Abstract In recent years, medicine has been so greatly affected by technological advances that it has gone beyond therapy and towards the limits of our imagination. Unlike a few years ago, when conceiving a baby girl or a baby boy was a matter of chance, today's prospective parents can choose to alter the genetic make-up of their children in order to enhance their offspring's well-being in the future. This paper shows, however, that it is not clear if modern society is ready to face the consequences of genetic engineering. On one hand, scientists agree that, from a medical standpoint, genetic technologies do, in fact, hold promising potential. The paper shows that, on the other hand, genetic engineering focused on improvement of the human species involves profound ethical and political risks that are to be taken into serious consideration. The paper argues that not until we become fully aware of the issues surrounding genetic technologies should we pursue the illusion of creating a "perfect baby" and intrude upon our children's lives by intervening with their genes.
From the Paper "What does modern germline engineering have to do with eugenics of the past? Obviously, contemporary genetic technologies are nowhere near encouraging or discouraging certain groups of people from reproduction. However, the science seems to be turning away from its primary purpose of bringing human beings to life free of diseases towards enhancing otherwise normal human beings. This trend looks like a resurrection of eugenics at a more advanced scientific level. Daniel Wikler confirms that people are clearly worried about genetic engineering moving ?from "medical" concern for the individual to "eugenic" ambitions for improving the gene pool in general?(because) this move was accompanied, early this (last) century, by great wrongs, harms justified by the greater good?? (14). Is germline engineering simply a new name for eugenics? "
Abstract This paper begins by explaining that cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease, which is caused by the mutation of the gene called 'cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR). The paper shows how recent studies have brought about improvements in the life expectancy of CF sufferers, and there are hopes, through gene therapy of improving it even further.
Contents
Introduction
Definition of Term
Protein Influence
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusion
From the Paper "Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease which cannot be prevented. When CFTR protein in cells that line passageways of the lungs, pancreas, colon, and genitourinary tract are abnormal, two problems result: blockage of the movement of chloride ions and secretion of abnormal levels of mucus. These problems are caused by a mutation of the CFTR, which is called deltaF508 CFTR. This mutation ?. . . accounts for 70-80 percent of all CF cases. Various other mutations . . . seem to be the cause of other CF cases? (CaringParents.org., 2003, 1). This could mean that there are other, undetected as yet, causes for cystic fibrosis."
This paper looks at both points of view about stem cell research and the reasons behind them. In the end, the reasons are weighed against each other, and a final solution is reached.
Abstract The following paper discusses the emerging technology in the area of stem cell research. It begins with some general knowledge of what stem cell research really is, giving a brief definition of stem cells and then describing what they do in the human body. After the basic idea of what stem cells are, an in-depth look at the two different types of stem cells and their differences is given. After the basics of stem cells are given, the idea of stem cell research can be talked about and what stem cell research is and how it is done.
From the Paper "After the reader is familiar with stem cell research and what it is all about the two sides of the argument shall be given. Some people support stem cell research and the benefits it has to offer and others are against stem cell research and its price. Both sides argue to no end believing that they support the correct stance; there may not be a "correct stance", but at the conclusions of this paper will be the better of the stand points and why it is the better of the two."
Abstract This paper first provides background and historical information on DNA research and technology. The paper then discusses how this technology can be applied to modern law enforcement and the private and public policy issues that the collection of DNA information has given rise to. Finally, the paper takes a look at the future implications of this technology and the way it will revolutionize medicine and our understanding of genetic diseases.
From the Paper "It was realized almost immediately, that blood typing had potential value for criminal identification investigations, paternity confirmation and exclusion, and other evidentiary purposes, because they were dictated by Mendel's Laws of Inheritance. By the 1960s?, researchers had identified many other more subtle factors than surface antigens, enabling them to differentiate blood samples by virtue of specific enzymes and serum proteins that conferred much greater accuracy to the determinations (or exclusions) of identity revealed through blood studies."
Abstract This paper explains how stem cell research could be accomplished in at least two ways that should not raise the moral ire of politicians, religious groups, or the public in general. The writer states that the first is through the use of adult stem cells, avoiding the terrible risks of tissue rejection. The second potential direction for stem cell research involves extracting a few cells in the early stages of an embryo's development without destroying that embryo.
From the Paper "Revolution is in the air. While the digital revolution is transforming our view of the universe, the biotech revolution has the potential to alter the universe itself. The parallel with the invention of the printing press and the Renaissance is clear. (Blake, 2001). ?Gutenberg's and Caxton's inventions turned the world figuratively and intellectually upside down and heralded new patterns of human activity and organization that were inconceivable prior to the early 15th century.? (Blake, 2001, pg. 9). One of the great achievements of that era was the quick adaptation of this communications revolution to every aspect of human life. Today, "we are at the beginning of a new Renaissance".? (Blake, 2001, pg. 9). One of the more controversial elements of this new Renaissance is stem cell research. There is perhaps no field fraught with more possibility along with questions of morality and medical ethics. (Hickey, 2001)."
Abstract This paper discusses the complex moral and ethical issues surrounding the topic of stem cell research and examines arguments that both favor and oppose the research. The paper also points out that there is little likelihood that the debate over stem cell research will be resolved soon; perhaps the debate will eventually move toward the question of how the research will be conducted, as opposed to if it should be conducted, since stem cell research seems to be continuing, in spite of all of the controversy it generates.
From the Paper "Today one of the most hotly debated issues is unquestionably stem cell research. Specifically, it involves harvesting and using a specific type of cell known as a "stem cell" and using it to attempt to develop or reproduce virtually any cell in the body. Of course this has tremendous potential for therapeutic benefit-some speculate from curing cancer, paralysis, Parkinson's disease, and a host of other maladies yet to be imagined. In lay terms, stem cells can serve as kind of "repair system for the body," which can divide infinitely-replenishing other cells. What is so powerful about the stem cell, however, is its ability to become another kind of specialized cell, say a brain, blood, bone marrow or muscle cell (NIH, 2004)."
Abstract This paper not only evaluates and critiques the article, "The Stem Cell Challenge" by Nadia Rosenthal and Robert Lanza about stem cell research, but also evaluates whether the article's format was research-correct, data-supportive, and topically appropriate and sustainable. The author points out that, once the research goal is identified, the investigator must abandon all forms of bias and look at the research situation as a controlled, rational process of reflective inquiry. The paper relates that this article presents the reader with an excellent opportunity to understand clearly the benefits of stem cell research with respect to diseases that currently lack a cure, namely, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, diabetes, spinal cord injuries, and cancer.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Investigative Research Requirements
Article Overview Evaluation and Problem Statement
Research Data Reporting
Study Limitations
From the Paper "In the article, Rosenthal and Lanza go on to explain to the reader that in the stem cell process, stem cells are generally extracted from surplus frozen embryos that are left over from in-vitro fertilization procedures. Once extracted the cells can be grown in a laboratory and subjected to medical application. In addition to the frozen embryo procedure, stem cells also can be extracted from adult tissue without any harm being inflicted upon the patient."
Abstract This paper provides a summary of the term "therapeutic cloning," which is the use of cloning in terms of rehabilitation and organ transplants. It then compares this technique to the controversial reproductive cloning, which is the cloning of an entire human being. The paper also looks at the ethical problems of reproductive cloning.
Paper Outline
Information Summary
Techniques Used in Therapeutic Cloning
Techniques Used in Reproductive Cloning
Regulation of Procedures
Opinion
Congressional Testimony
Recommended Regulations
Bibliography
From the Paper "Proponents of human reproductive cloning, on the other hand, argue that infertile couples deserve the chance to have children in another way, and that the critics who are urging caution and predicting societal shifts because of human reproductive cloning are basically expressing the same arguments that were put forth decades ago against IVF, to
no substantial avail in the present because, as mentioned, this technique has been proven safe and is endorsed by Supreme Court decisions."
Abstract This paper examines whether leadership skills are an innate talent that one is born with or whether they are something that one can develop with the right training. The paper contends that this important issue is at the heart of strategic leadership planning for most companies, large and small. Through the discussion in the paper, it becomes clear that innate abilities are key to successful leadership development.
From the Paper "Part of the difficulty in determining whether leaders are born or whether they are made lies in the numerous definitions being utilized to define the term "leadership." There are approximately three hundred and fifty definitions of the term "leadership" that have been utilized by researchers over the last three decades (Bennis & Nanus 21).
Kotter (124) defines leaders as individuals who create the course of action for a group of individuals. They also garner loyalty from these group members as they align themselves with the direction the leader has established. And then, lastly, the leader is charged with motivating group members to actually accomplish the goals the leader has set forth. Leadership encompasses these facets."
Abstract This paper explains that the famous actor, Christopher Reeve, who was paralyzed from a fall from a horse and became one of the biggest supporters of embryonic stem cell research, alleged that the United States was about five years behind our medical abilities because of the politics surrounding stem cell research. The author stresses that the battle over embryonic stem cell research continues and will continue unless we can put aside ideology and, instead, put first the interests of those individuals and their families who are suffering. The paper urges that the responsibility of citizens in a free country is to take a stand on issues like approving embryonic stem cell research.
From the Paper "Now that we have a basic awareness of what they are and how they can help, I would like to introduce all of you to the current debate and controversy over embryonic stem cell research. One of the concerns among those in opposition to the research is the way in which these cells are to be obtained. Many people are against it because they oppose abortion, and believe that this type of research would start an industry to provide a source of embryos."
Abstract This paper looks at what is meant by the risk of GM foods. It looks at the pros and cons and the actual risks. It examines the advantages, how poor countries benefit, and the issue of crop resistance. It looks at the risk to health and crops, as well as cross-fertilization. It concludes that there is a need for a cautious approach.
From the Paper "This is a topic that has raised some heated discussion in the media lately and in society at large and has many environmentalists up in arms. The problem with Genetically Modified (GM) foods is that on the one hand it is a new and different concept and therefore people are naturally cautious about the possibility of health risks to consumers. On the other hand, however, GM products offer a lifeline for poorer countries that are already struggling economically to sustain their people. They are faced with a dual dilemma of wanting to maintain a balance between preventing any possible health risks associated with GM foods while also taking up the challenge to grow a hardier type of food more cheaply to feed and nourish their populations."
Abstract This paper explains, starting from the basics, what genetic engineering actually is, and how it is carried out. It details its uses in society and explains the risks involved and how to overcome them. Ethics and social values are included in the discussion.
Outline
Introduction
Principles of Genetic Engineering
Applications of Genetic Engineering
Hazards and Ethical and Social Implications of Genetic Engineering
From the Paper "Restrictions have become less severe over the years, and genetic engineering is being applied more and more as public approval is constantly being sought. Nevertheless, this does not diminish the potential dangers of creating transgenic organisms. For example, consider the use of genetically modified organisms - GMO's - in the general environment, such as crop plants. Can such organisms be used safely? Suppose the pollen of these plants are transferred to wild relatives, thus injecting the gene into a different species. These plants may now act as weeds, and if the crop plants were engineered to be herbicide-resistant, then the weed will be similarly so. When a new type of oilseed rape resistant to the herbicide Basta was produced by the Belgian company 'Plant Genetic Systems' in 1994, there were concerns that rapeseed would act as a weed in hedgerows and would be impossible to control with Basta."
Abstract This paper begins with a formal definition of global warming and then launches into a discussion of its primary causes and its effects. The paper concludes by briefly examining what measures can be taken to prevent global warming.
From the Paper "There are many theories about the causes of global warming. The most well -known is the greenhouse effect. This theory states that global warming is caused mainly by the anthropogenic or human generated output of carbon dioxide. The theory also takes into account increases in temperature due to solar activity. ( ibid) In essence global warming "results primarily from human activities that release heat-trapping gases and particles into the air." (ibid) The most common causes of the increase in temperature are gas emissions due to the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, gas, and oil."
Tags: increase, temperature, world, atmosphere, oceans, rise, deforestation, ecological, function
Abstract This paper explains that embryonic stem cells are self-renewing, undifferentiated cells that are extracted from the inner cell mass of a 5-6 day old embryo or blasto-cyst, which destroys the embryo in the process of extracting the stem cells. The author stresses that the basic problems in embryonic stem cell research are the very highly valued moral problems it presents: (1) The prevention or alleviation of suffering and (2) the respect of human life. The paper stresses that the argument for and against cloning embryonic stem cells is also an argument as to the meaning of life and the recognition of the loss, at any point in life, of inevitable death.
Table of Contents
Introduction
What is Embryonic Stem Cell?
The Basic Problem
Arguments Presented For and Against Cloning Embryonic Stem Cells
Conclusion
From the Paper "To endorse any use of the human embryo which was not consistent with a reverence for human life would be widely regarded as wrong. Those who believe that therapeutic research on embryos is ethically permissible, might argue that the creation and use of a human embryo outside the context of human reproduction does not necessarily undermine the attitude of respect for the human body and human dignity, provided that the purposes involved in such creation and use are purposes which we would recognize as beneficial ones. Medical uses fall into this category. In this view, it would appear to be quite consistent with an attitude of respect for human life to allow the use of human embryos at an early stage of development, well before the stage at which anything resembling a self can be said to come into existence. Such use promises to provide the possibility of the relief of a great deal of human suffering, a goal which in no sense calls into question respect for the human body."
Abstract The following discussion evaluates septic shock and its influence on the destruction of cells, tissues, and organs. It is estimated that without proper and rapid treatment for septic shock, the illness may be fatal. The writer points out in this article that the role of the inflammatory response must be considered as a means of identifying the factors that lead to this circumstance.
From the Paper "The illness known as septic shock is one of the most critical problems that patients face in hospitalized settings when their health is compromised by other conditions that they face. There has been a marked increase in the diagnosis of this problem, and the reasons for this increase include new medical procedures, an overall increase in the age of patients, and an increased number of accidents. It is evident that these concepts have played a significant role in the continued growth of septic shock in patients, and there has also been an emergence of organ and tissue damage as a key factor in the development of this illness. In a large majority of cases, septic shock is fatal for those that contract this illness, which places those with this diagnosis at a high risk of mortality."
