Abstract This paper provides an overview of the Battle of Gettysburg in general, followed by an assessment of how the roles played by the 26th North Carolina and the Iron Brigade during the first two days of battle helped to influence the outcome. A summary of the research and salient findings are presented. The author focuses on the role of leadership on both sides, as they appeared to play a critical role in the outcome of this infamous battle. The author also cites that it is clear from the research that the men of the 26th North Carolina and the Iron Brigade ardently believed in what they were fighting for, and were willing to die for their causes.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Figure 1. Uniform of the Iron Brigade 26th North Carolina
Conclusion
From the Paper "Given its importance, it is not surprising that Gettysburg is the most studied battle in the history of America. In fact, Martin points out that, "Even before the fighting was over it was viewed as the most decisive battle of the Civil War, and a legion of writers have since recorded their narratives and offered their interpretations of the battle." Likewise, Andrews suggests that, "No battle of the Civil War appeals more to the popular imagination than the one which was fought near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1, 2, and 3, 1863. Apart from the fact that this struggle, unlike most, is comparatively easy for the layman to understand; apart from the fact that it was one of the bloodiest battles in modern times -- the Battle of Gettysburg stands forth as a turning point in the history of the Civil War." The Battle of Gettysburg was fought during July 1-3, 1863, just 35 miles southwest of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Losses on both sides, though, were among the war's heaviest; of 88,000 Northern troops, casualties were approximately 23,000; from a total 75,000 Southerners, there were likewise more than 20,000. Two of the units that participated in the battles at Gettysburg that took place over the course of the next 3 days were the famed Iron Brigade of the Union and the equally tough 26th North Carolina of the Confederates, both of which received an inordinate number of casualties during the fighting that ensued. These units and their respective parts in the Battle of Gettysburg are discussed further below."
Abstract The 'Red Brigades' was a terrorist group formed in 1969 in Italy as the result of student movements. They were an extreme left terrorist group with the goal of separating Italy from the Western alliance. The group advocated violence and targeted unionists, politicians and businessman who they claimed represented the ?establishment.? The paper shows that although the Red Brigade succeeded in acts of terror while operational, ultimately during the 1980s the organization declined due, in part, to internal schisms, operational failures and the arrests of many of the members. As a terrorist entity, one might consider the group a failure. The paper shows, in contrast, that the Palestinian Liberation Organization has successfully contributed to the cause of terror over time and factions of the organization still exist. The PLO of Palestine existed as a terrorism powerhouse and achieved some of their goals and continues to be a successful terrorist movement in Palestine. The paper examines what differentiates the two groups, whether one might consider the PLO successful and the Red Brigades a failure and whether one could consider a group described as "terrorist" successful. The paper traces both groups' histories and looks at their similarities.
From the Paper "One of the appealing aspects to prospective members of the organization was money. Adult males who joined the PLO not only received their pension, but their wives also received an allowance for the family. The Palestinian organization was successful for many reasons, not the least of which was relating to the common person. Many Palestinians and Arabs have for many years sought a unified existence. The PLO-Palestine offered just that. It united the common person for a common cause. The violent activities promoted by the organization were not seen as fruitless acts of maliciousness and horror; rather they were seen as activities dictated by higher powers for a good and unified purpose."
Abstract The paper discusses how, although it did not end the war, the Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point of the Civil War, and represented the true beginning of the end for the Confederacy. The paper examines how, in this costly battle, both the 21st North Carolina and the Iron Brigade experienced some of the heaviest losses, and both units were highly regarded as valorous and intrepid in their actions. The writer proposes that the first-hand accounts and reports of gallantry of both of these units confirm that the Iron Brigade lived up to its name, and the 21st North Carolina earned and deserved an honorary title of their own.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Figure 1. Uniform of the Iron Brigade Conclusion
References
From the Paper "In fact, although the Union forces managed to exact a heavy toll on the Confederate forces at Gettysburg, Meade failed to take advantage of his strategic opportunity though and allowed the Southern forces to retreat without pursuing them across the Potomac. President Lincoln wrote Meade a letter written on July 14, 1863 (but it was never mailed) when he learned that Lee's Army of Northern Virginia had escaped back across the Potomac and had successfully avoided further battle with Meade's army; even though Meade never read the letter, it is illustrative of Lincoln's frustration with this lost opportunity and his general."
Tags: Pennsylvania, Northern, troops, casualties, reinforcements, Brigadier, General, John, Buford, Lee
Abstract In this article the writer aims to sort out the rhetoric from the fact regarding the Battle of Gettysburg. The writer notes that given its importance, it is not surprising that Gettysburg is the most studied battle in the history of America. The paper first provides an overview of the Battle of Gettysburg in general. This is then followed by an assessment of the role played by the 21st North Carolina and the Iron Brigade. A summary of the research and salient findings are provided in the conclusion. The writer concludes that perhaps it is difficult for people in the 21st century to fully understand what these events meant to the soldiers who were actually fighting the frequently hand-to-hand and always bloody battles of McPherson Woods, Cemetery and Culp's Hill, but it is clear from the research that the men of the 21st North Carolina and the Iron Brigade ardently believed in what they were fighting for, and were willing to die for their causes.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Following the defeat of the Union forces of General Joseph Hooker at Chancellorsville, Virginia, in May, Confederate General Robert E. Lee made the decision to invade the North in an attempt to dissuade them from further incursions and with an eye to compelling European countries into recognizing the Confederacy, and Lee's invasion army totaled approximately 75,000 troops. Upon learning that the Union Army of the Potomac had a new commander, General George G. Meade, Lee ordered General R. S. Ewell to move to Cashtown or Gettysburg; however, the commander of Meade's advance cavalry, General John Buford, recognized the strategic importance of Gettysburg as a road center and was prepared to hold this site until reinforcements arrived."
Abstract This paper provides an overview of the Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania in 1863. It discusses the battle in general terms and it then assesses the specific roles played by the 26th North Carolina and the Iron Brigade. The paper concludes that first-hand accounts and reports of gallantry of both of these units confirm that their men and officers earned and deserve continued recognition and respect from Americans today.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
The Iron Brigade 26th North Carolina
Conclusion
From the Paper "Upon their arrival at Gettysburg, the Iron Brigade's 24th Michigan Regiment had 493 troops; by the end of the first day's battle, though, Richardson reports that less than 100 men were left alive, with the 24th having experienced approximately 80 percent casualties. "The Regiment has the dubious distinction of having the highest losses of any of the 400 union regiments engaged at Gettysburg." In his memoirs, Capt. Robert K. Beecham wrote that the battle between Archer's brigade and the Iron Brigade in McPherson Woods on the morning of July 1 was an "unadorned long-drawn-out line of ragged dirty blue against the long-drawn-out line of dirty, ragged butternut, with no 'pomp of war' about it, and no show or style except our old black hats.""
Abstract This essay deals with the changing attitudes towards war as expressed by the poets Alfred Lord Tennyson (pre 1914) and John Mc Crae in their works "The Charge of the Light Brigade? and "In Flanders Fields?. It includes an analysis of poetic techniques and the changing ideologies between the two poems, with a particular attention paid to social, historical and other contextual changes.
From the Paper "Tennyson's poem "The Charge of the Light Brigade" describes a great military disaster in the Crimean War where troops were massacred after being led to their death by their commanders. Tennyson praises the heroism of the British soldiers who faced a certain death, but who fought without questioning it. He portrays the battle as a glorious victory despite the huge disaster, admiring the courage of the men who gave up their lives to fight for their country: "Boldly they rode and well, Into the jaws of Death, Into the mouth of Hell". Here, Tennyson personifies death, using capital letters to emphasise the words "Death" and "Hell". He does this repeatedly throughout the poem, which reminds the reader that the soldiers are going to die. In stanza 5, when the brigade is retreating Tennyson uses a subtle variation of his earlier lines; this effectively works in re-iterating the fact that so few returned from the action. "They that had fought so well Came thro" the jaws of Death, Back from the mouth of Hell.?
Abstract The paper examines the poems, "Anthem for Doomed Youth" by Wilfred Owen and "The Charge of the Light Brigade" by Alfred Tennyson. The paper specifically compares and contrasts the attitudes of the poets towards death in war.
From the Paper "In his poem The Charge of the Light Brigade, Alfred Tennyson praises the brave soldiers ("When can their glory fade, O the wild charge they made") and celebrates the glory of war despite the fact that this attack was an error. But he does not show directly to the reader the reality of the slaughter by using euphemisms like "into the valley of death", "into the jaws of death" and "into the mouth of hell".
"The reader has not the time to realize what is happening because he is carried along by the rhythm of charge of the poem : "Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward..."
We can see the courage of the soldiers who, even if they know that the orders are wrong, are loyal to their country and chiefs and carry it ("Not tho' the soldier knew Some one had blunder'd"). This obedience of the British soldiers front to death is quite amazing : without considering the danger of the situation ("Their's not to make reply, Their's not to reason why, Their's but to do and die") they go "Into the jaws of death". Unhappily, though they are heroes, we can see that they are killed very quickly ("while horse and hero fell...")."
Tags: death, war, soldiers, funerals, religion, heroes
Abstract This paper aims to critically analyse the actions of the government in response to the Fire Brigades Union's decision to take industrial action in 2002-2003 and considers the wider implications and consequences for future government-trade union relations and conflict resolution. It looks at how the dispute began as a pay claim by the Fire Brigades Union (FBU) in April 2002 and was complicated by the government's modernisation policy in the public sector and aims to uncover the impact of the conflict, at an organisational level and assess the implications in the wider industrial relations environment ? for other public sector workers and trade unions.
Outline
Abstract
Chapter 1 ? Introduction
Chapter 2 ? Literature Review
The Contemporary Context of the 2002-2003 Fire Dispute
Chapter 3 ? Methodology
Research Design and Methodology
Chapter 4 ? Discussion and Findings
Conclusion
From the Paper "The election victory in 1997 of a newly revitalised and rebranded "New" Labour Party, initially promised much to trade union leaders, who had hoped for a close, mutual relationship reminiscent of the past. Committing to the previous government's expenditure plans, its manifesto (Labour Party, 1997) clearly spelled out few positive messages for trade unions who hoped that collectivist beliefs would form the cornerstone of Labour policy. However, in its business manifesto "New Opportunities for Business", it was revealed that Labour would not bring about a ?blanket repeal of the main elements ? on ballots, picketing, and industrial action - of the 1980s employment and industrial relations legislation? (Rose, 2001:233), stressing a greater emphasis on partnership agreements."
This paper discusses what occurred during the My Lai Massacre in Vietnam and what may have triggered the U.S. soldiers to "murder" countless civilians and not the enemies that is, the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong armies.
Abstract The following paper examines how the U.S. military dealt with the moral issues of human death in the Vietnam War, with particular reference to the 'My Lai Massacre'. This paper illustrates and discusses in detail how such an event happened, and examines how the massacre affected the way Americans view the Vietnam War, the government's participation in the war, and the moral issues that go along with the human deaths that are inevitable during wars and conflicts with other nations or enemies of the United States.
From the Paper "The My Lai massacre was triggered by a series of events that led to many deaths of the American troops in Vietnam, particularly the 11th Brigade of the 1st Infantry Battalion of the Charlie Company, the troop of soldiers that were later accused of mass murdering the civilians in the village of My Lai. In a comprehensive report by Mark Gado (2001) of The Crime Library entitled, ?Into the Dark: The My Lai Massacre,? the author discussed in detail several events that have occurred which may be attributed as one reason why the soldiers of the 1st Brigade of the Charlie Company were able to kill many people, civilians who were defenseless against them. Gado discussed the difficulty the Americans were facing in looking for the North Vietnamese army and the Viet Cong, and one of the solutions that the American military were able to formulate to indirectly inflict harm to the enemy is by destroying all resources that might prove to be helpful to them."
Analysis to determine need for Ranger Training in U.S. Army. Risks to trainees, incl. Deaths. Training procedures. Ranger Training Brigade. Government inquiry. Recommendations to ensure safety of training.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 5 sources, 2001, $ 119.95
From the Paper "The purpose of this inquiry is to determine whether there is a need for Ranger training in the United States Army, and if so, why the Army continues to staff such training below minimum safe levels. Fifty-six Ranger students have died while in the Ranger Training Program since it was instituted in the 1950s. Four of these students died in a single incident in Florida in 1995. The investigations following the deaths of the four students identified certain minimum safe levels of training staffing necessary to prevent the reoccurrence of such an incident. The National Security, International Affairs, & Criminal Justice Subcommittee ("the Subcommittee") of the Government Reform and Oversight Committee ("the Committee") has all ..."
Abstract Michael Hardt and Antonia Negri's discourse picks apart the mechanisms and implications of economic, political and cultural imperialism. The paper explains how the authors trace the progress of the United States from imperialist power to Empire. The second half of the book deals mainly with the heyday of American hegemony in the 20th century and then examines factors that contribute to the fragility of its Empire. Finally, the paper describes how the authors criticize presuppositions about the global market in the third section of book, "Passages of Production".
From the Paper "In Chapter 3.5, the authors discuss the dynamic interplay between government and corporation, especially the multinational. With the recent push to loosen restrictions on multinational corporations, the concept of corporate political power is salient. Hardt and Negri emphasize the statement, ?the state has been defeated and corporations now rule the earth!? (p. 306). Capitalism is more than an economic philosophy but a political ideology as well. Basically, the authors show that capitalism has not replaced systems of government, but that those systems have been transferred to the economic world. Finishing Part 3 with a critique of the imperialist ?pyramid of power,? Hardt and Negri offer what they call an ?ethico-political discourse,? (347; 353). The bomb, money, and ether are presented as the fundamental means by which Empire wields and maintains its global dominance."
Abstract Acts of anti-American terrorism are becoming increasingly common and more and more are occurring on American soil, according to Columbia political scientist Brigitte L. Nacos. According to Nacos, the rise in terrorism is not a matter of flawed national security. It has more to do with the success that terrorists have enjoyed in exploiting the relationships among the media, public opinion and political decision-making. This paper addresses the effects of the media on terrorism. It shows that according to Nacos, government policy is often shaped by terrorist action, even in cases where a conflict of interest between the safety of hostages and the interests of the nation exists. This paper examines the media's influence on terrorism, to determine whether or not the media should provide less coverage of terrorism or if they should continue to report the news.
From the Paper "While the democratic nature of the U.S. obviously offers more freedom and choices, it also places a great deal of pressure on the government to please the people. For example, President Jimmy Carter's failure to resolve the Iranian hostage crisis in 1979-80 contributed to his loss when he ran for re-election in 1980 (Morgan, 2002). Many Americans had watched him on television during coverage of the terrorist event and decided that he was an ineffective negotiator and leader.
However, many researchers argue that it was media coverage that pressured Carter into launching a poorly planned rescue mission, despite the fact that the military estimated only a 65 percent success rate. This shows the effect of the media on terrorism, and how terrorists use the media to influence the public and decision-makers (Nacos, 1994, pp.140-41)."
Abstract This essay follows the birth and death of Francis Marion, a revolutionary hero of America who gave people hope for their dreams at a time when they had death all around them.
Abstract Discusses the Colonial period, the initiation of fire wardens, the use of bucket brigades to put out fires, Benjamin Franklin's Union Fire Company and the concept of municipal fire fighting. Includes a timeline of the development of technology.
From the Paper "In 1999, Mother Earth magazine published a long, historical article concerning fire, and man's use and abuse of it. It is such an exceptional analysis that it deserves to be quoted at the beginning of this..."
Abstract This paper explores the early years of the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill. In particular, it examines how, although he received an incredible amount of criticism for his decisions during World War I, he made many valuable contributions to the British and Allied cause. It looks at how he restructured and modernized the navy, saw merit in the implementation of such machinery as tanks and airplanes even though others did not, strengthened Allied relations, and commanded a brigade on the Western Front.
From the Paper "In 1904, Churchill crossed party lines and joined the Liberal Party due to his disagreement with proposed higher tariffs by the Conservatives. At this juncture in political history, the Liberal Party was at its strongest and committed to social reform; therefore, Churchill participated in much of this era's social reform. As President of the Board of Trade, he established the first of the great welfare services: labor exchanges, which would subsequently lead to state unemployment insurance. In addition, he helped produce legislation that regulated wages and provided safety standards for workers. Simultaneously and more importantly to the international scene, Winston was involved in issues of defense."
