From the Paper "Through genetic diagnosis and counseling many syndromes or diseases, such as myoclonic epilepsy (Hammans & et al., 1991, pp. 1311-1313), sickle cell disease (Granda & et al., 1991, pp. 152-153), and the X syndrome of mental retardation (Rousseau & et al., 1991, pp. 1673-1681) can be identified prenatally. These diagnostic procedures can save future parents the anguish of having children who cannot lead fulfilling and independent lives. However, medical science does not always answer the ethical question of whether such disorders warrant the termination of a pregnancy or a decision by a couple not to have children.
In addition, the structure of the encounter between counselor and client makes non-directive genetic counseling in connection with prenatal diagnosis difficult.
The offer of prenatal diagnosis and pregnancy termination..."
From the Paper "How Aspirin Works: New Understandings
Aspirin ranks as one of the world's oldest pain relievers. One form of the drug can be found in willow leaves. It has been sold in tablet form since about the turn of the century. Aspirin belongs to a group of about 24 similar pharmacologic agents known collectively as the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Despite the long history and widespread application of these drugs, however, the biological mechanisms responsible for their physiologic effects have remained largely unknown. Only in recent decades have researchers begun to understand how aspirin works at the molecular level.
In 1971, Vane and his associates discovered that aspirin inhibits prostaglandin formation. Prostaglandins are a type of fatty acid. Their formation represents the first committed step ..."
Abstract This paper discusses Red Tide - the common name for the blooming of certain species of dinoflagellata that have a reddish pigment causing the water to appear to be red when the massive numbers of dinoflagellates accumulate. The paper examines the dangers of Red Tide to human beings in the form of nausea, skin irritation and weakened immune systems. It also shows that Red Tide can be fatal to marine life, especially marine mammals. Finally, the paper discusses the effects of Red Tide on the fishing industry and the various things which are being done to try and control it.
From the Paper "Red tides have been completely unaffected by pollution, and finding a way to contain outbreaks has been a daunting task for scientists. Most recently, a Woods Hole scientist has been experimenting with using clay to smother the algae (Fairfield). This new method has helped protect the billion-dollar fishing industries in Japan and South Korea, and scientists are hoping it can protect the waters in the United States as well (Fairfield).
Until recently, the research has focused mainly on the toxins emitted, and the chemistry of the harmful blooms ? not on finding ways to control the blooms (Fairfield). While the United States isn?t a fishing economy per se, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimate that the U.S. will lose more that $1 billion over the next ten years because of the toxic algae (Fairfield)."
Abstract This paper examines the controversial stem cell research, including the moral dilemmas put forward by those who oppose this type of research. The author of the paper argues, however, that the benefits in the medical world from stem cell research would outweigh by far the moral costs. The paper argues that since the embryos left over from infertility clinics are going to be wasted anyway, they should be put to use by helping to save someone else's life.
From the Paper "Last year, President Bush approved the use of federal funds to support limited research on only existing human embryonic stem cell lines. But as proponents of stem cell research have pointed out, this isn?t enough. Restricting federal funding to a limited number of cell lines will hamper the progress of the research. Proponents will continue to pressure the United States government to expand these limits and are hopeful that science will benefit from this pressure soon.
Shortly before this decision was made, Sen. Bill Frist, the Senate's only physician spoke at a Senate sub-committee meeting. I am absolutely convinced ... that we can address the use of living tissue, of living cells that otherwise would not be used," said Frist. "I believe within an appropriate ethical construct, we can use that tissue to the benefit of hundreds of others, thousands of others, maybe millions of others." (Wildmoon, 2000)"
Abstract Stem cell research has quickly made its way into the media headlines and is among one of the most controversial subjects in America today. The debate on whether or not to use stem cells for research is a scientific one, but it has also become a political question, as well.
This essay argues that the potential benefits far outweigh any of the moral concerns of the research. It shows how, for scientists, the possibilities of research are awe-inspiring and bewildering. No one denies the moral dilemma of the stem cell debate. To turn back now, researchers say, would be like turning our backs on a bright, sustaining light because we are terrified of the shadows it creates. The paper provides several arguments in favor of stem cell research, including the medical benefits.
From the Paper "Standing with Mary Tyler-Moore, Gina Gershon and Michael J. Fox, she spoke at a Senate subcommittee meeting, expressing the urgency of the situation and the importance of stem cell research to her and so many others who are dying every day from ALS, a degenerative disease. When you look at the living, breathing people who could truly benefit from a used fetus, it is obvious that morality can bend in the direction of those who need help."
Abstract This paper provides an insight into the coral reef, one of the most beautiful, living examples of nature. It discusses how it has taken thousands of years to create the coral reefs that are found worldwide and how these fragile ecosystems are in danger of disappearing unless citizens and the government take steps to preserve these habitats for numerous varieties of marine life. It shows how with the aid of satellites and concerned individuals, these living monuments will be around for thousands more years.
Outline
Introduction
History of the Reefs
What are Corals
How Corals Feed
Photosynthesis
A Fragile Environment
Forming the Reef
Where Coral Forms
Variety of Colonies
Architecture of the Reef
Darwin's Theory
Wildlife of the Reefs
Monitoring the Reefs From Space
Dangers From Algae
Other Dangers
Regrowth
Protection Act of 1999
Survey of Americans
Conclusion
From the Paper "Scientists are excited about the use of the satellite since it offers views of coral reefs that are hard to reach and observe. In 2000, when a fishing boat was grounded more than 1,000 miles west of the Hawaiian Islands on the Pearl and Hermes Atoll, scientists found it difficult to reach the reef to check on the amount of damage it may have sustained. There are numerous coral reefs in the Pacific Ocean that are so remote, that it would be hard to detect or study a spill or grounding. High-resolution imagery gives scientists a much needed tool to monitor these reefs that were previously inaccessible (Soliday 154)."
Tags: satellites, nature, marine, ecosystems, photosynthesis, darwin
Abstract Discusses problems incurring from acquatic species brought to the U.S. from Europe in ballast water of ships. Describes each species. Disruption of these nonindigenous species on the normal food chain, causing reduction in number of indigenous game fish. Negative economic impact on U.S. Fisning Industry. Possible measures that can be taken to prevent further invasion by nonindigenous acquatic species.
From the Paper "Abstract
The zebra mussel, Eurasian watermilfoil and round and tubenose goby are all nonindigenous species thought to have been brought to the United States from Europe in the ballast water of ocean-going vessels. These vessels pick up ballast water in their homeport when they are carrying a light load and discharge it here in U.S. waters when picking up heavier loads. This water often contains small fish, shellfish and plants native to the port where the ballast water was picked up, e.g. the Caspian Sea. Since these nonindigenous species have no natural predators here, they flourish and often outstrip native plants and waterlife by competing for food and space. This can severely disrupt the normal food chain, and cause the disappearance, or severe reduction in numbers of game fish..."
Abstract Discusses the importance of GM crops to worldwide farming. Division among people regarding use of GM plants. Benefits vs. ecological disasters. Safety issue. Review of recent studies on use of GM plants in the farm setting. Goal of GM crops toreduce need for pesticides. Harm to beneficial organisms.
From the Paper "Introduction:
According to an article in Scientific America, genetically Modified (GM) crops are becoming an important part of worldwide farming with approximately 109 million acres under cultivation (Brown, 2001). However, most of the farmland is in the US (68%) and Argentina (23%), and the most common GM crops are soybean (36%), corn (7%), cotton (16%), and canola (11%). GM varieties are a major proportion of the total production of soybeans (58%) and corn (23%)(James, 2000).
The development and use of GM plants has divided people into 2 groups. One group believes GM plants offer benefits for both increased production of food and fiber, and decreased use of pesticides and herbicides. The opposing group believes GM plants will cause ecological disaster by inadvertently killing ..."
Abstract A paper which argues for the legalization of cloning, and the writer states reason why he is personally in favor of this measure. The writer also uses an excerpt from Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein"to show the other side of the table, as well as several other sources in support of the legalization of cloning.
From the Paper "Just think of all the benefits that cloning could provide. Death and disease would be virtually nonexistent. People would be able to live longer, healthier, happier lives. There would no longer be an endangered species list. Survival rates would be at an all time high. Food production would be greatly increased. In spite all of these positive aspects of cloning, I do not believe that the world will ever see a cloning generation. There are too many anti-cloning activists that roam the earth and too many people afraid of change that science and technology can bring. There are not enough people willing to take the required risks. For, as Frederick B. Wilcox says, "Progress always involves risks. You can't steal second base and keep your foot on first" (Quote Garden)."
Abstract This paper provides insight into genetic engineering and gene therapy, the changing of an organism's genes in order to remove unwanted characteristics within an organism or to add other characteristics. In particular, it examines how genetic engineering techniques can be used to identify and treat certain diseases as well as aid doctors in creating custom-made drugs for specific patients. It shows that while the current application of genetic engineering on humans is limited, the hope is that genetic engineering will be able to treat many common diseases. It also describes the controversial issues surrounding its use with doctors, ethicists, religious groups and politicians and examines why science should be careful when applying this technology.
From the Paper "The use of gene therapy began on September 14, 1990 and was use to treat a four-year old girl who was suffering from adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency. This is a fatal disease that attacks the immune system. The problem was that her cells were not creating the ADA enzyme necessary for the immune functions of the cells. Doctors at the National Institute of Health in Bethesda Maryland removed blood cells from the patent and modified them with a viral vector from normal ADA genes. When the blood was infused back into the girl's blood stream, the ADA gene programmed the cells to produce the missing enzyme. This helped the girl to develop a resistance to infection, albeit temporarily (Isasi, 2002)."
Abstract Every since Watson and Crick discovered DNA's structure in 1953 there has been a mad rush to discover it's function. The paper explores the discovery of scientist J. Craig Venter, whose groundbreaking system is responsible for locating and sequencing 85-90 percent of all human genes. Venter's discovery led to the National Institute of Health patenting gene fragments and the paper examines the controversy surrounding the issue. It discusses whether DNA, part of the human genome, should be allowed to be patented and also, how the information should be used. The paper also looks at the benefits of making DNA sequencing public property.
From the Paper "A major concern for many is how new DNA technology can be used against them. In a world full of real or imagined discrimination, genetic discrimination is a looming threat. Nineteen states now have laws governing privacy of genetic tests. Still, 25 percent of the individuals participating in a study at Georgetown University believed they had been discriminated against (Sternberg, 1996). Many Americans may be reason to fear, including those who themselves discriminate. More that 15 million Americans have one or more birth defects, 80 percent of them genetically caused (Cary, 1995). There are diseases numbering greater than 3,000 that are genetically coded (Platt, 1997). Discrimination may be on the job or by insurance companies who refuse to cover an individual based on a pre-existing condition. Martha Volner of the Alliance of Genetic Support Groups feels insurance companies do not need genetic information to discriminate. Enough history both personal and family is given to the insurance agency to negate the use of genetic tests (Sternberg, 1996)."
Abstract This paper discusses that, for many years, paleontologists held that the evolution of horses, as evident in the fossil record, was anagenetic, or progressing in a virtually straight, single line of evolution; but more recently paleontologists have found evidence supporting a cladogenetic evolutionary pattern in the Miocene, which created a multiplicity of horse species or "branches" on the evolutionary trunk. The author points out that, as the fossil record yields more and more of its "secrets" to paleontologists through new investigative technologies, the established theories require revision.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Introduction
Discussion
Anagenesis and Cladogenesis
The Emergence of Speciated Branching
Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper "The fossil record of horses (family Equidae) over the past 55 million years is a classic example of macroevolution. North America is the ancestral home of horses and many fossil sites across the continent have been identified as containing abundant remains of ancient members of the family. ... states that any given fossil locality in North America from about 50-55 to 20-25 million years ago, it is usually possible to find 2-4 species of horses that seem to have lived side-by-side. However, from about 20-10 million years ago, the fossil record suggests that horses evolved rapidly, adapting to various environments and ways of life."
Abstract This paper discusses the concept of epiphanies, that everything old is made new again and that the world has been changed forever by some new insight and how it is a creed of most world religions including Christianity. It examines how the descriptions of life in a gorilla family given by Dian Fossey in her book "Gorillas in the Mist" provide the kind of moments that are best described as epiphanous because they help us connect in a very detailed and precise way our own lives with those individuals of another species. It evaluates the moments that make it such an epiphanous tale such as the detail that Bonne Annee was attracted on her walks with her human companions to the graveyard where the gorilla victims of poachers were buried.
From the Paper "One of the most affecting scenes in this chapter is the description of Bonne Annee, who was captured in the wild and then confiscated from the poachers who had taken her from her family. After rehabilitation, she was reintroduced the wild, only to be rejected by the first group she was introduced to (Group 5) because the kinship and social relationship ties in that group were too close to permit a stranger to be introduced. After recovering from the wounds inflicted on her by members of Group 5, she was introduced into a more heterogeneous group and so finally began to live life among her own kind."
Abstract The paper first assesses the potential risk to the environment of these chemicals that are industrial dischargers. The writer describes the governmental regulations that have attempted to halt the production and discharge of these chemicals into the water supply. The paper then explains the ways in which the ingestion of these chemicals can harm individuals who unfortunately encounter polluted water supplies.
From the Paper "Centrifugation or filtration is necessary to remove particulate or suspended matter prior to analysis. This method has the advantage of separating and analyzing two or more substances in the event of a mixed spill. Again this method should be combined with mass spectrometry to positively identify the sample. Another method involves the use of infrared spectroscopy for concentrations of 4 to 40 ppm toluene in water. The sample is acidified, extracted, and then scanned in the spectrophotometer. There is minimal sample loss due to volatilization, however, one must know the identity of the compound being analyzed (Norris and Dowd, 1994, 458-462)."
Abstract This paper explores the chemical structure and clinical uses of technetium-based radio-pharmaceuticals which have since the 1970s, served as the mainstay for every hospital's nuclear medicine department. Today, fully 85% of all diagnostic scans in American hospitals use 99mTc in some chemical form. It includes a brief overview of several "technetium-essential" and "technetium-tagged" radio-pharmaceuticals, as well as a discussion of current areas of research and development for new technetium drugs.
From the Paper "Technetium-99m has several physical properties that make it ideal for use in nuclear medicine. Foremost among these is that Tc-99m generally emits only gamma rays. These gamma ray photons are of a high enough energy (140,000 eV) that they can easily pass through dense tissue and exit the body, but can be effectively stopped and detected by a special gamma camera. Other radionuclides generate alpha and/or beta particles, which are diagnostically useless since they lack the penetrating ability to exit the human body. Worse, the ionizing ability of these decay products can damage tissue."
