From the Paper "This research paper examines Austria-Hungary's degree of responsibility for the outbreak of World War I. Its thesis is that actions taken by Austria-Hungary to deal with Serbian nationalism in the decade preceding, and in the five weeks following, the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 set in motion a series of events which led to World War I. However, a number of other nations, Serbia, Germany and Russia, and, to a lesser extent, France and Great Britain, played important roles in causing that war. The origins of the war lay in the mistaken judgements of many key European statesmen and in the breakdown of the balance of power system in Europe during the decades immediately preceding 1914."
Abstract This paper presents various explanations why the First World War began, what were its primary causes, and concentrates particularly on the significance of the rising imperialism during the 19th century, most especially among the European nations (Germany, Great Britain, and Austria- Hungary).
From the Paper "The First World War was the first-ever war that had brought great destruction and required greater involvement of many countries, most especially the European nations. Evidence of the impending world war started during the early 19th century, wherein colonization and strengthening of military power is the most prevalent activity of all European nations at that time. The World War I was said to have many causes, although the most important and more popular cause discussed by historians today is that the First World War started because of the rising imperialism among competing European nations. The war had two competing groups, the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente. The Triple Alliance was composed of Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy, while the Triple Entente was made up of Great Britain, France, and Russia. These groups were not originally formed as a triad; rather, each nation became affiliated with each other before and during the course of the war. One of the earliest alliances that were formed (prior to the First World War) is the pact between Germany and Austria- Hungary against Russia in 1879, which is then called the Dual Alliance (Spartacus Educational 2002). The other alliances (that of the Triple Entente, in particular) were formed upon the declaration of the war. The other nations that participated in the war, like Japan and the US, only participated when the war is already escalating. Prior to the First World War, there is already tension between these countries (comprising the Triple Alliance and Entente) because of succeeding events (pre-1914 events) that became the primary reasons for the war to inevitably begin."
Abstract This paper defines the strengths and weaknesses found in the alliance of the governments of Austria and Hungary prior to the First World War. The author shows that while the strengths found within this unification were unique and powerful, the weaknesses found within the political, economic, and social areas of this alliance proved to eventually destroy the Empire.
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that many factors initiated the start of World War I, but specifically it could be said that the origins of World War I began with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. The writer maintains that this was the symbolic beginning of the war, although there were deeper rooted problems that may not have been as publicized. The writer then looks at how different countries became entangled in the war. The writer concludes that it was a needless war that should have been resolved between the two arguing nations diplomatically. Further, the writer maintains that militarism and alliances entangled many countries which should not have been part of this war. This paper uses footnotes but does not append a bibliography.
From the Paper "By racing for control of the free world, countries naturally made enemies. Following the assassination of Ferdinand, Austria-Hungary's heir to the throne, an ultimatum was issued to Serbia, who was believed to be responsible. The ultimatum called for the Assassins to be brought to justice. Displeased with the compliance by Serbia, on July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia."
"This immediately entangled about 15 countries in the war. Russia, who was bound by treaty to Serbia, declared war on Austria-Hungary, which caused Germany, an ally to Austria-Hungary, to declare war on Russia. With recent tension between Germany and France, France, allied to Russia declared war on Germany and brought Britain and Japan with them."
Abstract This paper explains that, although both Hungary and Cyprus are international crossroads nations, their experiences as members of the EU are likely to be very different. The writer states that it is already clear that old economic and political habits die hard in Hungary and that nation is likely to toddle along, perhaps helped economically by EU membership, but perhaps not very much. On the other hand, the writer points out that it is clear that Cyprus has been able to use its position, despite its continuing unsettled Turkish-Greek political situation, to take full advantage of membership and become a financial powerhouse in the region.
Outline:
Introduction
A Tale of Two Nations
Hungary Cyprus
Conclusion
From the Paper "In fact, Cyprus, a year after EU accession, has seen exactly the economic benefits it sought and expected. Cyprus Minister of Finance Iacovos Keravnos particularly cited the economic benefits of the Cyprus pound joining the EU Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II). This would add to the benefits already experienced including the "stability of the Cyprus pound's exchange rate, the convergence of Cypriot interest rates with those of the Eurozone, the restraint of production costs, improved competitiveness, and the attraction of foreign investment" (Xinhua News Agency 2005)."
Abstract This paper compares the process of the collapse of Communism in the three states of Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Poland and Hungary were most successful, but for entirely different reasons.
Abstract The paper examines how the Holocaust in Hungary was made possible by the active collaboration of the Hungarian government and the acquiescence of a large number of Hungarian people. The paper explores the topic of how and why the tragedy took place in a country in which the Jewish people had been supposedly "emancipated" less than half a century ago, a subject that has perplexed and fascinated many historians. The paper discusses the background of the Holocaust in Hungary by tracing the history of Jews; the events leading to their prosecution and ultimate extermination; and how the actual killings took place.
Outline:
Background
The Pre-Holocaust Killings
The Hungarian Holocaust Begins
The Reasons
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "Most of the Jews who migrated to Europe were farmers and merchants who preserved their ethnic identity by keeping to themselves. The early Christian church condemned the Jews as Christ-killers which further isolated them and sowed the seeds of virulent anti-Semitism. Christianity forbade usury, i.e., the lending of money on interest; hence the Jewish merchants in Europe filled the gap by becoming "money lenders." It was a profitable role but it also invited envy and hatred. During periods of stress such as the Crusades or the Plague, the hatred turned into large-scale violent attacks on the Jews ."
Abstract This paper discusses fascism. The paper looks at fascism's nature and its relationship to conservatives in interwar Austria. It specifically looks at the period between World War I and World War II. The paper focuses on Italian and German power at the time and the grim choice that Austria found itself faced with - of succumbing to Italian or to German rule.
From the Paper "In Austria, a strong fascist party rose, although it could not get control of the government. Austria was unique in Europe in lacking a strong nationalistic element. It had been stripped of its empire in the Great War. (Woolf 4) The resulting nation, a shadow of its former self, was politically divided between socialist Vienna and the surrounding provinces which were traditionally conservative and terrified in their antisocialism. (Carsten 223) The fascists formed the Heimwehr (local defense force) as a vehicle to address these fears in the Stryia province. Drawing on a strong feeling of localism against any internationalism, the Heimwehr formed working alliances with the leading mining corporation, under which all workers had to have a membership card, which the Heimwehr would issue only to those who renounced socialist unions. Further, the Heimwehr used thugs to break up strikes, to the delight of the authoritarian conservative provincial governments. (Woolf 7)"
Abstract This paper explains how the U.S. encouraged the Soviet Union to invade Hungary and keep its troops there in order to keep the Soviets out of the Middle East during the Suez Canal crisis.
From the Paper "The Suez Crisis developed from an American plan to win the support of Saudi Arabia and at the same time expose Egypt's leader, Gamal Abdel Nasser as a Soviet pawn. The Saudis were anti-communist, but also historically anti-British, and to counter Soviet inroads in the Middle East, the US had to assure the their support. In October 1954, Secretary of State Dulles offered to sell arms to Egypt only if Nasser agreed to not buy weapons from the USSR and he publicly denounced the Soviets. Nasser spoke out against the communists, but continued to buy Soviet arms as the US had expected he would."
Tags: cold, nagy, nassar, war, dulles, saudi, israel, egypt
Abstract This paper examines the process of economic and political transformation in Hungary that has occurred since the devolution of the Soviet Union and the collapse of Communism. It assesses transition in terms of governmental change, economic change and social change.
Abstract This paper states that the long-term effects of sustained unemployment can destroy a nation's economic and social fabric by having a negative psychological impact, reducing aggregate demand and decreasing business activity. The paper discusses that, in addition to high immigration, Germany and Austria have internal flawed economic and monetary policies and lack proper vocational education. The author believes that both countries are taking steps to improve their employment situation.
From the Paper "Unemployment is a major issue in all European countries with Germany topping other nations with an unemployment rate reaching 12.2 percent in 1997. Though the country has now taken some effective measures to curb the rising trend in unemployment, it has suffered enormously on account of its joblessness in the past few years. During the 1960s and 1970s, it was found that Federal Republic of Germany could boast of success during good conditions but would collapse under unfavorable economic pressures. This proved to be true when in 1995, country's unemployed population began to rise unexpectedly and sharply."
Abstract This paper explains that, when Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, his death triggered a chain of events, which led to a general European war a month later. The author points out that the archduke had been the heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne. The paper relates that his murder by a Serbian nationalist incited enraged demands throughout Austria-Hungary that Serbia be punished.
From the Paper "When Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, his death triggered a chain of events which led to a general European war only a little more than a month later. The archduke had been the heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, and his murder by a Serbian nationalist incited enraged demands throughout Austria-Hungary that Serbia be punished. Most Europeans regretted the tragedy but considered the assassination a matter that would be handled by the appropriate law enforcement authorities in the Austria-Hungarian Empire."
Abstract This paper is an analysis of WWI (1914-1918) based on the concepts of realism, miscalculation, institutional and cultural motives as causes of the war. The paper argues that war is a choice, and WWI was entered into rationally by all parties, all based on the structure of the international regime.
From the Paper "War does not simply occur, it is a choice made my each nation involved. In 1914, no one wanted war, but they nonetheless made the war choice. With so many theories available in political science as to what started WWI, we must not forget some of the war reducing factors, and the fact that there were strong reasons to not make the war choice, but instead to keep the status quo. Most European countries had colonies, and the colonialism that was in full force at that time reduced the tensions in Europe by transferring power conflicts to areas where war was not as easy or possible. In addition, parliaments controlled the major powers of 1914 and all had the opportunity to veto the war choice through budgetary decisions. If parliament would not provide money or approve of tax increases, the ruling government, the executive branch, could not go to war. As it is now, Europe was also very monetarily internationally interdependent. There was also the consolidation of peace parties to consider, such as the Reishkov in Germany. In the event of European war, they planned to perform mass resistance in an attempt to grind the economy to a halt, and it was the largest party in the 1912 German Parliament. Another reducing factor was that all of the monarchies of Europe were blood-related and the invention of the telegraph kept everyone in close communication."
Abstract On June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a nineteen year old student and an agent of the Serbian nationalist secret society, the Black Hand, assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. This paper examines how events in the Balkans following the archduke's murder led to the beginning of the First World War. The paper considers the players involved in the historical conflict, alliances and the "mindlessly mechanical series of events that culminated in the world's first global war" .
From the Paper "This potential collapse of Austria-Hungary was not only important for the "Vienna government, but for Austria's German ally, for the other Great Powers, and for the balance of power system" (Sowards 2001). The clash with Serbia affected an issue of such magnitude that it is not difficult to understand how all the Powers became involved, "all of them had interests at stake" (Sowards 2001). The division into two sides was due to local considerations from Poland to Belgium, however, the risk of world war was due to the ethnic issues behind the 1914 Sarajevo crisis (Sowards 2001)."
Abstract Keynes saw the role of the economist as an advisor on centralized government economic policies. This paper shows how, in "Essays in Persuasion", Keynes argues that Europeans of the time had a tendency to believe that the world they lived in was immutable and unchangeable and that this belief resulted in a certain blindness to the economic realities of the time. As such, Keynes argued that the role of the economist in such a society was to advise the government on public policy decisions. The paper shows how economists, such as John Buchanan, linked themselves to the Keynesian school of thought, while others, such as von Hayek, have moved away from Keynes's active role in the political sphere.
From the Paper "Keynes' accuracy in economic forecasting lends some credence to his thought that economists may be useful in the political arena. Specifically, in Essays in Persuasion, Keynes is remarkable in his ability to forecast political and economic events. He warns of the economic troubles the affected Europe and the United States will encounter after reparations against Germany in WWI. Notes Keynes, ""If the European Civil War is to end with France and Italy abusing their momentary victorious power to destroy Germany and Austria-Hungary now prostrate, they invite their own destruction also, being so deeply and inextricably intertwined with their victims by hidden psychic and economic bonds"."
Tags:Austria-Hungary, General, Theory, of, Economics
