Abstract The paper explains the hypothesis behind comparative bullet lead analysis and discusses how, although it is scientifically valid, research has revealed the likelihood for inaccuracies with this method of investigation. The paper relates that, in the future, comparative bullet lead analysis results may be introduced as one of many other factors and not as conclusive evidence of guilt.
Outline:
Introduction - The Scientific Method and Comparative Bullet Lead Analysis
Hypothetical Framework and Comparative Bullet Lead Analysis Methodology
Comparative Bullet Lead Analysis and Violation of the Scientific Method
Conclusion
From the Paper "Generally, the scientific methods consists of forming and testing hypotheses to explain an observed phenomenon or group of phenomena. More specifically, scientific inquiry consists of disprovable hypotheses capable of being tested in relation to corresponding phenomena or quantitative predictions in ways that can either establish a logical basis supporting the proposed explanation or refute it. Finally, scientific tests must be repeatable by other experimenters.
"In criminal investigations, the scientific method underlies every component of forensic analysis. Furthermore, aside from the requirement that any method used to establish evidence of a crime be supported by a valid, testable, repeatable hypothesis, the burden of proof on the prosecution also requires any relevant test used to establish guilt be sufficiently accurate to a very high degree of certainty (Kobalinsky and Liotti, et al., 2005)."
Abstract This paper examines the modernization of warfare that occurred during the American Civil War, a process that was centered on the kinds of weapons that were used, but also had to do with changing ideas about the nature of war as well. This paper focuses on an examination of the types of bullets used in the war by both sides because new techniques in the manufacturing of bullets was the core of the modernization of warfare.
From the Paper "The American Civil War is often referred to as the last of the old-fashioned wars in terms of its weaponry, its military strategy and its casualty rates. Looking at these same criteria, it is also arguable ? and this seems to be the more tenable position ? that it was in fact the first modern war, and this was the case primarily because of the weapons that were used, including the types of guns and the types of bullets."
Tags: weapon, war, gun, bullet, american, civil, military
This paper reviews the South Korean novel "A Stray Bullet" by Yi Pom-son (1920-1982), made into a 1961 black and white film, considered the greatest South Korean film of all time, that tells the story of an impoverished refugee family from the North.
Abstract This paper explains that "A Stray Bullet" depressingly portrays the poverty and anxiety of post-war years in Seoul by depicting vividly the urban poor in their struggle to preserve their civilization in the face of the despicable socio-economic conditions and of a cultural clash between the traditional Korea and the American G.I's. The author points out that a consistent motif, the painful toothache that tortures Cholho, represents a powerful metaphor for the larger suffering of both his family and the Korean society. The paper concludes that, although the struggling Cholho attempts to solve his problems and escape from the nightmare of his existence, he is still doomed to failure; therefore, like the title, he is a stray bullet with no direction, just like one of the lost generation of the 1960's.
From the Paper ""A Stray Bullet" begins with introducing the main character, Song Cholho, who struggles with his meager wages as a clerk in a public accountant's office. Cholho is not only a father, brother, husband, son to his family, but the only breadwinner of the household. Silently bearing the burden of supporting his family, he would return everyday after work to his home in the Liberation Village only to find wails from his mother. His elderly mother who is longing to return to the North would "lay there, face to the wall, crying out the single phrase, 'let's go...let's go.'" Given up on his bed-ridden, frenzied mother, Cholho "would just look down at her for a while and then go into the next room.""
Abstract This paper looks at the social and racial context contained in Malcolm X's speech known as "The Ballot of the Bullet". The writer looks at Malcolm X, his background, and influence on the civil rights movement in the 1960s in America. The speech explores issues of race, black power, government, and the potential for social change.
From the Paper "Of course, Malcolm X proposes a concrete plan for his fellowmen to promote social changes in the black American society. He believes in the power and influence of the United Nations in acting as intermediary for the black American society and the US government to negotiate about their proposed changes in the American society, since, according to Malcolm X, ?[w]hen you take your case to Washington D.C., you"re asking it to the criminal who's responsible" They?re all in cahoots together.? Apart from seeking the help of the UN, he also proposes that his fellowmen empower themselves in the country and against the forces that oppress them (the government) by becoming self-reliant economically and being assertive enough to illicit fear among these oppressive powers."
A review of the article "No Silver Bullet: Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering" written by F. P. Brooks and published in "Computer Magazine".
Abstract This paper discusses the state of the software industry, claiming that there are many theories regarding lack of software productivity. The paper examines Brooks' ideas as they appeared in his "Computer Magazine" article, "No Silver Bullet", as well as the opinions of Cox and others. The paper contends that these theories and others, all help to shed light on barriers to software productivity.
From the Paper "During the 1970's, companies had difficulty delivering software within the constraints of schedule, budget, and quality (Food for Thought, 2005). The problem grew worse over time. Many projects undertaken in the 1980's and 1990's were complete disasters, failing to deliver anything, grossly exceeding budget and schedule deadlines, and delivering poor quality. Also, during the 1980's a "software crisis" occurred in which the spending on software maintenance exceeded spending on creating new software products. So, why can't software be mass produced in a way that is reliable and consistent just as manufactured goods are delivered today? There are many theories regarding lack of software productivity. Brooks (1987) holds that the fundamental nature of software prevents meaningful automation. Cox (1996), on the other hand, makes the interesting assertion that software development issues stem from market dynamics, namely the way software is bought and sold."
Abstract This paper discusses the Hypodermic Needle, or Magic Bullet theory concerning the effect of the mass media on society. It defines the theory and looks at the media content of propaganda, film, radio, television, print messages.
From the Paper "The Hypodermic Needle Theory also known as the Magic Bullet Theory was the first major theory concerning the effect of the mass media on society. Originating ..."
Abstract The paper considers "Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet" to be an extraordinary biographical film of the life and works of Dr. Paul Ehrlich. The paper discusses how the film shows the progression of science and medicine and how Dr. Ehrlich's perseverance, dedication and attitude makes him a hero to the medical field. The paper recommends this movie to anyone who wants to learn about some of the accomplishments that changed the field of medicine.
From the Paper "Dr Ehrlich's Magic Bullet is an extraordinary biographical film of the life and works of Dr Paul Ehrlich by director William Dieterle. The film begins in a German Hospital where Dr. Paul Ehrlich (played by Edward G Robinson) works as a physician. The very first patient in the movie has a contagious disease that will become extremely important near the end of the film. This film has many highs and lows as well as drama and climax. Throughout the film we not only see a progression of Dr. Ehrlich's life but a progression of science and medicine. By the end of the film the audience is left in awe of the amazing accomplishments that the doctor adds to the field of science and medicine."
This paper examines a category of ballistic science known as terminal ballistics, the study of how a projectile penetrates solids and thus is the mechanism of incapacitation.
Abstract This paper explains that the penetration and "stopping power" of a bullet can be measured using the kinetic energy and Taylor Index equations. The paper reveals that wound ballistics is concerned with the motions and interactions of the projectile with tissue. The author believes that, through understanding of the physics behind bullet impacts and penetration, the criminologist more fully understands how different types of projectiles react when striking flesh or other resistant mediums and can lead to better a understanding of the whys and hows of a crime. Formulas included.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Physics behind the Bullet Wound Ballistics
Conclusion
From the Paper "To get the bullet in a vital area you need penetration. As a rule of thumb, velocity times sectional density is equal to relative bullet penetration. This is valid for bullets of similar composition. In good hunting bullets, expansion is consistently in the neighborhood of double the diameter and we assume the bullet will retain its weight. If the bullet goes to pieces, losing weight and consequently its sectional density, you might as well forget about it. The heavier bullet has a higher sectional density and will maintain the higher sectional density when it has expanded to double its diameter. In addition, the heavier bullets tend to have lower velocity. At lower velocity the resistance and consequently crushing force on the bullet nose, is lower, so expansion is delayed. This is why heavy bullets have delayed expansion, and do not show the same tendency to blow up on the surface as light bullets even though they have identical impact energy. It is how a given bullet interacts with tissue that determines its lethality."
Abstract This paper explains that, in order to battle effectively criminal scum in Hell's Kitchen, blind superhero Daredevil, from the film "Daredevil", must use the Doppler effect to dodge bullets and to envision his surroundings. The author points out that a radioactive accident left Daredevil blind as a child but intensely amplified his remaining four senses. The paper relates that, to understand how Daredevil uses the Doppler effect, the viewer must know that sound waves are the result of vibrating particles in any material. The author continues that the Doppler effect is the frequency change of a moving sound source. The paper describes two instances, in the film, where Daredevil knew where the bullet was without seeing it by using the Doppler effect.
From the Paper "Daredevil uses sonar by listening to the water droplets echo from hitting the ground around him as it reflects or bounces off an object. He can envision his surroundings by establishing that the longer it takes for the echo of the water droplet to come back, the further away the object is. Recall that when he uses the Doppler Effect he learns if the object is moving toward or away from him. With his super hearing abilities, he can tell if the object that the sound waves are bouncing off of is as small as a grain of rice or as big as a truck."
Abstract This paper discusses the types of bullets and guns used in the American Civil War. The author details the type of techniques and weaponry used throughout the war and looks at how these changed technologically to change future wars. Includes a detailed discussion of other techniques used at war to advance victory.
From the Paper "The American Civil War is often referred to as the last of the old-fashioned wars in terms of its weaponry, its military strategy and its casualty rates. Looking at these same criteria, it is also arguable ? and this seems to be the more tenable position ? that it was in fact the first modern war, and this was the case primarily because of the weapons that were used, including the types of guns and the types of bullets. This paper examines the types of bullets used in the war by both sides, an examination that of course also includes to some extent an examination of the guns that were used (for bullets by themselves do very little: Soldiers tossing them back and forth at each other without guns would all be certain to go home at the end of the day). Beyond a technical description of the bullets and their guns used by each side, this paper also looks at the advantages and disadvantages that these particular bullets offered to each side and the lasting effects that technological changes in weaponry that occurred during the Civil War had on all the undeniably modern wars that followed it."
Tags: weapon, gun, military, fight, war, conflict, bullet
Abstract This paper examines Ralph Ellison? s "Battle Royal", Leslie Marmon "Silko's Ceremony", Martin Luther King's "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" and Malcolm X's ?The Ballot or the Bullet." It shows how they all offer vivid and important accounts of racism in the United States of America, all present different aspects of the problem and offer different ways of coping with them. More than anything, these texts testify to the continuing problem of racism in America and the multiplicity of forms in which racism can manifest itself.
From the Paper "Indeed, the manifestations of racism are so heavy within the "Battle Royal" section of Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man that it is difficult to pinpoint one single instance of racism, which outshines the others. Indeed, the chapter effectively presages all the manners of racism that will eventually manifest later in the book. The unnamed protagonist who has won a school prize is sent to the white men's club to deliver a speech, but is forced to compete in the Battle Royal instead, a request with which he too willingly complies. He is forced to box a large group of other men blindfolded, to pick coins off an electric carpet (which turn out to be fake coins), and eventually to read his speech with his mouth so full of blood that he can barely speak and is forced to swallow his own blood. The racism throughout the chapter is grotesque and at point absurd, but Ellison uses this absurdity to use the Battle Royal scene as an effective allegory for the rest of the book."
This paper discusses the definition of ethical communication and examines various models and theories to apply the concept of ethics to practical purposes.
Abstract This paper defines ethics as the moral conscientiousness to decide, deliberately and willingly, "oughtness" in principles like goodness, rightness, justice, truthfulness, and virtue, which might, in an outgoing transaction, have an effect on others and us. The author points out that the restricted media effects model, like the bullet theory, is no longer accepted; at present, the leading general outlook is reasonable media effects, but features of the limited-effects model continue. The paper stresses that unpremeditated perversion of specifics marks an intellectual, not an ethical, weakening; a communicator's purpose is a major consideration in ethical decision.
Table of Contents
The Definition of Ethics
The Definition of Communication
Real World Example
Conclusion
From the Paper "Klapper transferred consideration from media messages to the role of addressees in the mass communication procedure. This was a significant progress, however, one reduced by researchers who turned out to be excessively stimulated about the power of an "active" and even "obstinate" addressees capable to overcome media messages (Bauer, 1964). A deteriorating of limited-effects research is established in a dependence on short-term researches and reviews; it mainly abandoned how complicated it is to compute the effects of increasing messages. One more restraint was an anxiety with affective and behavioral effects, rather than cognitive effects."
Abstract This paper reviews the article, "Rubber Bullets: Power and Conscience in Modern Israel", by Yaron Ezrahi and interprets the meaning of the article as a leftist view of the role Israeli consciousness had in affecting the peace process of the late Rabin administration.
From the Paper "The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has remained one of the most difficult international issues in modern times. Although of extremely small relative size, geographically, Israel and the occupied territories of Palestine are closely related to, as well as ultimately responsible for, much of the simmering hatred present in the current ?war on terrorism.? Within the area, however, specifically within the collective consciousness of both Palestinians as well as Israeli?s, the methods of engagement used by the IDF, or Israeli Defense Forces against the Palestinian population is often a reflection, or a symbolic representation of the overall Israeli political/ideological climate. Rubber Bullets: Power and Conscience in Modern Israel (1997) by Israeli political scientist Yaron Ezrahi, discusses this reality, and reaches some interesting conclusions."
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts the views of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X and their approach to the civil rights struggle. Their means, philosophies and principles are looked at as well.
From the Paper "The 1950's and 1960's were periods of major disjunction and turmoil between races in the United States, especially in the South. The civil rights battle was one that was fought on many different fronts with many different means and methods. Two of the more prominent leaders of the civil rights struggle were Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Although the leaders had the same end results in mind, their means, philosophies, and principles differed. Their main doctrinal differences fixate on their willingness to employ violence to achieve their end goals. While Dr. King employs a passive resistance or civilly disobedient approach, Malcolm X articulated his view of the "ballot or the bullet". In this paper I intend to compare and contrast Dr. King and Malcolm X's views in regard to the justification of violence in achieving civil rights success to those of John Rawls."
Abstract The paper defines types of ballistics and goes into depth on terminal ballistics, velocity, and one-stop shots. The author discusses the effects and actions of the projectile upon impact of a target specifically the human body. What happens when a bullet strikes human flesh? Dismisses several theories in the field using FBI research.
From the Paper "The study of the firing of projectiles, their flight and how they strike a target is called ballistics. There are several categories of ballistics including internal ballistics, external or exterior ballistics and terminal ballistics. Internal ballistics is concerned with the behavior of the bullet or projectile from the moment it is fired until it leaves the gun barrel. Exterior ballistics deals with the flight of a projectile after it leaves the barrel. One major effect of the bullet's flight is the pull of gravity, which causes the bullet to immediately drop after leaving the barrel and fly on a parabolic path. Terminal ballistics however, is concerned with when the bullet hits a target and the effects produced by that bullet."
