Abstract In this essay, the writer discusses the policy of the BC Government regarding gambling. The writer notes that in some countries gambling is not permitted and that the BC Government has however allowed the gambling pursuit. In this paper the writer examines the policies of the current liberal BC Government and discusses that gambling practices have in fact expanded, in spite of government promises to the contrary.
From the Paper "Many people object to gambling on the basis that it is immoral, or that it encourages people to develop problem gambling behaviors. Due to this fact, some governments permit gambling and some do not. The BC Government does permit it, but under regulated conditions. The current Liberal BC Government promised not to allow gambling to expand, but as one can see from an examination of its policies, it has allowed gambling to expand, contrary to its promises. The current Liberal BC government campaigned on the issue of gambling, vowing to stop it from expanding further."
Abstract This paper briefly reviews the simmering feud between BC miners and management in the lucrative British Columbian coal industry of the late nineteenth to early twentieth century. The paper argues that the miners' frequent uprisings against Dunsmuir and his ilk were not only acts of rebellion against the prevailing status quo but illustrations of the underlying social tensions bedeviling BC society during this period.
From the Paper "Any analysis of British Columbian history must also take into account the grim struggle for control between the workers and owners of BC's notorious nineteenth and early twentieth century mines. This paper will do precisely that, while suggesting that while the miners frequently fell short in their avowed goals, their courageous determined struggle against injustice illustrated the economic and workplace disparities and incongruities that typified nineteenth and early twentieth century British Columbian life. With that foremost in mind, it is to a discussion of British Columbia's most memorable and angst-ridden workplace relationship that this paper now turns. In her 1991 book, The West Beyond the West, Jean Barman does not fail to discuss the hard-scrabble existence of many BC miners under the rough hand of the Dunsmuir clan and others of their ilk. "
Abstract The paper discusses the the work of Thucydides in writing the history of the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC), a struggle between Athens and Sparta and their respective allies. The paper looks at the various stages of the war and their results. The paper also examines the type of society in Sparta and Athens and their different cultures.
From the Paper "Thucydides lived c.460 c.400 BC and was an Athenian. He is considered by many to be the greatest of the ancient Greek historians, and his work had a profound influence on the development of historical writing. Although he was a relative of the great soldier and statesman Cimon, Thucydides was also an admirer of Cimon's political opponent, Pericles. He served as a general in 424 but was banished from Athens in that same year for his failure to protect Amphipolis from the Spartans. He returned from exile after the war ended in 404. Thucydides began writing his History of the Peloponnesian War in 431 when the great war broke out. In some ways, he was as much a journalist as a historian."
Abstract This paper is a case study of a communication problem that developed at the BC Financial Services company. The paper describes the main people involved in the problem and points out that the communication behaviors of all of the team members contrast and illustrate two polar opposites with regards to interacting with others. The paper states that the issue in this case is how to communicate constructively with each other. The paper then suggests that an accommodation must be made for the fact that organizational cultures will have to change over time. The paper concludes that the miscommunication between two generations of workers in the case study seems rooted in the failure of one person to concede that his style of management is not creating the conditions needed for healthy, hearty and effective workers.
Table of Contents:
Description of Case
Evaluation of Case
Actions for Future
From the Paper "Ultimately, this clash is a cultural one, a generational one, and is one that perhaps was unavoidable no matter what Chris did; after all, more than one theorist discussed in our course notes has mentioned how conflict is inherent in organizational affairs. Different people have different objectives and this means that the idea of getting everyone to buy into a new cultural orientation may be impossible. To wit, Ed Parker has risen to a position of prominence within the company by being "tight" with a dollar - by being a good manager in the traditional sense."
Abstract The paper discusses that internal confusion forced in 133 BC by economic stand still in the city of Rome, slave rebellion and opposition in the military lead to a period of unrelenting political turmoil known as the Roman Revolution 133-27 BC. The paper shows that, in spirit, the republic structure of government experienced a painful and brutal change from negligent oligarchy to a more responsible dictatorial form of government. The paper shows, too, that this transition of Rome from Republic to an Empire saw many things change and one of them was the role of the aristocracy and the change in its status and stature.
From the Paper "About the time of the beginning of the Principate, Roman society was defined sharply into three main classes, which in turn steadily became more defined during the empire. For each class, specific career and public service opportunities were provided. For senators, these included the chief magistracies and military posts; for the equities (members of the Equestrian class), they included a career in civil or military service of the emperor; for the lower classes, there were limited to private or junior rank in the army. Classes, however, were not closed, and ascension from one to another was quite possible."
Tags: patron, Caesarism, Latin, League, Plebeians, Quaestor, Augustus
Abstract An analysis of Rome's success in unifying Italy during the 3rd and 4th centuries BC covering their relationships with the Latin league and surrounding tribes, wars with the Samnites and Phyrrus of Epirus and her use of treaties and colonies.
From the Paper "The history of early Rome and its relations with, and eventual dominance of, the rest of Italy are shrouded in mystery. This is due to the lack of and contradictory nature of the primary sources and the unreliability of later writings. Thus we can see that the Greek Diodorus (writing in the first century A.D.) used a source that made no mention of the first Samnite War (343-341) of traditional Roman history. Roman compilers of their own history often heavily edited it with the benefit of hindsight to explain or excuse later events and to play down episodes that mighty Rome would rather forget. Livy, for example, has a Samnite envoy challenge the Romans to battle in 327 in order to decide which of the two peoples would rule Italy (Livy 8.23.10). In reality, this second Samnite war resulted from a minor border dispute between two central Italian states and the significance of any victory could not have been appreciated at the time. Rome's unifying of Italy arguably started with its relations with and manipulation of the Latin League from the fifth century onward. It was this league, rather than Rome herself, that was responsible for the first real consolidation of territorial gains."
Abstract This paper details Hammurabi's Code and how it covers many of the ills Mesopotamian society faced in the 17th Century BC. It gives several examples of his laws and quotes them and then analyzes and explains them. It details the historical and social situation in Mesopotamia at the time.
From the Paper "When interpreting Hammurabi's Code, one must do so with the full conviction that these laws were created as a response to actions that were taking place in everyday Mesopotamian society. While Hammurabi's Code was not the first set of laws, his organization and interpretation of previous laws covers many of the ills Mesopotamian society faced in the 17th Century BC. For example, Hammurabi's law number 53 says "If any one be too lazy to keep his dam in proper condition, and does not so keep it; if then the dam break and all the fields be flooded, then shall he in whose dam the break occurred be sold for money, and the money shall replace the corn which he has caused to be ruined" (King). From that it can be assumed that there was a problem in Mesopotamian society with abandoned or poorly maintained irrigation ducts. However, to truly gain an understanding of Mesopotamia in the 17th Century BC, one should take a closer look at the penalties rather than the laws themselves."
Tags: Hammurabi, code, Mesopotamia, laws, penalties, 17th, Century, BC, Babylon
Abstract This paper provides a brief outline of an E-Biz, using the adventure tour company, BC Weekends, as an example. The paper explores various ways to promote it on the web, looking at position, promotion and customers.
From the Paper "BC Weekends offers a unique service in that it offers primitive activities to its clients. The product fulfills the needs of customers who want to escape from the rat-race from technology and all it entails and go back to a simpler lifestyle. BC Weekends wants people to view its services as offering a highly unique and fulfilling experience of truly getting back to nature."
Abstract This paper discusses the historicity of the Biblical story of Joseph and whether it can be placed in the second intermediate Hyksos period (c. 1650-1550 BC). The author describes what is known about the Hyksos peple from written sources and archaeological excavations, and explains why researchers have claimed that the Joseph narrative can be made to fit in this period. The author goes on to show that on a textual basis, there is a growing inconsistency between the Joseph narrative, which contains elements which point strongly to a 7th or 6th century composition date, and the Hyksos period. Further, sufficient archaeological evidence has been presented to suggest, with reservation, a 12th dynasty date for the narrative should the late-dated Joseph narrative and its plausible historic context be discovered.
Outline:
Introduction
'Men of Obscure Birth from the East'
The Joseph Narrative
Excavations at Avaris, Tell el-Dab'a
Does Joseph Belong?
From the Paper "This paper agrees with two of Redford's principle assertions. First, that the Joseph narrative should be treated as a separate entity within the larger patriarchal narrative. Second, that Joseph was compiled in the 7th or 6th centuries BC. It diverges from Redford in questioning whether the narrative should be considered purely fictitious, in light of certain evidence both textual and physical, and that a degree of historicity does exist within the narrative. This paper's primary function, however, is to show whether the Joseph narrative can be placed in the Hyksos period, namely the Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650-1550 BC)."
This essay discusses the impact of the Gracchi brothers upon the Roman Republic and their direct role in leading to the Senate's implementation of the SCU, which initiated a chain of events, forever changing the political landscape of the Republic.
Abstract This essay argues the thesis that the political events which occurred in the course of the "Gracchian Revolution" played a pivotal role in the eventual demise of the Republic. Furthermore, the Roman political system changed following Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (163 BC-132 BC) & Gaius Gracchus (154 BC-121 BC) deaths with the emergence of more powerful re-elected magistrates, consuls and tribunes. At the same time, the Senate's invoking of the Senatus consultum ultimum (SCU) during this era led to the threat of violence becoming interwoven in Roman politics. This combination of more powerful magistrates and senatorial extremism was to ultimately lead to the end of the Roman Republic itself.
From the Paper "Gaius restored the land commission, and began an extensive road building project, which not only provided work for many local land owners, but allowed for improved attendance at assembly meetings by the rural communitites. Gaius also passed legislation to stabilize grain prices, encourage colonization, and improve the rights of soldiers. In addition, Gaius took steps to drive a wedge between the rich equestrian class and the senatorial class. The historian Sheldon notes that equestrians exerted considerable influence on the politics of Rome, and even the Senate were reluctant to offend them. As a result, Gaius introduced legislation which changed the tax collection system to favour wealthy equestrians. This wedge was expanded with the transferral of jury duty responsibilities from senators to equestrians for cases involving the extortion of governors; cases that were notorious for acquitals by senatorial juries of their patrician defendants. This division between equistrians and senators appears to have been quite deep and lasted many years, as shown in the later writings by Cicero such as his Letters to Atticus."
Tags: roman, republic, senate, politics, magistrate, power
Abstract This paper discusses the way that tomb construction developed and changed in Egypt. The paper looks at three periods - The Old Kingdom (c2780-2260 BC); Middle Kingdom (c1997 -1650 BC) and New Kingdom (1552-1069 BC) - in order to compare the methods.
From the Paper "Because of the incredible power and authority of the king at this time, his tomb was designed to exemplify his grandeur as well as serve as the final resting-place for his body and earthly possessions. In addition, the tomb complex was also the focal point of the king's cult for ritual prayer and for worship. Unfortunately, the roles of the king's tomb proved to nullify each other; the builders tried to "hide" the king's body and possessions while at the same time allowing the public in to worship him at the same time. As a result, the whereabouts of the king's treasure were common knowledge and over time each of these tombs was stripped of everything of value, not excluding the king's corpse itself? "
Focuses on Rome (100 BC-300 AD), Egypt (4000-1500 BC), Greece (480-399 BC) and Japan (1-1800 AD), describing and comparing cultures, industries, social relations, freedoms and education.
4,500 words (approx. 18 pages), 6 sources, 1992, $ 135.95
From the Paper "This paper will explain, compare and contrast the cultures and ways of life of the people in the following societies: Rome (100?BC.300?AD); Egypt (4000-1500 BC); Greece (480-399 BC); and Japan (1.1800 AD).
Greece (480-399 BC)
In ancient Greece during what was called the Golden Age (480-399 BC) the soil was poor--of 630,000 acres, only a third was suitable for cultivation, and the rest was impoverished by deforestation, meager rainfall, and rapid erosion by winter floods.. However, the Greeks toiled to gather the surplus flow of headwaters into reservoirs, dike the channels of the streams to control the floods, reclaim the precious humus of the swamps, build thousands of irrigation canals, and patiently transplant vegetables to improve their size and quality. They alkalized the ..."
Abstract This research provides six specific examples of how the gods were believed to communicate with humanity in ancient Egypt. The research describes ways in which divine-to-human acts of communication were thought to take place in various periods of Egyptian civilization and the content of the patterns of belief. It discusses how perceptions and beliefs appear to have altered over the course of the culture's several-thousand-year tenure, before it was absorbed by Rome in the first century BC. Egypt's pharaonic period, which begins with the Old Kingdom (about 3200 BC), ends in 525 BC, which coincides with the emergence of Greek influence and the infancy of Rome. The paper shows that it is a truism that Greeks and Romans alike considered Egypt to be an ancient civilization.
From the Paper "What began in the Old Kingdom as a perception of the underworld as a place of wondrous information and potentiality was transformed by the time of the New Kingdom into a perception of the underworld as almost instrumental in the project of transfiguration of human experience into divine experience. As Hornung says, the figure of Osiris in the Old Kingdom period is given precedence over the pharaoh "as if it were a title; later [Osiris] is placed before the name of each deceased individual," which shows that godhead could be incorporated in or infused humankind, the oneness symbolic of perfect communication between matter and spirit."
This paper analyzes the "Book of Haggai", also sometimes called "The Prophecy of Aggeus", and its impact on traditional and contemporary liturgical thought.
Abstract This paper explains that the "Book of Haggai" ("The Prophecy of Aggeus") is the tenth of the twelve Old Testament books that bear the names of the minor prophets. Haggai ( 6th century BC) served to mobilize the Jewish community in the enormous effort required to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem (516 BC) after the Babylonian Exile and prophesied the glorious future of the Messianic age. The author points out that the book is comprised of a series of prophecies, which were delivered over the course of a four-month period in the second year of the reign of the Persian king, Darius I the Great (521 BC). The paper concludes that, whenever people struggle to overcome the complacency and lack of piety that characterizes modern life, they can look to the example of Haggai, as he sought to accomplish what he believed was necessary to usher in a new Messianic order.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background and Overview
Review and Discussion
Prophecies in the Book of Haggai
Genealogical Significance of Title
Obedience and Responsiveness of the Jewish People in the Book of Haggai
Impact of Haggai on Traditional and Contemporary Liturgical Thought
Conclusion
From the Paper "The international situation during and several decades before the time of Haggai and Zechariah clearly had a profound impact on what these prophets represented and what they intended to do. According to Hallo and Simpson, the entire face of the ancient Near East -- Mesopotamia, Syria-Palestine, Egypt had shifted with the defeat of the Babylonian empire, an event that may be conveniently dated to the defeat of the city of Babylon in 538 BC. According to Kent, the political and national life of the Jewish people, which had been all-important in the days before the exile suddenly ceased. Over the course of the next 400 years the Jewish people were enslaved, and were powerless under the hands of their foreign masters."
Abstract This paper explains that, inevitably, bridges deteriorate over time at different rates: Timely maintenance activities, which are well-planned and carried out with minimal disruption to road users can present substantial savings in terms of both time and money for both bridge owners and road users. The author ponts out that, to tackle the complicated issues regarding bridge management, research activities in the UK as well as other countries in continental Europe concentrate largely on the bridge management process, with attention given to improving the use of limited finances to maximize the returns from the maintenance and repair of the bridge stock as well as reduce additional costs due to traffic delays and lane closures for these activities. The paper includes a critical review of other BMSs used worldwide, development of models to predict bridge condition over time, analysis of the various road user costs and using different optimizing techniques to best allocate finances and optimize bridge performance. 39 tables. 40 figures.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Objective
Bridge Conditions in the U.K.
Introduction
Maintenance and Upgrading
Expenditure
Department of Transport (DoT) Programme
What is a Bridge Management System (BMS)?
Introduction
Department of Transport Structure
Maintenance Agents
BMS in the U.K. and Other Countries
Introduction
Bridge Condition
Other Information in BMS's
Condition Prediction
Cost Models
Decision for Maintenance and Repair
Prioritization
BMS in the U.S.A.
BRIDGIT System
PONTIS System
SMIS System
Inventory
Inspection and Assessment
National Structures Programmes (NSPs)
Prioritization
Project Creation
Whole Life Assessment and Costing
Activities Schedule
Data Accuracy
Design Specifications
Access
Integration with External Systems
Bridge Inspection and Assessment
Bridge Inspection Types
Defects
Bridge Scoring
Introduction
Definitions
Bridge Condition Score (BCS)
Bridge Condition Index (BCI)
Bridge Stock Condition Index (BSCI)
Multi Span Bridges
Bridge Scoring Example
Interpreting BCS's
BCS Results
Histograms for Bridge Stock
Interpreting BCI's
BCI Results
Interpreting BSCI's
Predicting Bridge Condition with Time
Introduction
Markov Chain Approach
Example Calculation
Bridge Condition Example
Bridge Condition Results
Bridge Aggregation Example
Bridge Aggregation Results
Bridge Stock Example
Bridge Stock Results
Traffic Costs
Introduction
Traffic Count Example
Traffic Count Results
Traffic Delay Cost Examples
Delay Costs Results (1st Example)
Delay Costs Results (2nd Example)
Accident Cost Example
Accident Costs Results
Environmental Impact
Introduction
Emissions Example
Emissions Results
Decision-Making and Prioritization
Decision-making
Introduction
Prioritization
Introduction
Dynamic Programming
Budget Allocation Approach
Budget Allocation Results (1st Example)
Budget Allocation Results( 2nd Example)
Budget Allocation Results ( 3rd Example)
Improvements to Budget Allocation Approach
Introduction to BCI optimization approach
Service Potential (BCI) Examples
BCI Optimization Results (1st Example)
BCI Optimization Results (2nd Example)
BCI Optimization Results (3rd Example)
Maintenance Costs Examples
BCI Optimization Results (4th Example)
BCI Optimization Results (5th Example)
BCI Optimization Results (6th Example)
Conclusion
Future Research
From the Paper "It is proposed that the transition probabilities to be used are the Bridge Condition Index (BCI), which operates on a linear scale of 0 (worst) to 100 (best). The degree of severity of bridges is linearly distributed over this range (i.e. BCI of 50 to 51 is the same as 90 to 91), except that costs are expected not to have a linear distribution. This is a useful approach as the BCI (average) is interpreted as 'service potential' and is used as a performance indicator.
Using the example for multi span bridges earlier on, the transition probabilities for a three-state Markov chain model with limiting stage value of 3 is proposed. The probabilities are in accordance to the BCI values for the 'good' bridge arranged in order of descending magnitude (i.e. P(1) = 0.9845 and P(2) = 0.9246). For the purposes of comparison, the other two bridges ('medium' and 'bad') are also modelled and the three are plotted together."
