Abstract This paper analyzes how Austrians are staunch believers in the gold standard, which puts them in conflict with economists all over the world that favor the current system of fiat money. It looks at how the Austrian theory of the business cycle is based on the idea of an economy-wide disturbance that happens to the market process, resulting in a downturn that is cyclical, how Austrians place a great emphasis on their business cycle, and how their theory has withstood significant criticism. It discusses how Austrians support this type of economic readjustment because they believe that it eliminates weak firms and poor investments that negatively impact the economy.
From the Paper "The Austrian's theory is intuitive but its simplification of the process makes further explanation necessary. In most economies, expansionary policies are undertaken more than once. This makes the situation more complex as individuals begin to expect inflation and act accordingly. When people begin to expect inflation, sometimes prices actually rise faster than new money is being created. The effect of this is to create a shortage of money in the economy. While policy makers may argue that this phenomenon is a sign that still more money should be put in circulation, Austrians strongly disagree. They maintain that increasing the money supply further will only worsen the problem (Rasho, 2003)."
Abstract The paper looks at the history and major belief system of the Austrian School of Economics and discusses how it does not use mathematics or macroeconomics to analyze situations. The paper examines the school's political philosophies of how government and business interact, including its laissez-fare philosophy and its opposition to anti-trust regulations. The paper looks at the criticism of the Austrian School theories but notes that its political theories should be studied by every economist.
Outline:
Introduction
Background and History
Conclusion
From the Paper "Although the Austrian School of Economics was not officially founded until 1871, many theories, especially about individual property rights and freedom to contract and trade went back to the 15th century. The School maintained popularity through the latter part of the 19th Century, but interest waned after 1920 through World War II. After one of its members received a Nobel Prize in 1974, there was a renewed interest in the Austrian School. While there is a renewed interest, some regard its theories as totally bogus. Much of that criticism is based on the fact that the Austrian School does not use mathematics, numbers or indexes to quantify their theories. Rather, the Austrian School looks at psychological reasons as to why economic principals come into play. The laissez-fare (hands off) philosophy of government regulation can be traced to the Austrian School of Economics which does not believe in anti-trust legislation."
From the Paper "EXPERIMENT IN SOCIALISM
In the 1930s, Austrian politics was marked by an experiment in socialism, an attempt by the left wing to institute a socialist utopia in the country as an example to the world. The working class set out to create a distinct working-class culture and a socialist politics at the municipal level in Vienna and other cities. The left-wing politics of Vienna set the tone for much of the 1920s, leading to its own destruction by the growing power of the right wing once Austria was targeted by the Nazis in the 1930s. The socialist experiment in Vienna would attempt to bring massive political and social change to the city, instituting far-reaching programs for the benefit of the poor and working class.
Austrian politics proper began with the creation of the..."
Abstract This paper analyzes and reviews the work of Austrian artist, Gustav Klimt, who is considered a leading exponent of Art Nouveau and one of the greatest decorative painters of the 20th century. The paper describes several of Klimt's more famous works of art, explains his artistic style and the themes exhibited in his work, and explains what makes Klimt one of the most prominent artists in the history of erotic art.
From the Paper "The Austrian painter Gustav Klimt (1862-1918), has long been considered the leading exponent of Art Nouveau and one of the greatest decorative painters of the 20th century. His artistic renderings of the female figure and his drawings that pertain to the theme of female sexuality have assured him a place in the history of erotic art. According to George Fliedel, "There is no denying that the erotic represented one of Klimt's most important sources of inspiration" (167), for in his later paintings, sexual subject matter is often concealed beneath a gossamer web of ornament, but in his drawings, the explicitly erotic is constantly evident. Seldom have the themes of sexual coupling and female masturbation been more frequently or more exquisitely portrayed than in a number of Klimt's most famous works of art. Contemporary critics, as well as earlier commentators, have observed that explicitly sexual subjects incited Klimt to produce some of his finest paintings."
Abstract The paper explores how the Treaty of Vienna restored Austria's independence. The paper discusses how the Treaty of Vienna in 1815 was not the first Viennese treaty, nor would it be the last. However, this treaty helped change the face of Europe and created an independent and strong Austrian state that would hold together in various forms until the outbreak of World War I. The paper examines the Congress of Vienna who arranged the treaty and concludes that it was a success and it created lasting agreements between some of Europe's most influential and powerful leaders. The paper reveals that not everything that was accomplished lasted, but it certainly made a difference to Europe in the next century.
From the Paper "The Treaty of Vienna was one result of the Congress of Vienna (often the terms are used interchangeably), which took place from September 1, 1814, to June 9, 1815. The Congress was held in Vienna, Austria, and chaired by an Austrian, statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich. Main participant nations included Austria, Great Britain, Prussia, France (ruled by Louis the XVIII, rather than Napoleon), and Russia. Spain, Sweden, Portugal, and the German states of Hanover, Bavaria, and Wurttemberg were also represented. The Congress' main purpose was to recreate Europe's political map after Napoleon's defeat and the defeat of the French supremacy in the region. Historians note the Congress was a direct attempt to remove power from one country and spread out among the region."
An analysis of the political influence of George Heinrich Ritter von Schonerer as a representative for Zwettl in the Austrian Abgeordnetenhaus during the 1930s.
Abstract The paper discusses von Schonerer's background and why he hated the existing power structure in Vienna. The paper explores how this hatred of those in power turned to hatred of the press and specifically of Jews. The paper looks at Von Schonerer's time as representative of the Zwettl in the Austrian Abgeordnetenhaus and examines his role in the formation of the Linzer Programm. The paper then explains why he was unable to regain political influence after his relatively short stay in prison.
Outline:
Introduction
History
Von Schonerer's Growing Hatred for the Power Structures
Jews in Austria
Von Schonerer's Hatred of the Jews
Von Schonerer's Time as Representative
Von Schonerer and the Linzer Programm
Von Schonerer's Drift into Insanity
Conclusion
From the Paper "George Heinrich Ritter von Schonerer came from a family of engineers, inherited a purchased title, and aroused the petite bourgeoisie of Vienna and the German-speaking villagers of the Lumpenproletariat. He rose to public attention during a time when Austria was particularly vulnerable to the demands of Eastern Europeans, whose new-found power increased as the Habsburg monarchy lost control over its empire.
"But for von Schonerer's influence on Hitler, he might have disappeared into the clouds of history after a few short years in the Austrian House of Representatives. Von Schonerer and Luger, the mayor of Vienna, awoke a movement in Austria that moved Hitler to copy their techniques, first in Bavaria, then in the rest of Germany."
Tags: Hitler, anti-Semitism, Jews, press, Linzer, Programm
From the Paper " The term of a Schone Madonna means a beautiful Madonna; which I think gave justice to the lovely sculpture from Salzburg, Austria. Like many Schone Madonnas she had the common S-curve figure and her stance. The Madonna's stance made her seem as if she was in the midst of rocking her baby ? The Christ Child to sleep. Though her body parts were heavily hid through the long draping garments; her position made it that she was standing with one leg straight while the other leg bent at the knee. "
Abstract This paper introduces Alfred Adler, gives a little background information on his life, and later goes on to discuss his theories. The author looks at his theories on birth order characteristics, the model for life of style and and organ inferiority theory. Includes an examination of his psychological types of personalities.
From the paper:
"Alfred Adler was a prominent Austrian psychologist whose life experiences paved the way to the theories he contributed with. He suffered two life-threatening diseases, which made him want to become a physician. He believes that those incidents heightened his motivational level. He is widely known for the development of Individual Psychology. This focuses on a person's ability to succeed in life and his or her obstacles along the way. Adler has contributed with models such as the birth order characteristics and the model for life of style. Other developments include his motivation ideas, his three psychological types or personalities, and organ inferiority theory. This is a research on his early childhood, his adulthood, his disputes with psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, and his theories."
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Alfred Adler's Childhood
Alfred Adler's Adulthood
The Dispute with Freud
Alfred Adler's Theories
Conclusion
Appendix
The Style of Life Tree
B. Birth Order Characteristic Chart
Reference
Abstract In this paper the author analyzes and examines the life and career of Marlene Dietrich. The paper gives particular importance to her films.The author concludes with a review of Dietrich's impact on the audiences of the 20th century.
From the paper:
?The Blue Angel is one of the most timeless films in the history of motion picture, and marked the beginning of Dietrich's world career. This film was based on Heinrich Mann's novel "Professor Unrat" and was directed by Joseph von Sternberg, a Jewish Austrian. Dietrich played Lola Lola, a tantalizing nightclub singer in one of the first German sound films.?
This paper analyzes the Lika and Krbava (areas in Croatia) 1712 Census. It looks at family structures, ethnicity and religion interpreted from this census.
Abstract The paper focuses on the family structures, ethnicity and religion in the regions of Lika and Krbava based on the census from 1712. This area, which today belongs to Croatia, was of extreme importance as it was on the triple border (triplex confinium) of the three mighty powers:Ottomans, Austrians and Venetians.Therefore the paper aims to reconstruct and explain by statistic and quantitative methods of the epoch.
From the Paper "A historical reality of Lika and Krbava regions, which belonged to the Triplex Confinium area, where the three very strong powers (the Republic of Venice, the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire) met was an exceptionally complex one. The area was conquered by the Ottomans in 1527 and during the following one and a half centuries most of the inhabitants were Muslims and Vlachs, who were concentrated in strong fortresses constructed for defense in the case of attacks of the Habsburg Empire and the Republic of Venice. However, soon after the disastrous Ottoman attempted siege of Vienna in 1683, the Habsburg troops conquered several Ottoman fortresses. Consequently, in 1689, the last Ottoman fortresses in the Lika region gave up and their inhabitants left for Bosnia. During these battles, most of the population left the Lika region. Most of the Muslim population fled to the remaining Ottoman territories. The same happened with the Vlach population. They left their homes and inhabited partly the Habsburg territories and partly Venetian territories. In a meantime, during the battles, the Habsburg regular troops were being supported by the irregular ones, which also contributed to the formation of a very various ethnic/religious picture of the region. One of the irregular troops was Bunjevci of the Habsburg border regions who entered the Lika region and helped in its reconquest. Therefore, after 1683 the region was re-conquered and resettled in a somewhat irregular and unplanned manner. Having in mind that some Muslims chose to stay in the region but converted to Christianity after the withdrawal of the Ottoman troops (New Christians or Neochristians), the ethnic/religious map of the area became even more complex."
An analysis of how the seemingly unimportant friend in Russia is used by Georg and his father in their power struggle, in the short story 'Das Urteil' (the judgement.)
Abstract The writer explores this character friend in Russia. It shows that this hardly a character at all - we do not know his name, nor do we meet him - but he is a device through which Kafka reveals the true character of Georg Bendemann and accounts for the sentence of death which his father passes on him. Georg rejoices in his friends failures and uses them to underline his own successes, and by not inviting his friend to his wedding, he does not allow him to share in his own happiness. Other subtexts of the father's attitude to his son are explored, such as possible Freudian interpretations.
From the Paper " Nameless, he is given only the bare bones of a personality, and appears in two differing incarnations, both as Georg's "childhood friend" , and the "son after my own heart" described by Bendemann senior. As such, he cannot be said to play an active role in the relationship between the father and son. He becomes instead a token, used by each to their own ends. Through the ways in which each character interprets the friend in Russia, and uses the image of this friend as a weapon, Kafka reveals the personalities of the protagonists, and exposes the relationship between them."
Abstract This paper gives an insight into the principles of genetic engineering since its first concept by an Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel. It discusses how selective engineering of genetics is invaluable to the health and happiness of humans and how the importance of this issue has played second fiddle to the arguments, for and against genetic engineering for years. Examples are provided to argue the positive side of regeneration and to show how in time, genetic disorders such as "Down Syndrome" and "Multiple Sclerosis" could be made diseases of the past.
From the Paper "Even though there are a lot of risks, the possibilities of what we can do are endless. Genetic engineering should be allowed to progress because of the benefits for human beings outweigh the consequences. For example, cows could be genetically cloned to produce milk with medications in it. This means that vaccination shots and pills would become obsolete. Babies could be brought up immune to diseases by simply being fed milk. Imagine what this could mean for people who live in countries like Somalia. Whole countries could be made healthy and immune to disease."
Tags: dolly, cloning, regeneration, disease, dna, cancer
From the Paper " Review of Bruce Duffy's The World As I Found It.
The title of Bruce Duffy's book suggests the path Duffy will take to illustrate the life and times of the intellectually curious Ludwig Wittgenstein. The title suggests a pre-existing world community into which Wittgenstein enters, and this is indeed how Duffy chooses to introduce and explore the temporal characteristics and intellectual attributes of the world in which Wittgenstein lived and on which he left his mark.
Ludwig Wittgenstein was born in 1889 in Vienna, Austria. His father, Karl Wittgenstein was a wealthy steel magnate who also patronized the arts. He fathered seven children with his wife, Poldy, of whom Ludwig was the youngest. Although the family's heritage was Jewish, the Wittgensteins had been baptized Protestant and Catholic. The children were baptized in to.."
From the Paper " Lise Meitner (1878-1968) overcame extraordinary odds to become one of the great physicists of the twentieth century. At a time when Austrian women were denied higher education and during a later time when Jews were persecuted and murdered, Meitner managed to obtain her doctorate and lead an extremely successful professional life. Her private life centered around her friends, many of them colleagues, and she did not marry or have, so far as is known, any romantic involvements. Politics and other circumstances denied her some of the rewards and the professional continuity that her achievement entitled her to enjoy. And, late in life, she was also distressed (even after having failed to get full credit for her role in the discovery of nuclear fission) to be identified with the development of the atomic bomb. Meitner, however, always said that she was very..."
Abstract The paper details the life of the Austrian physicist Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrodinger. It examines his academic career from its origins from the University of Vienna in 1906 to his faculty positions all over the World. It evaluates his work and his published writings on topics such as electromagnetic theory, color theory and wave mechanics and describes his two most famous equations, crucial to relating wave theory with the energy of a system.
From the Paper "With the outbreak of the World War I, despite being stationed on the Italian Front, Schrodingerr published a paper. His first work was based on furthering Boltzmann's ideas. Schrodingerreceived a citation for his efforts in the War. After the war, Schrodinger was sent to Vienna where he continued his research. He published his work on quantum mechanics and later made valuable contributions to the color theory. His work on radioactive decay garnered him an associate faculty's position in Vienna. Financial constraints (having to care for a family?he had recently married) caused Schrodinger to take up a faculty position in Jena. Later he held chairman's positions in Breslau, and finally the chair of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich."
Tags: wave, energy, electromagnetic, theory, color
