Abstract This paper argues in favor of a combination of quantitative and qualitative data when evaluating cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) programs. Qualitative research methods are presented in the essay, including self-report questionnaires and rating scales, observational measures and interviewing. This is followed by a discussion on quantitative methods, which include meta-analysis and control groups. The qualitative methods focus mainly on the research methods of CBT in clinical practice, while the quantitative methods investigate the research methods of CBT in theory. Various approaches to evaluating CBT and issues arising from these methods are examined in the paper in order to encourage therapists to evaluate CBT program with extreme care.
Outline:
Single-case Experimental Designs (SCEDs
Qualitative Evaluation
Self-Report Questionnaires and Rating Scales
Observational Measures
Time Sampling
Self-Observation
Interviewing
Quantitative Evaluation
Meta-Analysis
Control Groups
Conclusions
References
Table 1
Questionnaires Frequently used in CBT Table 2
Types of Control Group Used in CBT Outcome Studies.
From the Paper "In a many Counselling and Psychotherapy studies, research is often conducted through qualitative evaluation (attempts to assess what kind of change has occurred), rather than with quantitative methods, (deciding how much change has occurred). Conversely, CBT has, until quite recently, been dominated by the latter consideration (Ward, et al., 2000). At various points in this essay I will argue for a combination of quantitative and qualitative data as the sensible basis of evaluation for example with single-case experimental designs. Qualitative research methods discussed in this essay are: self-report questionnaires and rating scales, observational measures and interviewing, this is followed by a discussion on quantitative methods, which will include meta-analysis and control groups. The qualitative methods dealt with in this essay will focus mainly on the research methods of CBT in clinical practise, while the quantitative methods will investigate primarily the research methods of CBT in theory. Various methods of evaluating CBT and issues arising from these methods will be handled in this essay to emphasize the need for therapists to choose methods of evaluating CBT programmes with extreme care."
Abstract Investigates the effects of CBT on one group. Treatment of depression in alcoholic clients who have been sober for 6 months. Assesses the CBT program in terms of effects on alcohol consumption, depression, anxiety, assertion, positive and negative thought. Theoretical framework. Major concepts of CBT. Research hypothesis. Variables. Research design.
From the Paper "COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR SOBER CLIENTS
Part I
Introduction
Alcoholism is considered a major public health concern in the U.S., with around 15 million Americans annually diagnosed as suffering from alcohol abuse or dependence. Depression is also a large public health concern with prevalence rates for disorders ranging from 5% to 25% of the American population. Alcoholism and depression tend to occur together, with prevalence of the combined disorders being two times higher than each separately. Therefore it is logical to assume that treatment of alcoholism must include treatment for depression. Cognitive-behavior treatment (CBT) for depression has been shown to be effective and it is concluded that CBT would be an ..."
Abstract This paper analyzes cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). It discusses the origin and philosophy of CBT, as well as its key conceptual issues. The paper then describes the therapeutic approach of CBT in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Finally, the paper discusses the contributions of CBT as well as the criticism of it in terms of it being a valid form of therapy.
Table of Contents:
Origin and Philosophy of CBT Key Conceptual Issues
Therapeutic Approach of CBT CBT: Contributions and Criticisms
Conclusion
From the Paper "In conclusion, although other theories of psychotherapy have been popular in the past, such as Freudian and Jungian psychoanalysis, CBT now enjoys broad popularity among a wide range of practitioners. Especially when paired with pharmacological treatment, it appears to offer a balanced methodology that is backed up by empirical support from clinical trials. Although most effectively leveraged in the treatment of depressive disorders, and on behalf of patients with clearly defined nervous triggers, there is potential for CBT to be even further expanded in the future."
An analysis of adolescent suicide and a review at how treatment approaches such as integration cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and self-psychology can help detect and prevent suicides.
Abstract This research paper is an extensive, in-depth study covering almost every facet of adolescent suicide including its history, demographics, possible reasons and situations, and risk factors. The paper also explores and analyzes the self psychology and cognitive behavioral therapy approaches to deterring and preventing suicides.
Outline:
Introduction
History of Adolescent Suicide
Epidemiology of Adolescent Suicide
Risk Factors for Adolescent Suicide
Purpose of CRP
Self Psychology
Self Psychology and Suicide
Self Psychology and Family
Explanation of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)
CBT Treatment Efficacy
CBT and Depression
CBT and Suicide
CBT and Family
Self Psychology Therapy
Self Psychology and Adolescents
From the Paper "As can be seen from the opinions and theories of these two different individuals, personality, how people use it, and what creates it is a debated topic that not all agree on. Some believe that personality changes over time, while others believe that personality is a genetically inherited trait that will remain basically the same throughout life, and some see the issue as not being as relevant as how the behaviors that are manifest by the personality of the individual make that individual feel. This does not mean that no changes in the way someone reacts to their environment will be seen as they grow older or that all behaviors are healthy, but that the basic way that someone looks at the world will not change that much over time . Those that believe that personality does not change do not feel that one can change who they genetically are, and therefore the traits that they were born with will always remain."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses the case of Mary who is a 16-year-old female incarcerated for assault with a deadly weapon. The writer explains that Mary had been diagnosed with conduct and dysthymic disorder prior to her incarceration. The paper also highlights the effectivity of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for female adolescents who are incarcerated. The writer reviews issues surrounding cultural awareness and CBT and reviews Mary's case presentation. The writer then discusses how CBT can be effective specifically for Mary and concludes with a brief review of potential ethical issues for the practitioner.
Outline:
Abstract
Case Presentation
From the Paper "Through effective CBT intervention, significant reframing occurred, changing perceptions, thinking and behavior. For example, one goal for CBT with Mary was increase her levels of self-respect and self-esteem, as different from false bravado as a defense mechanism forcing her to act tough and repeat her assaultive behavior patterns."
"Another goal was to effectively deal with her past experiences and leave them in the past rather than continue to relive them in the present. It was believed that this approach would help reduce her dysthymic and conduct disorder symptoms."
Tags: cognitive, practitioner, treatment, mental, health
Abstract This paper looks at the use of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating patients with schizophrenia. The paper begins by describing the therapy and its application, as well as presenting studies that have both supported and contradicted its effectiveness. The paper notes that while CBT is the treatment of choice for schizophrenia in the United Kingdom and abroad, it has been slow to be accepted in the United States.
Abstract This paper explains that, as a therapist, the writer prefers to focus on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) because this approach encourages counselors to be honest with clients as well as with themselves. The overall goals of counseling and the characteristics of the client-counselor relationship are presented in the paper. The writer describes that CBT procedures of open therapy, active talking and other ways to overcome the perceived maladjustment of the client.
Table of Contents:
Beliefs about Personality
Goals of Counseling Process
My Function as a Therapist
Characteristics of Client-Counselor Relationship
Procedures and Techniques
From the Paper "The overall goal is the recovery of the client. Recovery is about counseling, but it is also about empowerment. Counseling can also help individuals with their problems and overcoming adversity, but as seen, a lot of the goals of the process focus mainly on recovery based interventions as a primary way of treating a given disorder, rather than counseling or pharmacology. Recovery is less concerned from this perspective, with treating the episodes and preventing them effectively than it is with helping the individual cope with their disorder in terms of dealing with problems in life that are created by it."
Abstract This paper looks at how a company might formulate a plan to train its employees. The paper cites the presence of skilled and effective teachers, cost effective courses and materials for learning, individual attention to all the trainees, and practical training and hands-on experience as key elements in any training program. It then looks at the option companies have of using computer-based training methods. The paper points out the many advantages to computer-based training, but cautions that there are some disadvantages and that, when a company is considering employing CBT, it must weigh both its advantages and disadvantages.
From the Paper "An effective training system would integrate several different processes in order to achieve the objective of a proper training. The first step in any sort of training would be identifying the desired level of knowledge in a measurable form. The next step would be listing out the various qualifications or competencies necessary for taking part in any training system to produce the desired results. After this the trainee would have to undertake the necessary research steps by sourcing materials and other requirements for the training method to function at its best. The trainee would now have to execute the methods best suitable to achieve proper training. The evaluation process for the training would have to be fair and unbiased and also take into account the industry for which the trainee is being trained; it would have to be recognized by the industry so that the trainee would be able to find placement in an easy manner. (Effective Intermediaries Training System)"
Abstract This paper provides a critical comparison of two common brief therapies--cognitive behaviour therapy and brief solution focused therapy. A thorough analysis of the current themes and practices used in these two treatments is made in order to provide the foundation for a comprehensive comparison of the two. Their similarities and differences are presented and it is concluded that both techniques are effective in managing a variety of problems.
From the Paper "Brief solution focused therapy (BSFT) was developed in the early 1980's by Steve de Shazer and colleagues, whose philosophy to focus on solutions rather than problems became the foundation of this therapy (de Shazer & Berg, 1997). The main goal of BSFT is to help clients access their own strengths and capacities and to help them develop and recognise these as a means to change (Durrant, 2000). A core assumption of BSFT is that there are always exceptions to problems, instances in which the problem will not occur. These exceptions are brought to the client's attention almost immediately in the first session by the counsellor (Stalker, Levene & Coady, 1999). Another important assumption of BSFT is that solutions don't have to have much in common with problems, with the same basic therapy producing changes in a wide variety of cases (Stalker et. al.)."
Abstract Throughout the literature it has been noted that prevalence rates of BN within Australia fall within the 1-3% range for women meeting diagnosable criteria within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV). This paper explores and critically reflects on the treatment orientations of cognitive behavioural therapy and a psychodynamic approach. The outcomes and underlying mechanisms driving these orientations are explored with personal preferences and frameworks of the author being expressed at the cessation.
From the Paper "Core assumptions of Bulimia Nervosa (BN) from a Cognitive-Behavioural perspective surround its precise pathology (ie. the clinical features from which it is diagnosable) and that which maintains such pathology. Clinical features and those, which maintain them, are the formulation upon which treatment is based and executed. Fairburn, Marcus and Wilson (1993) specify these cognitive and behavioural factors which maintain BN, as being low self esteem, extreme concerns about shape and weight, dietary restraint (ie. restriction of food intake), binge eating, and compensatory behaviours (such as vomiting and/or laxative use). Figure 1 depicts a schematic representation of their cognitive-behavioural model (as depicted by Fairburn, Marcus and Wilson, 1993)."
Abstract This paper explains that the most often used treatment and what some doctors' say is the only real cure is psychotherapy, including taking the patient back to the event or using Virtual Reality to re-experience which traumatized them. The author points out that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which focuses on relaxation, coping techniques and tools to enhance less negative thinking in hopes that the patient will learn how to control the anxiety attacks he or she goes through during the remembrance of their traumatic experience, is considered the best and most effective psychotherapy for PTSD patients. The paper relates that many PTSD patients are treated with anxiety reducing and antidepressant medications, the newest of which are called SSRI's (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors).
From the Paper "Group therapy is also often used. During this therapy victims talk about the tragic experience that they lived to tell about. This therapy can help immensely with those victims that suffer from depression as it makes them feel not so alone because empathy is provided by other survivors of trauma. The purpose of this therapy is to enable those who suffer from PTSD to look forward in their lives with some kind of confidence."
Abstract This paper presents a case study of a female adolescent with Major Depressive Disorder with Mood Congruent Psychoses. The paper diagnoses the problem according to DSM-IV criteria. Then the paper describes cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as being the most likely therapy to be effective in this case.
From the Paper "Major Depressive Disorder is a prevalent familial and recurrent condition and often continues into adulthood in an episodic manner. In the case history considered here, it is noted that the patient's mother has had a..."
Abstract This paper is a treatment recommendation for a female patient who suffers from major depressive disorder and borderline personality disorder, complicated by alcohol abuse and childhood sexual abuse. Two treatment options are offered, cognitive therapy and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT).
Abstract This paper examines cognitive behavioural therapy and how is used in psychotherapy. First, a discussion of the founder of this method is discussed. The background behind his developing this theory are presented. Then the various disorders for which CBT is appropriate is analyzed. Finally, criticisms of the psychological theory are debated.
From the Paper "Some time ago, behavior therapy have no reltionshpis with cognitions, such as perceptions, evaluations or expectations. Behavior theory only studied behavior that could be observed and measured. Scientific research has found that , etc. are all human experiences that affect behavior. But our behavior affects perceptions, expectations, values, attitudes, personal evaluations of self, fears, desires, which are cognitive experiences. Thus, cognitive and behavioral experiences were assembled together, and the science get the name of Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)."
Abstract This paper explains that anxiety and depressive disorders are very common,. The author points out that case studies confirm that they can be treated effectively with cognitive behavioral therapy, known as CBT. The paper states that, considering the positive results achieved through CBT, it is unfortunate that most people suffering from anxiety disorders or depression do not seek professional treatment because of a lack of relevant information, inadequate financial resources or limited access to professional practitioners.
From the Paper "Anxiety and depressive disorders are very common, but case studies have confirmed that they can be effectively treated with cognitive behavioral therapy, otherwise known as CBT. Considering the positive results achieved through CBT, it is unfortunate that most people suffering from anxiety disorders or depression do not seek professional treatment because of a lack of relevant information, inadequate financial resources, or limited access to professional practitioners. Subsequently, alternate effective interventions for mental health problems such as anxiety, panic attacks, and depression should be made available to the general public in Canada through the promotion and dissemination of self-help materials."
