Abstract This paper discusses and analyzes the topic of the C and C++ programming languages. Specifically, it discusses some common applications of the language. C, and its derivative, C++, two of the most commonly-used programming languages in the world. They are versatile, easy to work with, and help the programmer create complicated yet functional programs for the end-user.
From the Paper "The C programming language was developed for large-scale applications, and it is still used extensively in the UNIX environment. It is also heavily utilized in computer games. Initially, C was developed to program and organize the UNIX operating system in the 1970s. As the language evolved, it was used (and still is used) extensively to program personal computers (PCs), and develop programs for them. Originally, C was developed for use in applications that had little space for memory. C uses very little memory, and so it was perfect for these applications. As one expert writes about the language, "Yet it was designed to allow programmers to do heavy-duty 'systems' programming, working on such basic software plumbing as operating systems, compilers, and the like" (Lohr 79). Many experts have compared C to FORTRAN, because it opened up a whole wealth of applications in higher-level languages. FORTRAN gave the programmer the opportunity to program larger machines with bigger programs, especially in engineering and scientific applications."
Abstract This paper explains that there are many different styles of writings which are developed from the author's appropriate word choice, varied rhythm, effective placement and choice of modifiers, appropriate transitions, effective and creative use of punctuation, variation of sentence length and a logical hierarchical placement of detail. The author examines the style of V.C Andrews by using a paragraph from her books "Flower's in the Attic", "Heaven" and "My Sweet Audrina". The paper relates that, while Andrews was alive, she only finished six books but her family hired a ghost writer by the name of Andrew Neiderman. However, the author feels that there is a difference between her writing style and that of her ghost.
Table of Contents
Definition of Style
V.C Andrews' "Flower's in the Attic"
V.C Andrews' "Heaven"
V.C Andrews' "My Sweet Audrina"
Ghost Writer Andrew Neiderman
From the Paper "Yes, I do believe his work is very good. He can still see feel the anguish of what they are going through. But I don't think his writings are as dramatic as Andrews. He doesn't use the every day language and modifiers as she does. I think in a way they do portray the same things. For example, all of the main characters want to be happy, instead it takes a long time for that to happen. And in the process, several of the other character's are destroyed, with no intent on the main character. Something always happens to the one who is terrifying the main character."
Abstract This paper traces the development of the J.C. Penney Company, an American department store chain founded in 1902, from its origin in Kemmerer, Wyoming, to its expansion into one of the most powerful discount merchandise and general retail companies in the U.S.A. J.C. Penney has stores in nearly every major metropolis nationwide, the largest catalog business, an Internet store and home furnishing television shows; however, the author states, Penney is not immune from the effects of the economic down turn. The paper describes the ways that this company is managing by rethinking its current structure and market campaigns, by opening and closing stores and by laying off employees.
Table of Contents:
Recent History of J.C. Penney
Success at the Turn of the Century
Economic Woes for the Corporation
J.C. Penney in the Market
From the Paper 'Although the company exhibits much higher grosses after buying out a number of smaller corporations, the profit J.C. Penney experiences after selling those corporation's products under its own name are not as great, as much of the earnings are due to the manufacturers and original corporations. In addition, the recent economic woes have also taken a serious toll on the J.C. Penney organization, as consumers are not as plentiful as they were just a few years ago. J.C. Penney continues, however, to offer new products, and merge with older companies."
Tags: competition, discount merchandising, shopping malls, store closings, brand
Abstract C.I.F. contracts refer to cost, insurance and freight for the international sales of goods where the seller accepts responsibility for arranging insurance. The cost of the insurance is charged in the invoice itself and is prepared by the seller. This paper examines the impact of a C.I.F. contract on determining prices, the exchanging of property and risks and methods outlined under this type of contract. The paper concludes that C.I.F. contracts provide a usable agreement for international trade between different countries and clearly delineates the responsibilities of both the buyer and seller.
From the Paper "C.I.F. contracts like any other contract outline the defined role that the buyer and seller play in exchanging money for goods. The key here is that this instrument if used for the international sale of goods and is an effort to make the process easier. It is only one of several incoterms that deal with such matters as which party is responsible for the transport of goods, who pays the insurance and who pays custom fees, etc.
There is an element of risk on both parts from the moment the shipment leaves one port until it reaches its final destination. Having clear documentation in the form of a C.I.F. contract has established standards for efficiently moving goods between countries."
Abstract This paper looks at how the C.T. Scanner is a sophisticated type of x-ray machine, which rather than sending out one wide single x-ray sends out a number of beams from various angles simultaneously. It compares the C.T. Scanner with the M.R.I. Scanner, which uses magnets and radio waves instead of radiation and discusses how the M.R.I. Scanner gives greater detail for soft tissues; whereas the C.T. Scanner gives a clearer picture of the bones.
From the Paper "Research also shows that Robert Ledley was the first person to devise a scanner that was able to scan the whole body. This was to revolutionize diagnostic medicine. The first model, that was actually used for diagnosis and built by Doctor Ledley was called an A.C.T.A .Scanner and was used clinically at Georgetown University Hospital in the USA from 1974 - 1978. This machine is now a part of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica Almanac, 2003, the mathematical base of CAT screening was devised in 1963-64 by Allan Cormack of the United States and the first C.T. scan machine was built in 1972 by Godfrey Hounsfield of the U.K.."
Abstract This paper defines "array" as a type of data structure that can contain multiple items, all of the same kind. An array can also be defined as any variable type, that can form the basis of an array definition. Arrays are used to pass on information and are applied to various types of computer programming such as C and C++ assembly language as well as Pascal, one of the earliest programming languages. Higher level languages such as COBOL and the Pick family of languages use arrays as well. This paper details in technical terms the advantages and disadvantages in using arrays in programming. In computer programming, arrays are used anytime a collection of strings needs sorting or analysis. This would include most business uses. Arrays are helpful in electronic data interfacing as well.
Table of Contents:
Background on Arrays
What is an Array?
Why is an Array Used?
Advantages of Using Arrays
Disadvantages of Using Arrays
Uses of Arrays in C++
How Arrays Must Be Handled
How Arrays Sort and Search
Types of Arrays Used
Parallel Arrays
Indexed Arrays
Multidimensional Arrays
In What Applications are Arrays Used
An Example of an Array
Works Cited and Bibliography
From the Paper "Borland C++ for Dummies calls Arrays, "Arrays of Hope". Michael Hyman goes on to say that the great thing about arrays is that each element in the array has a number, called an index, that you can use to easily access the information in that element. You can also use loops to look at all the elements (or a range of elements) in a particular array. The array index lets you access any of the items in the array immediately. This makes random access much faster than using lists for storing information." COBOL programming uses lists or tables to store information and its access time is much slower than C. On the other hand, Pick Systems use Arrays to store strings the same way that C and C++ does. This automatic data base language also uses loops to read and print strings the same as C does."
Abstract This paper is on nursing and hepatitis C. A discussion is presented in the general area of hepatitis and more thoroughly on hepatitis C. Symptoms and treatment programs are discussed along with what the nurse's role is in treating hepatitis c patients. Suggestions are made in order to break the cycle of a viral disease that has no cure today.
From the Paper "Broadly defined hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver with viral or non-viral causes. is As a non-bacterial disease Viral hepatitis is caused by a microscopic organism that multiplies rapidly within human cells and causes diseases such as mumps, hepatitis, measles, rubella, and chickenpox. Unfortunately this particular disease is not treatable through those antibiotics generally prescribed to treat bacteria caused diseases such as meningitis, pneumonia, scarlet fever, E.coli, and other bacteria related infections. The focus of this paper will be one of the viral diseases known as hepatitis with respect to diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and the nursing profession. Hepatitis and Hepatitis C. All forms of Hepatitis can cause an elevated disease state; however, the symptomatic indicators are generally flu-like conditions, gray fecal matter, color, jaundiced colored skin, very dark urine, diarrhea, and possible vomiting and sever abdominal pain."
Abstract This paper reviews the life and history of Mark Antony, born Marcus Antonius. The paper discusses how, thanks to the works of famous writers like Plutarch and Shakespeare, Mark Antony has become a legend. The paper further discusses how his actions following Julius Caesar's death in 44 B.C. and his exploits with Queen Cleopatra have made him interesting reading and a source of entertainment for centuries. However, behind the many stories, there was a man who was a brave general, loyal supporter, dedicated Roman and ardent lover.
From the Paper "While Caesar was fighting in Egypt and Africa to defeat the last of Pompey's forces, Antonius was given the distinction of being made Master of the Horse (fact). His role was to be a politician and administrator in Italy while Caesar was out of the country. Unfortunately for him, Antonius was not good in that role and was removed in 47 B.C. and even banished from Caesar's sight for two years (unrv). Nevertheless, Antonius was able to work his way back into Caesar's circle; in 44 B.C. he was the one to offer the crown to Caesar, a circumstance much celebrated in the first act of Shakespeare's play, Julius Caesar (unrv)."
Abstract Hepatitis C infection is extremely difficult to eradicate even though the available treatment is effective. This paper attempts to answer the question of why the hepatitis C infection so difficult to control when there is an effective treatment for it. It discusses prevalence and incidence rates and the natural history of hepatitis C. It also looks at the agent, host and mode of transmission as well as implications for nursing.
Outline
Introduction
Agent
Host
Natural history
Implications for Nursing
Conclusion
From the Paper "On a global basis, more than 170 million people are chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus, which is responsible for more than 100,000 cases of liver cancer per year. Hepatitis C infection is associated with similarly high numbers of digestive hemorrhage and ascites problems. Chronic liver diseases are responsible for 1.4 million deaths annually, of which 796,000 are caused by cirrhosis and 616,000 by primary liver cancer. At least 280,000 or 20 percent of those deaths are probably attributable to HCV infection (Poynard & Yuen, 2003). The highest prevalence of hepatitis C infection is found among injection drug users (Sulkowski & Thomas, 2005)."
Abstract This paper studies the connection between Hepatitis C treatments and depression, focusing on the implications for the social worker. It links the drug interferon to anxiety and depression in patients and it assesses the risk for depression among the general population of Hepatitis C patients on interferon therapy. The paper contains a literature review and is written in the form of a research question, containing the subtitles of a hypothesis, methodology and findings. The limitations and implications of the research are also dealt with.
From the Paper "The most commonly used treatment for patients suffering from Hepatitis C, a deadly liver disease, is the drug interferon combined with ribavirin. This treatment offers the most promise for a long-term positive prognosis. However, it has a known high rate for negative psychological side effects such as depression and other anxiety disorders. Clinical psychology can offer some solutions to this problem, both in assessing those patients who have increased risk factors for depression such as substance abuse or a history of depression, and in offering treatments to help ease the occurrence and severity of depression. This study will assess the risk for depression among the general population of Hepatitis C patients on interferon therapy."
Abstract This paper discusses the life and works of C. S. Lewis. The author shows how C. S. Lewis took the everyday questions about religion and faith, tackling them head-on. It is illustrated with various examples how Lewis was a Christian writer who was deeply influenced by the teachings of God and His Scripture, although Lewis's views differ greatly from the fundamentalist view of scripture.
From the Paper "CS Lewis was born, in 1898, in Belfast, Ireland. He was educated at various schools throughout England (Hooper, 1996). In 1914, he began studying Latin, Greek, French, German and Italian and later moved to Oxford. His education was disrupted by the first World War but within two years, he resumed his studies.
In 1924, Lewis became a teacher of Literature and Language at Magdalen College in Oxford, where he remained until 1954. During this time, he wrote the majority of his work. Lewis later moved to Cambridge where he spent the rest of his life teaching Medieval and Renaissance Literature."
Abstract This paper explains that Hepatitis C, only discovered and delineated from the other diseases associated with AIDS in the late 1980s, is a global disease that effects the liver. The author points out that there are at least 11 recognized genotypes of the Hepatitis C virus family, most of which also have subtypes. This demonstrated ability to mutate is cited as the most likely reason for the difficulty of treatment, diagnosis, and vaccination development. The paper relates that, because this virus has only recently been discovered, the treatment options are closely associated with the types of treatments used for Hepatitis B and often involve the long-term therapeutic use of Interferon and/or a combination of similar drugs associated with the mimicking of naturally occurring immune chemicals used by the body to fight viral infections.
From the Paper "It is not completely clear at this stage, whether the genotype determines either severity of infection or complete disease manifestation as chronic. ?Current scientific belief is that factors such as duration of a person's HCV infection, their HCV viral load, age, grade of liver inflammation or stage of fibrosis may play an important role in determining response to interferon treatment.? One thing that is well known about the genotyping of Hepatitis C virus is that the prevalence of occurrence is specific to regions in the world, suggesting that the virus has evolved over thousands of years."
Abstract This paper discusses that when Madam C.J. Walker "made straight hair 'good hair," in doing so, she made a fortune for herself. The writer describes how her business also managed to create a decent standard of living for a work force of "agents" that numbered 20,000 in the U.S. and the Caribbean". This paper discusses the life and business of Madam C.J. Walker, in the context of her times and the hair care and beauty business.
From the Paper "At the turn of the century many women had need for income-producing employment despite limitations placed on them because of their gender. Many of them took advantage of a growing commercial and service economy and changes in cultural perceptions about what was acceptable for a lady to do to enhance her appearance. Madam C. J. Walker made straight hair good hair and in doing so made a fortune for herself and a decent standard of living for a work force of agents that ... "
Tags: African american, beauty, cosmetics, entrepreneur, female businesspersons, black pride
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts two news programs on B.B.C. (British Broadcasting Corporation) radio: "PM" on Radio 4 and "Newsbeat" on Radio 1. The writer studies the concept of multichannel broadcasting. The writer also discusses how the B.B.C. news is packaged to suit various listeners.
From the Paper "The British Broadcasting Corporation (B.B.C.) is the United Kingdom's multi-channel broadcaster airing programs over television, radio and the Internet. As a publicly-funded broadcaster, the B.B.C. is what the United Kingdom listens to B.B.C. Radio has five major national stations, each with its own broadcast style. .."
