access, especially in relation to HIV-AIDS patients.
Outline:
Introduction
Problem
Minorities and HIV-AIDS
Interaction with Health Care System
Racial and Ethnic Orientation
Structure and Method of Investigation
Structure
Method [Focus on Outcomes]
Minorities: Health Care Delivery Problems in the Community and Health Care System
Bioethical Issues
Failure to Address Racial Differences
Failure to Address Insurance Status Differences
Health Care Delivery and Accessibility
Delivery
Accessibility
HMOs and Fee-for-Service Providers
Social Psychological Influences
Distrust of the Health Care System
Health Beliefs of Minorities
Social Identity Influences
Minority Status and HIV-AIDS
HIV-AIDS and Minority Population Groups
Origins
Ethical Issues
HIV-AIDS Health Care for Minorities
Initiatives to Improve Minority Access to Health Care
Proposed Initiative
Conclusions and Recommendations
Restatement of Problem
Summary of Findings
Conclusions
Potential Solutions
Assessment
Recommendations
References
From the Paper "Decisions made by health care professionals in the conduct of practice typically are reached within the context of an ethical framework (Marty, 1992). Clinical ethics is defined as the systematic identification, analysis, and resolution of ethical problems associated with the care of particular patients (Zuckerman, 1994). The goals of clinical ethics include protecting the rights and interests of patients, assisting clinicians in ethical decision-making, and encouraging cooperative relationships among patients and those close to patients, clinicians, and health care institutions. Important in the definition of clinical ethics is an emphasis on clinicians, not only physicians, thus underscoring the fact that clinical ethics needs to be a multi-disciplinary endeavor that encompasses the range of clinician expertise involved in patient care."
Abstract This paper analyzes the topic of immunization of children in the United States. Specifically, it discusses why the immunization rate of children in the U.S. is so high and the validity of the reasons why some parents choose not to immunize their children. Most children in the United States receive immunization from a variety of diseases when they are toddlers. Yet, some parents choose not to immunize their children for a variety of reasons. The paper questions whether these children are protected adequately and whether they pose a danger to other, already immunized children.
From the Paper "Most people who immunize their children do so because they believe in the validity of the claims of the health profession that immunization saves lives, and because it is required before their children can enter school. There are also dire warnings from doctors and the health community regarding not immunizing children. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) web site notes: "Parents should be aware that withholding vaccinations leaves their child vulnerable to vaccine-preventable diseases in the event of an outbreak" (Editors). Recognizing there are barriers to many children receiving their vaccines, including lack of knowledge, lack of funds, and fear, a nationwide initiative was created in 1993 titled the Childhood Immunization Initiative (CII), which had a goal of inoculating 90 percent of two-year-old children. The campaign was extremely successful. "Nationwide there was 91% to 95% coverage achieved for individual vaccines" (Horner and Murphy 122). Today, immunization remains at about 95 percent of the children in the United States vaccinated by the time they enter school (Editors)."
Tags: Center, for, Disease, Control, CDC, natural, immunity
Abstract This paper looks at how, in recent years, every summer, the threat of West Nile (WN) virus has become the scourge of the temperate regions of Europe and North America. It examines how the virus presents a threat to the human and animal populations and how symptoms of WN viral infection range from mild fevers and aches to encephalitis, which can be fatal.
Outline
Introduction and History
Entomology
Virology
Vertebrate Ecology
Symptoms of WN virus
Diagnosis and Reporting
Treatment and Prevention
The Role of the CDC in West Nile Virus
Conclusion
From the Paper "Most people who are infected with the West Nile virus will not have any type of illness. Only 20% of those infected show signs of infection. The incubation period for the virus after initial entry into the blood stream is between three and fourteen days. These symptoms range from mild to severe Symptoms generally last from three to six days. In cases of severe symptoms where encephalitis and other neurological disorders occur the resulting symptoms"primary and secondary"may last from several weeks to months. In the case of neurological disorders, the effects of the infection might also be permanent. It is estimated that 1 in 150 persons infected with the West Nile virus will develop a more severe form of disease. The mild symptoms include fever, headache, and body aches, occasionally with a skin rash on the trunk of the body and swollen lymph glands."
Abstract This paper briefly looks at the demographics of the Hispanic population of the United States, before focusing on the Southern states and Alabama, in particular. The paper discusses the migration from Latin American countries, demographic facts, and the distribution of labor in the Hispanic workforce, especially in the agricultural and poultry fields. The paper then discusses the health situation of Alabama's Hispanics, touching on the effect of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the effect of poverty, environmental hazards, and urban crowding on the overall health of the population. The paper examines how community-based projects and social-service providers attempt to solve health and other issues within this community.
From the Paper The Hispanic community is very much susceptible to communicable diseases. As much as 55 per cent of the active cases of TB reported in the US were among the Hispanics/ Latinos or African Americans. The urban poverty, overcrowded living conditions, HIV infections and poor compliance with TB chemotherapy had probably led to this disproportionately high incidence of the disease. (Microbiology and Infectious Diseases) Again, the incidence of rubella in the United States has been drastically reduced due to the very successful rubella vaccination programme and there were only 176 cases in 2000. But still, the disease seems to be affecting a very high number of Hispanic adults according to the surveillance data and has increased from19 per cent in 1991 to 78 percent in 2000."
Abstract The purpose of this investigation is to test the explanatory power of the role of self-efficacy and the Health Belief Model as it contributes to CAM (contemporary and alternative medicine) use by active duty military members. The investigation is also framed within the perspective of a consumer decision making study and consumer behavior study with regards to the use of CAM within this sample of the U.S. population. During the course of this investigation, the prevalence of CAM use among U.S. Naval personnel stationed aboard an Atlantic fleet ship and the reasons behind their decision to use CAM, is also catalogued. The research tests variables important to understanding CAM use within the context of the Health Belief Model. Data is collected via researcher-administered surveys, based on "Receptivity", a survey developed and modified from the National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) used by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia.
Abstract
Chapter 1 Introduction
Introduction to CAM
Alternative Medical Systems
Mind-Body Interventions
Biologically Based Therapies
Manipulative and Body-Based Methods
Energy Therapies
Introduction to the Problem
Background of the study
Statement of the Problem
Research Hypothesis
Definition of Terms
Assumptions and Limitations
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Introduction
History of HBM Research
History of CAM Research
Growing acceptance within the medical community
Demographic Profile of CAM Users
Reasons for Using Alternative Medicine
HBM Overview
Conclusion
Chapter 3 Methodology
Introduction
Instrument
Pilot Study
Research Design
Study Population
Design Sample
From the Paper "Alternative medicine has become the largest growth industry in health care in the US (Schneiderman, 2000). A frequently cited 1998 national survey on CAM (contemporary and alternative medicine) use in the United States determined that 4 out of every 10 Americans has used, or regularly uses, at least one alternative medical therapy, resulting in a combined total of $27 billion spent by American CAM users in 1997 (Eisenberg et al., 1998). By the year 2000, research indicated that nearly half of Americans were using unconventional treatments (Schneiderman, 2000). The Eisenberg et al. study also reported that from 1990-1997, herbal remedy use in the United States had increased by 380% and high dose vitamin use increased by 130% (Eisenberg et al., 1998). Studies have similarly indicated that the majorities of these expenses are being burdened by the user and, for the most part are a cash and carry enterprise. For this reason alone, many healthcare plans have chosen to offer at least partial coverage of CAM services to its enrollees."
