Abstract This paper addresses the Cohn Brothers' film "Barton Fink" in terms of its relevance to the term "subjective reality". Here, "subjective reality" refers to the non- conventional way of presenting the film, rather than the standard narrative provided by the Hollywood blockbusters.
Tags: FILM STUDIES / MOVIE REVIEWS, ANALYSIS, CRITICISM, subjectivity barton fink
Abstract In this article the writer covers the life and work of Clara Barton. The writer discusses how Barton risked her life for others offering medical care on the battlefield. Further, the writer notes her work for the American Red Cross. The writer points out Barton's devotion and commitment to humanitarian relief. The writer maintains that dedication was perhaps her greatest asset when it came to successful leadership. The writer concludes that it is through reviewing Barton's life, and understanding her leadership skills, that nurses can better discover how to become leaders themselves.
Outline:
Abstract
Early Personal History and Career
Clara Barton and the Civil War
Barton Goes to Europe
Barton and the Ratification of the Geneva Convention
Barton and the Early American Red Cross
Barton's Successful Leadership
References
From the Paper "When the Civil War erupted, Barton was in Washington. As she had proven many times in her life, prior to this point, Barton was not one to sit idly by. She was determined to actively assist the Union. In the beginning, Barton gathered and distributed supplies for the Massachusetts troops that were stationed in Washington. However, by the second year of the war, the tales of hardship and misery on the frontlines, led her to request permission to go to the battlefield. Thanks to the support of prominent Republicans, Barton was given permission to go to the front, from a reluctant War Department."
"Barton's first battlefield experiences at Culpepper and Fairfax Station, Virginia shocked her. She personally took charge of the medical and supply gap for the next three years."
Abstract This paper argues that in her novel, "Mary Barton", Elizabeth Gaskell is trying to offer knowledge as a solution in reducing class tensions and in giving the rich and the poor a better understanding of each other. The paper uses female characters and their roles in the public domain as a medium for demonstrating this.
From the Paper "City life in the 19th century ushered in a difficult and conflicted era for women. Torn between the necessity of remaining in the domestic sphere for the sake of the maintenance of a comfortable family life for all, and the new, frequently arising necessity of entering the public sphere, women of lower classes became obligated to undertake the double burden of balancing traditional roles and roles in the workplace and other public venues. Staying home and entering the public domain both offered many consequences, and left women's practical options unclear, and also created an ever-greater rift between their ways of life, and those of wealthier women, who typically remained entirely in the domestic sphere. Elizabeth Gaskell's 1848 novel, Mary Barton, displays the intricacies of a variety of female lives, rich and poor, public and private, under extremely trying and class-dividing circumstances, those of the Industrial Revolution. Gaskell tends to represent women as actively engaging in public urban life out of necessity rather than out of any personal desire to do so, and she uses the idea of balance as an important issue which also relates to class tensions. Mary Barton's message to women is that they must cautiously advance into the public domain, but not neglect the ill effects and the dangers of such a move, and rather be aware of the positive and negative aspects of life in the private and public spheres. This awareness of both sides of an issue is additionally reflected in Gaskell's compromise-centered views on class tensions and reconciliation, which is to do what one must for one's own station in life, but to remain aware of the effects on others of different classes, and to find a balanced "happy medium" in one's actions."
Abstract This paper presents an historical account of Clara Barton's heroic service as a Civil War nurse, her active involvement in the suffragist movement, her nursing and social services work in Europe, and her successful involvement in forming the American Red Cross.
From the Paper "When picturing the atrocities of war today, one usually envisions the ungodly sight of a soldier being shot or blown up. The pain and anguish of a person's face as well as the assailed and bloody body hitting the ground readily come to mind. In the Civil War, however, much of the death and gore did not occur on the battlefields but in the so-called hospitals. Because most people believed the war was going to last only a few months or weeks there was no real effort to recruit doctors. At the beginning of the Civil War, there were 36 doctors in the whole United States and 12 of these surgeons went to the South to serve. Surgeons had no formal training in the art of medicine."
Tags: amputation, cedar, mountain, angel, of, the, battlefield, union, nurses, missing, in, action, treaty, of, geneva, united, states
Abstract This paper examines the life of Clara Barton, born on Christmas Day, 1821, and how she gave many gifts to her country, not least among them the founding of the American Red Cross. It looks at how, with her pre-feminist strength and her lofty intentions, she struggled with some of the same issues women struggle with today, chief among them bureaucratic insensitivity. It also discusses her work in treating the wounded soldiers of the Civil War and how she fought to have her causes recognized.
From the Paper "This was long before the days of reliable long-distance communication, so Barton and her two companions, if they wished to minister to the wounded, had no choice but to push on. By daybreak on September 17, they had made camp near the Union bivouacs along Antietam Creek. Despite the boom of cannon, and risking their own lives, the trio pushed on to set up a "field hospital" in a barn at the corner of Sam Poffenberger's cornfield. Barton began comforting the men waiting for surgeons to remove shots from their bodies?or to remove parts of the bodies instead. Holding one soldier so he could take a drink, he slumped in her arms, and she realized a bullet had passed through her sleeve, instantly killing her patient."
Tags: civil, war, florence, nightingale, international
Abstract This paper explains how during the Civil War Clara Barton became a pioneer in the field of nursing. She helped soldier on the battle front, and identified missing bodies after the war. It looks at how, after going to Europe during the Franco-Prussian war, she started the American branch of the International Red Cross.
From the Paper "Clara Barton was a pioneer in American nursing. She helped improve medical conditions during the Civil War and was the founder of the American Red Cross. I have always been interested in World War II, and I initially wanted to research a nurse who served in the armed services during it, but I was unable to find enough information about one person to be able to write about. So, I went back further in history and came across Clara Barton as someone who had not only served her country greatly during the Civil War, but had also helped the families of the men she nursed, and had taken an administrative role as the founder and president of the American branch of the International Red Cross. I believe that Clara Barton not only touched the lives of the people she worked with, but also changed them, and this is why I chose to research her."
Abstract The biography of Clarissa Harlowe Barton cannot be written without also writing at least in some measure the history of the American Red Cross as well as that of the history of nursing. This paper examines the work of the founder of the American Red Cross, looking at both her own life and at her work during the major battles of the American Civil War. In order to set her work in the proper historical framework, the paper also provides a very brief overview of the history of nursing as a profession, a profession which Barton is ? along with Florence Nightingale ? responsible in many ways for creating in its contemporary form.
Although this paper focuses on the work that Barton performed during the Civil War, it also mentions her relief work in the yellow-fever pestilence in Florida (1887); in the Johnstown, Pennsylvania, flood (1889); in the Russian famine (1891); among the Armenians (1896); in the Spanish-American War (1898); and in the South African War (1899-1902). The last work that she personally directed was the relief of victims of the flood at Galveston, Texas, in 1900, before she died in Glen Echo, Maryland, on April 12, 1912.
From the Paper "During the depression of the 1930s, many nurses were unemployed, and the number of schools declined. World War II, however, brought about another increased demand for nurses. The Cadet Nurse Corps, established in 1943, subsidized nursing education for thousands of young people who agreed to engage in nursing for the duration of the war. Since the end of World War II, technological advances in medicine and health have required nurses to become knowledgeable about sophisticated equipment, to learn about an increasing number of medications, and to design nursing care appropriate for the health care delivery system during a period of rapid change. Barton's nursing work on the battlefield helped lay down the fundamentals for nursing during wartime, and the work of nurses in MASH and other military units throughout the 20th century owes much to what she saw and did during the Civil War."
Abstract This study will analyze Elizabeth Gaskell's novel Mary Barton as a portrait of English society during the Industrial Revolution. The study will focus on the significance of the author's descriptions of the social classes, focusing on the members of the working class and their relationship with their employers, the changes which Mary and John Barton undergo as a result of their socioeconomic struggle, and the author's apparent suggested solutions to the injustices of her day, which will be shown to be woefully inadequate and idealistic.
From the Paper "This study will analyze Elizabeth Gaskell's novel Mary Barton as a portrait of English society during the Industrial Revolution. The study will focus on the significance of the author's descriptions of the social classes, focusing on the members of the working class?and their relationship with their employers, the changes which Mary and John Barton undergo as a result of their socioeconomic struggle, and the author's apparent suggested solutions to the injustices of her day, which will be shown to be woefully inadequate and idealistic.
The heart of the book is the choice the protagonist, Mary Barton, must make between a rich man and a working class man. Of course, that message immediately introduces the restrictions under which women lived in the early Victorian 1840s in Manchester, England, where the story takes place. Rather than ..."
Abstract This paper discusses some of the major events of the first half of the previous century. It looks at Populists and Progressives, Women, the Nineteenth Amendment, Ku Klux Klan, Open Door Policy, FDA, CCC, The Great Depression, Woodrow Wilson, Upton Sinclair, George Perkins, Bruce Barton, Langston Hughes and more.
From the Paper "The beginning half of the twentieth century was marked in the United States by whirlwinds of change. The country fought the first world war, enjoyed economic unity, was crushed by the Great Depression, and finally started back on the road to recovery all in a matter of three decades. Many political and social movements arose during these times. . . All of these events and many more define the early twentieth century, a time marked by a complex and storied history."
Abstract This paper discusses how Elizabeth Gaskell reflects the difficulty of urban life for the working class of England in the 1830s through her book, "Mary Barton". It also examines how she reflects these hardships through her characters in the novel.
From the Paper "While the characters of the novel depict the harsh reality related to the working class in Britain, Gaskell also describes the reality of poverty very vividly with the physical environment. One example of this can be seen when we read about the Davenport's home, where the "window-panes, many of them, were broken and stuffed with rags, which was reason enough for the dusky light that pervaded the place even at midday" (Chapter 6). In addition, the narrator tells us that the smell in their cellar "foetid" (Chapter 6) and within the dark place they saw, "three or four little children rolling on the damp, nay wet brick floor, through which the stagnant, filthy moisture of the street oozed up; the fire-place was empty and black; the wife sat on her husband's lair, and cried in the dark loneliness" (Chapter 6). This is a horrifying account of how people lived."
Abstract This paper investigates the treatment of prostitution in nineteenth-century literature, in particular Elizabeth Gaskell's "Mary Barton", Charles Dickens' "Oliver Twist" and Emile Zola's "Nana". By closely examining literature from England and France, authored by male and female writers, it attempts to display how cultural differences and gender implications may have an influence on the chosen novelists' treatment of the subject. Areas of interest include: the historical context of nineteenth-century prostitution; the authors' portrayal of prostitution; the response of other characters toward the prostitute and the importance of death as the final outcome.
From the Paper "The subject of prostitution has had a long-standing fascination for novelists, artists, and historians alike. The idea of a woman using her body as a paid profession has forever caused a great deal of controversy, especially during the nineteenth century, when women were not supposed to display or act upon their sexual desires. It has often been said that during the nineteenth century, prostitution was becoming an increasing problem, although many facts and figures differ from one another considerably, so it would be unhelpful to quote them here. It is useful enough to consider that 'Victorians in the 1840s and 1850s thought that both prostitution and venereal disease were increasing'. "
This paper discuses intelligence during World War II, as presented in Barton Whaley's "Codeword Barbarossa" and Roberta Wohlstetter's "Pearl Harbor - Warning and Decision".
Abstract This paper explains that Barton Whaley's "Codeword Barbarossa" has long been considered the definitive study of Hitler's ability to hoodwink Stalin, the Soviet Union's intelligence service and other Allied intelligence networks. The author relates that Roberta Wohlstetter's "Pearl Harbor" conveys that, although rarely has a government been so well informed as to what to expect, this government had "expected wrong". The paper suggests that these books indicate that histories of intelligence or espionage are only tentative as new evidence or new capability in assessing primary sources emerge. The paper concludes that these volumes underscore that, during wartime, uncertainty freezes planning: Stalin responded to the possibility of a German invasion of the Soviet Union; whereas, Pearl Harbor generals waited, puzzled by information from Washington.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Operation Barbarossa
Pearl Harbor
Reflection
Conclusion - 'Surprise' and History
From the Paper "On June 21, 1991, a German soldier on the Russian border defected to the Soviet forces and stated that Germany was about to invade the Soviet Union. The warning arrived too late. The June 22 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union proceeded as one of history's worst instances of military surprise, the Soviet forces soon surrounded by the Germans as the Luftwaffe destroyed the Soviet air force, on the ground. At the end of World War II, Whaley had a fair amount of the forerunning intelligence story assessed, to which he added what was gained from various forms of evidence concerning European intelligence networks' activities ..."
Explores the characters of Moll Flanders and Roxana from Daniel Defoe's "Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress" and "The Fortunes and Misfortunes of Moll Flanders", as well as the characters in J.M. Coetzee's "Foe".
Abstract The paper discusses Daniel Defoe's novels "Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress" and "The Fortunes and Misfortunes of Moll Flanders", which depict the heroines as trapped in a patriarchal society. The paper then looks at J.M. Coetzee's "Foe", which provides a synthesis of Defoe's heroine icons through the character of Susan Barton. The paper demonstrates how Roxana and Moll display attributes of male strength through determination and will, while Coetzee's Susan Barton and accompanying characters attempt to reflect the Defoe feminism in a more flexible light.
From the Paper "Defoe's Roxana and Moll Flanders are stark representations of the 19th century struggle for women who sought a place in society for themselves. In the midst of British Imperialism, the role of the woman remained static, while opportunities to become successful in business, education and politics expanded. This background is essential in the setup of both Roxana and Moll, as the characters battle from shoddy upbringings to the pinnacle of wealth and social acceptance. Moll's rise through the social and class ranks of society begins as an orphan. Through marriage after marriage, Moll takes on a variety of roles, from housewife, con-artist, to thief to convict. It is important to note the tone of the narration, as Moll seems nonchalant in explanation of her history: "...and let any one judge what must be the anguish of my mind, when I came to reflect that this was certainly no more or less than my own mother, and I had now had two children, and was big with another by my own brother, and lay with him still every night." (Defoe 20). The ending is happy however, and the main point is not lost as a result. Although Moll eventually finds happiness in America, it is the trials and tribulations that defines her as a male equal."
Tags: patriarchy, feminism, heroines, male, strength, Crusoe, island
Abstract This essay discusses labor theories of as expressed in the communist manifesto. The writer focuses on the theories of Marx and Engles. He bases his conclusion on Juliet Schor's "The Overworked American",the "Free Agent Employees" by Nina Munk, and "The Founder of Modern Business" by Bruce Barton.
From the Paper "Many articles deal rather indirectly with the ideas of the communist manifesto, merely accepting its ideas of oppression without quite understanding the causes behind them, or their final ends. One of the interesting articles along these lines is "Free Agent Employees" by Nina Munk. In her article, she deals with the new phenomena of freelance workers, which are apparently distinguished from temporary workers only in name and mindset. It is difficult to say what Marx himself would have thought about freelance workers. In theory, it might seem that they are liberated from the oppressive system of corporate ownership. On the other hand, as Munk points out, they get all the work and low wages of ordinary workers, with none of the rewards that unions have slowly attached to permanent workers, such as health and retirement benefits. Her discussion of how the system of freelance workers only really benefits the employers and those who, as it were, help "pimp" freelance labor, is relatively Marxist in nature. And such freelance laborers are the ultimate realization of what Marx and Engles wrote in the communist Manifesto: ?laborers who must sell themselves piecemeal, are a commodity.?"
This paper looks at novels by three writers - George Elliott, Elizabeth Gaskell and Benjamin Disraeli and how they describe the living conditions of the working class in the industrial revolution era.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 0 sources, 2001, $ 36.95
Abstract This essay compares the novels of George Elliott, Elizabeth Gaskell and Benjamin Disraeli and their works, respectively: "Felix Holt", set in the coal mining areas of Loamshire, "Mary Barton", in the power looms of Manchester and "Sybil", the collieries and the metal-working foundries of Mowbray. The novels describe the deplorable conditions that existed for the workmen: malnourishment, often starvation, lower wages and death due to preventable and curable diseases.
From the Paper "From the perspective of workers, the main characters in the novels are Felix Holt (Felix Holt), John Barton (Mary Barton) and Walter Gerard (Sybil). They are honest men, passionate about the rights of workers, and possessed of a charisma that let's others gravitate to them.
"They belong to trade unions and workers movements entrusted with the task of improving working conditions and increasing worker wages. In all three novels, workers seek redress by taking their grievances to the Members of Parliament in London. Each time however, their delegations, met with stonewalling and apathy, return ?empty-handed.? These frustrations are the forerunners to the riots."
