Abstract This paper studies the Bronze Age which was one of the great eras of our European past. It describes the widespread adoption of bronze metallurgy across Europe at the time, as well as the many technological advances. It examines the levels of literacy as well as the society and the writings of the Bronze Age scribes. It also discusses "The Linear B Decipherment" and how Evans continued to study it after the Balkan War. Finally, the paper concludes that the effects of writing and literacy on society were great and significant.
From the Paper "Anthropologists and archaeologists call certain societies "iron age" or ?bronze age.? In doing this they recognize that the properties of the main metal used by a society's technology greatly affect both its use and through this the nature of that society. For instance, bronze unlike iron is too soft to be used for ploughing; it is an alloy. Bronze can be smelted at lower temperatures than iron which need specialized supplies of charcoal. All these facts affect societies which use bronze and iron. For example, since bronze cannot be used for ploughing these societies cannot produce in many regions the large agriculture surplus iron societies can; since bronze requires tin bronze age societies had to trade, etc. (Claiborne, 1974) I believe the same parallel exists between the different characteristics of different writing systems and its use as a communication technology in a society."
Abstract A study of the literacy culture of the Bronze Age society and how the scribes and drawings were a reflection of the society. A technical analysis of linguistics in the pre-historic culture is included.
From the Paper "Anthropologists and archaeologists call certain societies "iron age" or ?bronze age.? In doing this they recognize that the properties of the main metal used by a society's technology greatly affect both its use and through this the nature of that society. For instance, bronze unlike iron is too soft to be used for ploughing; it is an alloy. Bronze can be smelted at lower temperatures than iron which need specialized supplies of charcoal. All these facts affect societies which use bronze and iron. For example, since bronze cannot be used for ploughing these societies cannot produce in many regions the large agriculture surplus iron societies can; since bronze requires tin bronze age societies had to trade, etc. (Claiborne, 1974) I believe the same parallel exists between the different characteristics of different writing systems and its use as a communication technology in a society. "
Abstract This paper presents a discussion on "The Bronze Horseman" by Alexander Pushkin. The discussion settles on the message Pushkin gets across in the epic poem regarding his feelings of democracy versus the empire.
Abstract This paper attempts to relate the decline of the Greek Bronze Age with the eruption of Santorini in the Aegean Sea. The author examines the developments that led to the decline of the Greek Bronze Age and how they coincide with the eruption of Santorini volcano.
From the Paper 'Two of the greatest controversial questions in ancient Greek history are when did the decline of the Greek Bronze Age begin and what caused this dramatic reversal in progress? Dates have varied from as early as 1350 B.C. to as late as 1100 B.C. Causes have range from massive invasions by barbarians to widespread droughts. However, evidence has begun to surface that suggests the possibility that there was a massive series of natural phenomena that affected the whole eastern Mediterranean region between 1600 and 1300 B.C. After examining all of the current evidence, a conclusion can be drawn that a series of earthquakes shook the region during several decades which set off a cataclysmic volcanic eruption on the island of Thera. This explosion can be directly connected with the decline of Bronze Age Greece."
Abstract The paper provides a synopsis of Alexandr Pushkin's poem "The Bronze Horseman", the drama "Boris Godunov" and the tale of "Boris and Gleb". The paper describes the profoundly Christian morals of "Boris and Gleb" which defined early middle ages Russia, the political tribulations behind the accession to the throne in imperialistic Russia of the 17th century depicted in "Boris Godunov" and the social consequences of Russian expansionism as suggested through metaphors in "The Bronze Horseman". The paper also shows how each of these three literary works are valuable pieces of literature as well as testimonials of their eras.
From the Paper "Before writing plays, Pushkin was an accomplished poet. But then he discovered Shakespeare and his manner of writing changed forever. Although his plays were revolutionary, the state of the theater during Pushkin's time was not favorable to his writings mainly because people went to the theater to see old-fashioned historical tragedies and the French vaudeville that was penetrating the Russian theater scene. Moreover, the theater lacked good Russian plays on Russian themes despite the fact that the Russian theater was never short of good playwrights. "
Abstract This paper studies the work of poet Alexander Pushkin. The author examines the poem "The Bronze Horseman", its themes of reform and terror, the symbolism of the poem, the characters of the poem, style and figures of speech used by the poet. The author looks at how this poem relates to the poet's life and other works.
From the Paper "From the very beginning of his poem, Pushkin apparently wishes to demonstrate to the reader that his poem is about a real event and a real subject, why this is so important remains unclear. Pushkin ?cites his sources,? much as a college student today is required to list his or her own consulted sources on a "Works Cited" page. The poem "The Bronze Horseman" is about a real event, a flood that occurred in St. Petersburg. It is also about a real statue located in St. Petersburg but Pushkin does not make any claims about the real nature of the statue, only about the reality of the flood."
Tags: terror, reform, pushkin, 18th, century, Russia, Tzar
This paper discusses the influence of Alexander Pushkin's narrative poem "The Bronze Horseman" on Andrei Bely's novel "Petersburg", focusing on the symbolism of the statue of Peter, the Great on the city and the fate of Russia.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, 1994, $ 47.95
From the Paper "This study will discuss the influence of Alexander Pushkin's narrative poem "The Bronze Horseman" on Andrei Bely's novel "Petersburg". The study will consider the symbolism of both works, focusing on the symbolic significance of the statue of Peter the Great and of the city and society of Petersburg itself.
It is obvious immediately that the novel by Bely owes a debt to the poem by Pushkin. The epigraph which begins the first chapter of the novel is taken directly from Pushkin's poem:
It was a dreadful time, in truth,
Of it still fresh the recollection . . .
Of it, my friends, I now for you
Begin my comfortless narration.
Lugubrious will be my tale.
It is, then, a serious and often solemn tale which Bely ... "
Abstract This paper explains that, after the Stone Age, the earliest known Bronze Age culture of Europe and the Mediterranean was the Minoan, an ancient civilization on what is now Crete in the Mediterranean prior to classical Greek culture. The author points out that the advances in building construction led to the widespread use of the arch by the Romans and to the invention of durable cements and concrete for structures that have survived to the present times. The paper clarifies that, although Rome possessed a collection of tribute-states for centuries before the autocracy of Augustus, the pre-Augustan state conventionally is described as the Roman Republic; the difference between the Roman Empire and the Roman Republic lies primarily in the governing bodies and their relationship to each other.
From the Paper "In discussing history over such great spans of time, historians rely on what is known as the classic three-age system. The system divides early human history into three distinct phases based upon the level of technology developed and the materials used in forming tools. These three ages and their exact placement in time vary according to geographic region; some regions developed the use of bronze and iron before others. Indeed, there are still Stone Age cultures extant on the planet, although that is becoming more and rarer as the years pass. Other ages than the ones mentioned are used by archaeology to delineate "sub-ages" that distinguish when a particular material (usually a metal) began to be used in tool-making and industry (examples include the Copper Age, the Silver Age, or the Gold Age)."
Abstract Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378-1455) was a many-sided Renaissance figure; he was a bronze-caster, sculptor, goldsmith, draughtsman, architect, writer, and historian. Among his most celebrated surviving works are the bronze doors he created for the Baptistery of the Cathedral in Florence. This discusses the circumstances in which Ghiberti secured and completed the commission to design the north doors of the Baptistery (1400-24) and analyzes their composition and character. Ghiberti's work in Florence is then compared to that of Gianlorenzo Bernini at the Baroque church of Sant? Andrea al Quirinale, Rome (1658-70).
From the Paper "In late 1400 the officials of the Cloth-Dealers and Refiners? Guild of Florence (the Arte di Calimara) announced a competition to design a set of doors for the Baptistery of the Cathedral. The Baptistery is a very old structure, the primary elements of which probably date to the seventh and eight centuries AD. The exterior covering of marble was constructed in the twelfth century and stood as an exemplar of architectural elegance and harmony. The Baptistery, which is a free-standing octagonal building located in the Piazza San Giovanni at the western end of the Cathedral, has three doors opening to the north, south and east. In the 1330s Andrea Pisano had completed a set of bronze doors for the southern entrance, and the Guild sought to complete the project by fitting similar doors, in bronze and decorated with reliefs, to the other two entrances."
Abstract This paper explains that one of the issues surrounding the Exodus is the debate as to whether it is a Late Bronze Age event, dating probably from 1560 to 1200 B.C. or during the late thirteenth to twelfth centuries BC, when the store city Ramesses was built; however, according to the Bible, there is no real Late Bronze Age evidence for the Sinai trek. The author points out that the Bible must not necessarily be treated as a history book; rather, the Exodus must be taken as an event that may or may not have happened, yet phenomenologically it is still full of meaning. The paper concludes that Exodus acts as the veritable creative agent of Israel's identity by inaugurating the religious, political and social identity of the people of Israel as being the ultimate reality, under the belief of one God
From the Paper "In the book, 'Exodus, the True Story behind the Biblical Account', Ian Wilson talks about the walls of Jericho, and asks, "When did the Walls tumble Down?" What he is really asking is whether or not it is wise to expect the excavations in Israel to reveal clear evidence of an expedition that may have taken place in that area many years ago, and if one does, the author states, then he is bound to be disappointed. In the same manner, the Biblical Book of Joshua, even though it contains explicit details on the stratagems that were used by the rulers of that time, must not be used as an archaeological source, and doing this may equate it to an even greater mystery than the Exodus in itself. "
Abstract The paper discusses civilization's development in terms of use of metals in tools through the art of metallurgy. The author looks at how metal tools became more and more effective and productive over time, and examines such ancient civilizations as the Sumerians and Egyptians.
From the Paper "Trade, metallurgy, and mining are still some of the most important industries in the world. Early civilizations created the foundation of our civilization today. They developed elementary political, economic, and social structures based on large groups living together. They are the backbone of modern civilization. Early civilizations mirror our own in many ways, and created the lifestyle of living in the city. Our cities are larger, but the fundamentals that were shaped by early societies as they developed are still part of our culture today."
This paper examines the contributions of Auguste Rodin to the world of art including his pieces "The Man with the Broken Nose", "The Thinker", "Adam and Eve" and "The Inner Voice".
Abstract This paper discusses the many works of art by the French sculptor, Auguste Rodin. The author gives a brief biography of his contributions and feels that Rodin was responsible for the resurgence of the popularity of sculpture as an art form. According to this paper, the one common thread among all of his works was the realistic nature of his sculptures and the care he took in preserving this in all of his works.
From the Paper "The Kiss is another work created for The Gates of Hell project. The statue depicts Paolo and Fransesco, two lovers from Dante's The Inferno, who exchanged a stolen kiss and were seen and stabbed. The Kiss depicts the lovers and this first kiss. The Kiss was originally in bronze but later had copies made in marble, with three of the statues existing. Ugolino is a bronze statue depicting Ugolino della Gherardesca, a character in Dante's The Inferno. Ugolino was imprisoned in the Tower of Hunger with his children. Ugolino saw his children die of hunger and then ate their flesh before dying himself. The sculpture depicts Ugolino crawling over his children just after their death."
Abstract This paper briefly examines the history of ancient Greek art. It focuses on several periods - Archaic Period, Early Classical Period, Golden Age, Late Classical Period and Hellenistic Period. Different types of art forms are discussed and examined how they developed during these periods. The influence of other cultures on Greek art is also analyzed, namely Middle Eastern and Egyptian.
Outline
I. Introduction
A. History
B. Cultural influence
II. Archaic Period (600-480 B.C.)
A. Egyptian influence
B. Middle Eastern influence
III. Early Classical Period (480-450 B.C.)
A. New humanism led to balanced human form
B. Marble and bronze figurines
IV. Golden Age (450-400 B.C.)
A. Temples of the Athenian acropolis
B. Parthenon sculptures
V. Late Classical Period (400-300 B.C.
A. Expression of emotion
B. Individualization and three-dimensional movement
VI. Hellenistic Period (323-31 B.C.)
A. Nike and Aphrodite
B. Terra-cotta figurines
VII. Conclusion
A. Importance of masterpiece copies
B. Influence of Greek culture
From the Paper "The earlier great cultures of Egypt and the Near East were making art long before the Greeks and much of the early Greek art looks Egyptian, with its stiff and profiled poses and boxy geometric designs. Moreover, the Greeks borrowed the ideas, motifs, conventions, and skills from these earlier civilizations (Tansy 1996). However, it was the Greeks who made the leap into naturalism and in their representations of the human body created an ideal of perfectly balanced proportions that has never been improved upon. Although, we often speak of Greek and Roman in the same breath, the greatest accomplishments of Greek art were five centuries old by the time the Romans began to copy them. "
From the Paper "Donatello's bronze David (c. 1430) and Michelangelo's marble David (1504) are, nominally, treatments of the same subject. Yet -- considering the fact that both drew on the same iconographic tradition, were made within seventy-five years of each other, were created in Florence and credited with political meanings, and were important landmarks in the influence of classical art on the Renaissance -- it would be difficult to imagine two sculptures that were more different. A comparison of these two works will demonstrate how the sculptors made iconographic choices suited to the functions of their statues and how each man took a different approach to the integration of the antique into his style."
From the Paper "This paper surveys the Bronze Age in ancient China, which covers a period from approximately 1600 to 600 B.C. That is, it begins more or less coincidentally with the so-called Shang Dynasty, and continues through the first half or so of the so-called Chou Dynasty, covering the Western Chou period (1122-771 B.C.) and most of the Spring and Autumn period (722-481 B.C.), named after one of the Chinese literary classics, The Spring and Autumn Annals.
The earliest bronze in China was found to date from about the beginnings of the Shang dynasty, and probably represents a shift in economic and political power catalyzed by technological innovation, as is known to have happened during the Neolithic/Bronze transition in the Mediterranean region. The major Shang cities, the capital of An-Yang and two other major cities.."
