From the Paper
"This study will review ten articles on hormone replacement therapy following menopause, which is associated with age-related changes in the reproductive system and efforts to control the effects of those changes.

Robert Berne and Matthew Levy write in "Hormonal Patterns During the Menstrual Cycle" that there are three phases in the menstrual cycle --- the follicular phase, the ovulatory phase, and the luteal phase --- and that these phases and the entire menstrual cycle are regulated by gonadal steroid hormone production.

When menopause sets in, these hormones are not produced in the same way or at the same rate. The question asked by Berne and Levy in the middle of their paper focuses on what causes and regulates the primary "surge" of hormones and the ovulation which ..."

From the Paper
"Whether or not animal research should be conducted on various products has long been a matter of controversy. Some forms of animal research have become so controversial that they have been stopped by most companies, such as research using animals to test cosmetic products. Medical research, on the other hand, is more easily defended and has its proponents who claim that there is no other way to test certain products or procedures, though opponents dispute this and cite the possibility of using computer models instead of animals. The issue has become a rallying point for activists who challenge the use of animals in such research and who have at times undertaken to free lab animals as a protest. The issue is clearly not settled.

This is also not a new issue. In 1955 the Humane Society of the ..."

From the Paper
"Three families of ticks are recognized in the world today: the Ixodidae (hard ticks), the Argasidae (soft ticks, and the Nuttalliellidae (a group with characteristics of both hard and soft ticks). The terms hard and soft refer to the presence of a dorsal scutum or "plate" in the Oxodidae, which is absent in the Argasidae (3:13). Soft ticks, unlike hard ticks, usually are not important carriers of diseases (4:927). For example, lyme disease, caused by a spiral-shaped bacterium called Borrelia burgdorferi (1:110), is found on deer ticks (a hard tick). The primary tick which carries this bacterium is the deer tick, Ixodes dammini, in the United States, and the European castor bean tick, I. ricinus, in Europe (3:36). However, the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, has been known to transmit it as well (2:1)."

From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper will be to discuss chimpanzees. The scope of the research will include discussions of the terminology of the species, their behavior, feeding patterns, habitat, tool usage, mental capacity, communication abilities, and societal behavior. Further, the report will include a review of the anthropological studies that have been undertaken of chimpanzees with particular emphasis on Jane Goodall's landmark research, with a quick note related to Mr. Larson's cartoon. Lastly, a brief look of how chimpanzees are viewed on the world market today will be presented.


"Living apes and humans and certain fossil forms belong to the superfamily Hominoidea of the suborder Anthropoidea of the order primates" (Tuttle, 1986, p. 1). 'Anthropoid' means man-like. During the early part of the century the term "ape" was..."

From the Paper
"The green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), related to the Hawaiian sea turtle or the Pacific Green Sea Turtle but commonly found in the Caribbean and in North and South America, is a migratory creature with a long history of abuse at the hands of human beings, and today the species is endangered in various parts of the world because of its value as a food, animal predation on its nesting grounds, interference with its migratory patterns, and public ignorance about the plight of the creatures. International efforts are being made to improve the habitat of these creatures and to increase their numbers while also reducing the influences and behaviors that have reduced the population to its present state. The most important threats to the green sea turtle are shrimp trawling, man-made alterations to or destruction of beach habitats, inadvertent harassment of the sea..."

From the Paper
"Philosophers have considered the question of the moral significance of animals as opposed to the moral significance of human beings for centuries, and the issue has become more potent in the scientific age with concerns about animal experimentation along with other issues related to the treatment of animals for food, as work animals, and in any situation which could be classified as captivity and not as the natural state of the animal.


In examining the moral significance of human beings, many philosophers differentiate between human beings and animals, emphasizing those qualities which separate human beings from animals, implying that these qualities prove moral significance and thus that the absence of these qualities would deny such significance. Inherent in the discussion of the moral..."

From the Paper
"Bacillus thuringiensis
Insects are responsible for several devastating diseases. Certain entomopathogenic bacteria are useful as biological pesticides. The bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis, produces a toxic proteinaceous crystal during sporulation. Upon this crystal's ingestion by an insect larvae, (-endotoxins are solubilized and activated. These toxins form a nonselective pore in the plasma membrane of the insect's midgut epithelium. Disruption of the membrane's transepithelial potential ultimately causes the insect's death. At present, various B. thuringiensis formulations are commercially available.
Insects such as mosquitoes and black flies transmit some of the world's most deadly diseases. Through the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms between humans and animals, these..."

From the Paper
"Hepatocytes
The hepatocytes are cells which comprise the liver parenchyma. They are its primary functional units. Each individual cell has the capacity for all functions. As a group, the hepatocytes perform a vast array of physiological tasks, all of which are necessary for the maintenance of biologic homeostasis.


In the normal adult liver, it has been estimated that there are about 250 billion hepatocytes (1:xxix). Indeed, the liver is the largest visceral organ in mammals; in man, its weight is approximately 1.5 kilograms (8:8).


The development of the liver parenchyma starts from entodermal cells. These embryonic precursors grow into the mesenchyma of the septum transversum (8:8). The organ itself generally performs two..."

From the Paper
"In recent years, there has been mounting concern over the possible effects of pesticide residues in food. The use of such substances in agriculture is both necessary and widespread. However, many of these materials have been associated with various pathophysiologic phenomena. For example, the herbicide, paraquat, exerts its toxic effects through the intracellular formation of free radicals. Fortunately though, government regulatory mechanisms serve to minimize public exposure.

According to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, a pesticide is defined as "any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any insects, rodents, nematodes, fungi, or weeds, or any other forms of life declared to be pests; and ... "

From the Paper
"More than a century after his death, and four generations after the publication of his chief work, The Origin of Species, Charles Darwin remains possibly the most controversial scientist in the world. His name is inextricably associated with the debate (now a political and cultural one, not a scientific one) that continues to swirl around the theory of evolution, a theory that deeply shook the Western view of humanity and its place in the world.

We conventionally speak simply of the theory of evolution, leaving off the explanatory phrase, "through natural selection." At most, perhaps, the general public has heard of "survival of the fittest"--an unfortunate phrase, since fitness in everyday usage is associated primarily with physical conditioning and athletic ability. "Survival of the most suited to its ... "

From the Paper
"Throughout recorded history, humans have exploited marine resources. One of the earliest known maritime societies occurred along the Baltic Sea approximately 10,000 years ago. These Mesolithic era fishermen did not regulate their fisheries. Because their populations were small, early fishermen did not alter their marine resources. Hence there was never a need for them to constrain their practices. In more recent times, however, the fishing industry has grown to massive proportions. Following the second world war, it took mechanized fleets only 20 years to treble the world's annual fish production. In 1989, the total sea catch amounted to over 86 million metric tons. This increase in fishing, however, has had a devastating effect on the ... "

Abstract
The paper examines how the Department of Defense has started work on a biological agent detection and identification program as part of efforts to develop a national early warning system for urban areas pertaining to biological warfare. It also describes the Biological Defense Homeland Security Support Program to achieve early detection and characterization of a biological-related incident in an urban area in order to reduce casualties, minimize disruption to infrastructures and support consequence management efforts. It looks at how the Postal Service has also set into motion work toward the development of bio-terrorism identification equipment due to anthrax scares and the work of biotechnology companies in the development of pulmonary drug delivery in order to combat air-borne bio-terrorist threats .

From the Paper
"Another developer of bio-terrorism identification equipment is NanoVia, LP, an innovative leader in the development of next generation high-speed microvia drilling technology. The company recently announced that it intends to further develop its patented drilling process for pulmonary drug delivery in order to combat air-borne bio-terrorist threats (prweb.com). While currently applicable for conditions such as diabetes, multiple sclerosis, fast-moving allergic reactions, seizures and cardiovascular conditions, NanoVia, LP believes that inhaled physical threats, such as Anthrax, can also be combated with this technology (prweb.com)."

Tags: department, of, defense, casualties, anthrax, combat, air-borne, bio-terrorist, threats

Abstract
The paper shows how we need to overcome the myths that many people believe about cats and dogs and about what spaying and neutering really accomplishes. So long as people believe that cats should not be spayed or neutered until after the female has had a litter or the male has reached a certain age, the problem will continue and grow more marked. The paper shows that those who want to prevent animals from suffering should think about the suffering caused by the huge cat and dog population that exists now and how much more cruel it would be if that population increased any further. Veterinarians know full well what benefits are achieved through spaying and neutering and also know that it is more cruel to allow these animals to grow old, get sick, live in the wild, or otherwise be unwanted and unloved because there are simply too many animals. The paper argues that we worry greatly about overpopulation in the human community in the future, but we have a clear vision of what overpopulation causes in our cat and dog population today. As hard as some people worked to reduce human population growth to a manageable figure, so should we work today to assure that the animal population also is under control.

From the Paper
"However, as Adams (1997) notes, spaying and neutering is actually beneficial for the pet and for the owner alike. Spaying and neutering gives the pet a longer and healthier life. With spaying, a female's reproductive organs are removed, eliminating the chance of uterine and ovarian cancer. The risk of breast cancer also is greatly reduced. Spaying a female dog before her first heat cycle virtually eliminates the risk of breast cancer. Neutered males have their testicles removed, so there is no chance of testicular cancer. The chance of prostate problems in neutered male dogs is greatly reduced. Some pet owners worry that their pet will get fat or lazy after spaying or neutering. Their metabolism slows as they mature, but whether an animal is overweight is within the owner's control (Adams, 1997, 38)."

Tags: livestock, euthanize, Humane, Society

Abstract
This paper examines a study that observed the interaction between the plants and birds of the tidal mudflat and determine what the different organisms provided for each other in the environment. The paper describes the observation of species inhabiting the Bolsa Chica Ecological Preserve, located near Huntingdon Beach, California. The four species observed during this study were Belding's Savannah sparrow, California Cord grass, the Brown Pelican and Pickle weed.

From the Paper
"The intertidal salt marsh lies between the shore and the open bay water. Because of the proximity to the open ocean, it is often windy. It contains mud flats where the soil has high salt content that can only support grasses of varying heights. The salt marsh is home to a wide variety of birds, some that are year-round residents and others that use the marsh as a resting-place during their winter migrations to the South."

Tags: plants, birds, tidal, mudflat, salt, marsh, sparrow, grass, weed, pelican

Abstract
This paper evaluates the correlation between stress and the role of sexual activity in the reduction of stress. It looks at how stress that is experienced in daily life has an adverse affect on people and that sex is a form of physical activity and can be beneficial to reducing it. It describes the physical effect of stress on the body and shows how the relationship between physical activity and sex helps for relaxation, relieves stress and produces endorphins, the body's natural pain relievers.

From the Paper
"Researchers at Ohio State University (Heart Disease Weekly, 2002) tested how fast that triglycerides would clear out of the bloodstream of volunteers during a stress-inducing test compared with a session in which the volunteers rested. This study found evidence that short periods of psychological stress can cause the body to take longer to clear heart-damaging fats from the bloodstream. The results showed that stress caused triglycerides to stay in the bloodstream longer and suggest one reason why stress has been linked to heart disease."

Tags: physical, activity, endorphins, relaxation, triglycerides