Abstract This paper looks at how Gandhi used non-violence and peaceful protest as a weapon against British Imperial Rule throughout the early twentieth century. The paper looks at key events such as the Quit India protest, the two World Wars and the involvement of Irish nationalists. Gandhi's actions are considered within the global events that shaped Britian's ability to take action against Gandhi: Gandhi was not the only reason the British eventually left India!
From the Paper "Throughout the ages mankind often instinctively turns to the use of violence to defeat an enemy. Violence is part and parcel of the culture of human beings. And yet one of the greatest freedom struggles in modern history was apparently won through the specific rejection of violence, and the active use of a policy of non-violence. That struggle was between the Indian independence movement and the British colonial administration. At the head of that independence movement was Mahatma Gandhi, a simple Indian who held no office or great wealth, and yet was able to unite a whole subcontinent against the British Empire. Not only that, but he did it in such a peaceful, virtuous way that he made the British question their own morals and eventually forced them out of India. This is the general version that is recorded in history. However, this version of events generally ignores the other forces that influenced the British to withdraw from the Empire in India. Here we will critically examine the view that the use of non-violence was the main reason for the ending of British rule in India, by examining the true organizational nature of non-violent civil disobedience and other events, British and global."
Tags: independence, Mohandas, Mahatma, Hindu, passive, resistance, campaigns, defense, Raja, Viceroy, Lord, Irwin, World, War, II
Abstract This paper compares the American, French and Russian revolutions, and analyzes their immense change, not only politically but also in the nature of the way its citizens were governed. It investigates the nation's individual social circumstances that the caused these revolutions. The paper discusses the political ideas of Marx and Lenin, and the great class struggle against nobility in all these nations? revolutions.
From the Paper "Revolution means change on a massive scale, and the revolutions that took place in America, France, and Russia were all revolutions in the political sense, not simply changing regimes but changing the very nature of government and its relationship to the governed. The causes of the three revolutions were different, as were the governments against which the people rebelled. The American and French revolutions have the most in common, while the Russian Revolution had features that set it part from the other two. All three revolutions, however, signaled a major change in the way the people of each country would be governed thereafter. The most successful of these recognize that the force, which brought about revolution will continue and need to be accommodated within the new system."
Tags: american, u.s., united, states, french, russian, government, britian, england
Abstract Compares the two countries, differences & things held in common. Defines meaning of a political culture & its value in helpoing to determine the rules of the political system. Three main traditional characteristics of British political culture (Homegeneity, Consensus, Deference). Britian's change to a more multinational country. The politics of regionalism in Italy; diversity of the country's regions.
From the Paper "Upon first examination, one would think there no two political cultures in the world more unalike than those of Great Britain -- the United Kingdom -- and Italy, that comparing the two is like comparing a Yorkshire Pudding with a Calabrian Pasta. It is true that Great Britain is the first modern nation-state, and was such when the King of France ruled little more than the Ile de France and was not as great as his nobles, when Italians were busy killing each other off in the internecine wars of small city-states, that Britain founded the first great western empire since that founded by the Romans and the Italians have only a bit more than 150 years as a unified state, and one that has never settled into unification easily. Yet there are more things in..."
Abstract This paper looks at the reasons for European population growth in the eighteenth century with a focus on Britian and the industrial revolution. The paper shows how the development of new technology and the establishment of more efficient production methods and a higher standard of living, resulted in a decrease in the mortality rate. The paper also shows how the might, success and growth of the industrial economy was able to continue fueling the process of population growth throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, while new capitalist orientated theories put forward by Adam Smith advanced and galvanized the process.
From the Paper "Through the development of new technology and the establishment of more efficient production methods, a higher standard of living was achieved resulting in a decrease in the mortality rate. It is arguable that the increasing industrialization of Europe led to a new social order whereby younger marriage became an advantage and therefore birth rates were able to increase. Furthermore the new economy of an industrializing Europe lent itself to supporting the massive increases in population, while at the same time keeping living conditions stable in the short-term and improving them in long-term. Changes in economic, political and social theory developed by Adam Smith allowed firstly Britain and then other countries in Europe to embrace the Industrial Revolution and appreciate the economic value that an increased population could give a nation."
Abstract This paper explains that, with the handover of Hong Kong to China, the identity of Hong Kong is undergoing a changing reality as witnessed by the changing identity of Hong Kong's culture seen through its media and press. The author points out that many Hong Kong residents are now convinced that the culture and identity of Hong Kong rests not upon its citizens but on the government of China, thus challenging the future of human rights and democracy in Hong Kong. The paper states that many people believe that China has no interest whatsoever in the media and press freedom of Hong Kong as long as the economy of the country is resonant.
From the Paper "Hence, China can do or undo any rules and promises it previously made to the Hong Kongers. China can very easily use its legal documents and texts to justify its actions. Leaders worldwide have now begun to show their concern over the media change in Hong Kong. It is highly essential for Hong Kong to maintain its media identity since it greatly relies on it. Despite China's promise to the mass population of Hong Kong regarding their freedom of press and expression, Hong Kong today is an entirely different place than it was before the hand over. According to Lin Neumann, ?The climate of free expression in Hong Kong has shifted in subtle but distinct ways: In the vibrant Hong Kong press, self-censorship has become a fact of life."
Abstract The prospect of switching Britain's official national currency to the Euro, and the related issue of whether the country should join the European Union, have certainly inspired much heated debate and a variety of viewpoints regarding possible consequences of these changes. This paper explains that the widespread prevalence, passion and diversity of the public discussion on British currency could be seen as a possible reason for the government's resistance to the Euro, in and of itself. It explains that the United Kingdom is regarded all over the world as a successful, consolidated democracy, meaning that the government represents the interests and wishes of its citizens. The writer further points out that therefore, it seems likely that until the public is assured and convinced that the Euro will result in only positive economic and political changes for both ordinary Britons and the country as a whole, the pound will continue its exclusive monopoly over the British economy for many years.
From the Paper "The decision of Britain of whether to adopt the euro as their only currency and eliminate the pound completely has been widely debated over the last few years. There are a myriad of good reasons for this; the switch to the euro currency will undoubtedly have various consequences whose benefits and downsides are very debatable. These consequences will certainly affect several of Britain's long-established roots and traditions in aspects of its government such as the economy, of course, but also its political parties, European integration, international relations, citizen participation in the government, and public opinion. Furthermore, economic results of Britain's adoption of the euro will likely include significant modifications in taxation, trade, unemployment, price stability, interest and exchange rates, standards of living, and economic distributional policy."
Abstract This paper explains that because salt is needed the world over, for people and for animals, it has always been in demand; therefore, salt was probably the first traded commodity. The author points out that the world-over, in the past and in the present, salt is used for many different applications, such as, in the European Middle Ages, it was used not only to preserve food but also to cure leather, clean chimneys, glaze pottery, solder pipes and as a medicine for a variety of complaints. The paper describes salt manufacturing produce from edible sea salt in Japan, which has no known salt deposits and whose climate makes evaporation extremely impractical; nonetheless, today, Japan is the world's largest importer of salt.
Table of Contents
The Traditional Uses of Salt
Ancient China
African Uses of Salt
Salt in the Roman Empire
Advances in Salt Production
Venice and the Mediterranean
Britain
Japan
Salt in Today's World
From the Paper "Egyptian history starkly contrasts with that of the Chinese; they were the first civilization to preserve food on a large scale with salt. The Egyptians realized that by preserving a product with salt, such as fish, olives, or eggs, a value was added per pound. They exported vast amounts of salted food to the Middle East and trade in salted food would shape many economies for the next four millennia. The Egyptians also traded salted food with the Phoenicians who inhabited a narrow strip of land on the Lebanese coast, north of Mount Carmel. Not only did the Egyptians preserve food with salt, they also mummified bodies by keeping them in salt for 70 days. The Egyptians made thier salt by evaporating the seawater in the Nile; they also obtained salt from trade with Libya and Ethiopia."
Abstract This paper examines the impact of Jeremy Bentham on Britain's judicial system. This paper discusses the England's corrupt legal system during the 18th and 19th centuries which Bentham succeeded in considerably reforming. This paper analyzes the political thinker's approach to social reform. The writer of this paper delves into Bentham's insightful views and opinions pertaining to political liberty, hedonism and psychological egoism. This paper also examines Bentham's considerable impact on the British Parliament which upon Bentham's death passed the Reform Bill, which extricated political power from the ruling nobility and bestowed it upon British population.
From the Paper "The basis for Bentham's theory of government necessarily starts from his ethical propositions; both of these depend upon his principle of utility he called this the "greatest happiness" principle. Bentham identifies happiness with pleasure, and supposes that the rightness or wrongness of actions can only be accurately comprehended upon a scale of pleasure and pain, happiness and unhappiness. This makes him a hedonist, but he is a utilitarian hedonist in that he believes that human actions should be measured along these guidelines based upon their definitive outcomes. The outcome of purely moral actions spreads this principle throughout all of society: "It is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong."
Abstract The paper describes Henry Lewis Stimson as a man of his times, but one for his times as well. The paper states that it is difficult to argue that Stimson's doctrines would have saved the world from the war in the Pacific; it is much more plausible to think he might have prevented the European war had the United States, and its allies, done more to relieve Weimar Germany. The paper concludes that Stimson was very often the right man in the right place at the right time, and that, when challenged, he would live up to the demands he encountered.
Table of Contents:
Study in contrasts
Stimson and Internationalism
Schizophrenic or Realist?
Marching to War
From the Paper "Stimson himself emulated his heroes Theodore Roosevelt and Elihu Root in many ways, preferring "a history, a policy, an aspiration, an instinct, and a technique" (Steel, 1991, database) as the definition of the "establishment" rather than money or power. Such a man was uniquely suited to champion an international body such as the League of Nations. His background, his intentions, his compassion and his certainty that the American (or at least New England elite) way of looking at the world was correct might have saved the United States and the world from a global war. "
Tags: Hitler, League, of, Nations, Roosevelt, Britian
Abstract This paper reviews, discusses and analyzes Tony Blair's quote in The Guardian newspaper article, "Reformers Versus Wreckers is the Battle For This Parliament". According to the paper, when Tony Blair decided, in 1997, to challenge the electoral power of four consecutive Conservative governments, he pertinently chose to call his draft for Labour's electoral platform 'New Labour, New Life for Britain'. The paper goes on to say that Blair's approach retains the fundamental values of the Labour party, while changing the means appropriate to their realization, and consists of trying to combine two apparently antithetic tenets: the liberal commitment to individual freedom in the market economy, and the social democratic commitment to social justice through the action of government.
From the Paper "Along with this necessity to stick to a stable economy, the most strategic aim of New Labour in this text seems to lay in the reform of public services and of the Welfare State. "Quality education, healthcare, safe streets [and] mobility" (lines 10-11) are needed. This goes along with the party's ideal of social justice: "We believe in strong public services because [they are] the embodiment of social justice" (lines 10-11). This is maybe the target the text stresses the most, as well as it points out that the only way this will be achieved is through investment and reform. After fighting the 2001 election on the theme of improving public services, Blair's government continued to raise taxes in 2002 -described by opponents as "stealth taxes"- to increase spending on education and health. Blair's aim is to keep investment coming into public services and then making the reforms, in order to use the money well. High-quality public services would mean improvement of the Welfare State, which has to be refashioned, providing equal chance to benefit from the opportunities Britain has to offer. In the text, the emphasis is put on the reform of the National Health Service in particular. It has to be designed around the needs of its patients, and this is only doable through investment. However, it is not enough: power must be decentralized, waiting time must be cut, and work with the private sector is necessary to use spare capacity. The major idea concerning the renewal of public services is to re-establish the intermediate institutions between the individual and the state that the Tories either ignored or destroyed."
